SCI01 - 1S1Q (1).pdf

SCI01 Reviewer I.M.Y | 1st Semester | 1st Quarter CREATION OF THE UNIVERSE CO1 - LESSON 1 Big Bang Theory UNIVERSE AND SOLAR SYSTEM...

SCI01 Reviewer I.M.Y | 1st Semester | 1st Quarter CREATION OF THE UNIVERSE CO1 - LESSON 1 Big Bang Theory UNIVERSE AND SOLAR SYSTEM ★ beginning of the universe Nature of Earth Science ★ states that all matter and radiation in the ★ 4 components - land, water, air, life universe originated from an explosion at a ★ control the climate and overall suitability for finite time in the past life ★ estimated age of the universe is 13.8 billion ○ distribution of natural resources years old ○ susceptibility for natural hazards ★ was around 9 billion years old before our solar system formed The Universe ★ phenomenally energetic explosion that ★ has countless stars, galaxies, remnants of initiated the expansion of the universe exploded stars, and many others ★ all matter and energy were compressed at a ★ astronomers use various telescopes to single point (singularity) observe it The Galaxies ★ huge and massive system containing numerous stars, large clouds of gas, and space dust ★ may be disk-like, spiral shape, or irregular with fuzzy boundaries The Stars ★ generating light and other energy by nuclear processes in the interior ★ can be yellow, red, blue, or white ★ can be smaller or thousands of times larger than the sun Steady State Model ★ can change during their lifetime ★ universe is always expanding but ★ many have planets orbiting them maintaining a constant average density A Nebula ★ matter being continuously created at the ★ cloud of gas, dust, and other particles in same rate as older ones become space unobservable ★ most are irregularly shaped masses ★ has no beginning or end in time ★ some are like rings, ragged spheres, or ★ from any point within it, the view on the cones in opposite directions grand scale is the same ★ where stars are born 1 SCI01 Reviewer I.M.Y | 1st Semester | 1st Quarter BBT SST Stars are made from space clouds and dust George Lemaître (1931) Hermann Bondi, Galaxies are made of stars that were pulled Thomas Gold, and Fred together because of gravity Hoyle (1948) ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM matter dilutes as the matter is constantly universe expands created as the Nebular Hypothesis universe expands Divine Theory / Creationism ★ religious belief that nature and universe are created by a Supreme Being ★ sun, moon, earth, and all meteorites all appear to have the same age (about 4.6 billion years) suggesting they are formed in Cosmic Inflation Theory a single event ★ extension of BBT, which states that there ★ solar system originated from a rotating, was a massive inflation of the universe flattened disk of gas and dust known as the solar nebula ★ proto - formed from dust clumped together which turned into protoplanets and then planets ○ gravity drives the process ○ differentiation ★ planetesimals - formed through clumped dust grains and as they collide, they are are collected into planets ★ moon formation - originated by clumping SUMMARY of rings of debris around planets or by Big Bang is an explosion that came from a gravitational capture singularity which made the universe Final Stages of Planet Formation ★ planetesimals bombarded planets leaving Steady State is about the universe has always craters existed and new forms of matter are created to ★ moon may have been formed maintain its density 2 SCI01 Reviewer I.M.Y | 1st Semester | 1st Quarter ★ tilted rotational axes may have been ★ new hypothesis - formed from debris created by large planetesimal collisions ejected following a large impact of the ★ because of low temperatures far from the earth with a mars-sized planetesimal sun, they formed with a high percentage of ○ supported by age of lunar rocks and ices (water, CO2, ammonia, methane) absences of any enormous impact on earth Planetesimal Hypothesis ○ called the Giant Impact Hypothesis ★ planets are seen to arise from an encounter between the sun and another star Solar System ★ based on the assumption that they are remnants of the materials from which they were formed SOLAR SYSTEM ★ radioactive dating of meteorites suggests that the earth and solar system are 4.6 Earth in Space billion years old ★ one of the eight planets that orbit the sun in the solar system Atmosphere Formation ★ formed either by gravitational capture of Sun gasses or from volcanic eruptions and cometary impacts A. Outer Planets ★ capture from the solar nebula and are rich in hydrogen and helium B. Inner Planets ★ formed from a combination of processes ★ star that has no solid surface, but rather is a such as volcanic eruptions, vaporization of huge ball of very hot gas comets or planetesimals ★ 75% H & 25% He ★ majority of mass in the solar system is in Moon the sun ★ apollo program - lunar samples failed to ★ hydrogen is fusing into helium in the core, confirm previous hypotheses of its origin releasing energy in the form of sunlight 3 SCI01 Reviewer I.M.Y | 1st Semester | 1st Quarter ★ gravity associated with its huge mass holds composed of craters tremendous winds and planets, asteroids, and comets in their storms orbits Planetary Orbits A. Mercury ★ smallest and densest ★ craters and lava flow are visible ★ cooled and lacks tectonic activity ★ has a thin layer of gasses (almost no atmosphere) ★ all the planets orbit the sun in the same ★ has no moons direction ★ spins slowly compared to earth ★ counterclockwise when viewed from above ★ has 650°C difference between the night earth’s north pole and day temperatures ★ solar system is disk-shaped B. Venus ★ orbits of all planets lie within 7 degrees of the plane of earth’s orbit around the sun TERRESTRIAL JOVIAN Mercury, Venus, Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Mars Uranus, Neptune compact structure, outer planets divided ★ has a thick atmosphere filled with rocky surface by the asteroid belt greenhouse gasses and carbon dioxide ★ covered with thick and yellowish clouds of four inner planets massive, gaseous that sulfuric acids extend far from sun ★ traps the heat in the atmosphere ★ hottest planet in the solar system liquid heavy-metal core no solid surfaces ★ thick atmosphere of carbon dioxide at least one moon composed of multiple captures much of the solar radiation that moons and rings reaches the planet ★ extreme greenhouse effect causes surface valleys and volcanoes low densities temperatures to reach 450°C 4 SCI01 Reviewer I.M.Y | 1st Semester | 1st Quarter C. Earth ★ fragments left over from the formation of the solar system ★ small rocky body that orbits the sun ★ smaller than a planet, but they are larger than the meteoroids Asteroid Belt ★ contains millions of asteroids ★ only planet supports life ★ largest object: ceres (an icy dwarf planet) ★ has a solid and active surface ★ made up of material that was never able to ★ covered with 71% ocean form into a planet or the remains of a planet ★ atmosphere is made up of mostly nitrogen which broke apart a long time ago (78%) and has plenty of oxygen (21%) ★ has plate tectonics and also strong magnetic field caused by its rotating, molten iron outer core ★ features necessary to sustain life: atmosphere, hydrosphere, temperature, gravity, and atmospheric pressure D. Mars Meteoroids ★ small pieces or fragments of an asteroid; can also come from comets ★ rocks while they are still in space Meteor ★ result when a meteoroid comes close ★ red planet enough to earth, enters its atmosphere, and ★ very thin atmosphere made of 95% CO2, N, vaporizes and Ar ★ sea existed approx. 5 million years ago Meteorite ★ life might exist before or present yet ★ when a meteoroid survives a trip through undiscovered the atmosphere and hits the ground ★ active volcanism and polar ice caps Comets ★ water once flowed on its surface ★ icy bodies composed of frozen gasses, rock, ★ lost some of its atmosphere in the past and dust that orbit the sun ★ so cold that liquid water cannot exist in ★ "cosmic snowballs" large quantities on its surface ★ found in the Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud Asteroids ★ rocky fragments concentrated in an orbit between mars and jupiter ★ similar in composition to certain meteorites 5 SCI01 Reviewer I.M.Y | 1st Semester | 1st Quarter E. Jupiter ★ interiors are composed of methane, ammonia and water ★ core is composed of rock and metal ★ 84 earth year orbit; 17-hour rotation; 98-degree tilt on its axis H. Neptune ★ largest planet in the solar system ★ consists of H and He with a small rocky core ★ compositionally more similar to the sun than to earth ★ has 63 Moons ★ covered in swirling stripes of clouds ★ 3.9 times the diameter of the earth ★ has big storms known as red spots which ★ H and methane rich atmosphere gives a goes on for a hundred of years blue appearance ★ atmosphere: H, He, methane, ammonia ★ great dark spot: surface storm F. Saturn ★ narrow thin ring system ★ triton: largest moon, retrograde orbit ★ only planet in our solar system not visible to the naked eye ★ the first predicted by mathematics before its discovery ★ 2nd largest planet from the sun Pluto ★ massive; made mostly from H and He ★ has dozens of moons ★ rocky, metallic interior core; liquid metallic hydrogen ★ rings are composed of debris held in orbit by its gravitational force ★ no longer classified as a true planet ★ some debris is thought to come from ★ tiny body with an icy surface and an volcanism on its moon (IO) unusual orbit G. Uranus ★ did not meet the three criteria the IAU uses to define a full-sized planet ★ meets all the criteria except one: has cleared its neighboring region of other objects ★ while it is large enough to have become ★ blue-green color: crystals of methane spherical, it is not big enough to exert its ★ atmosphere: H and He 6 SCI01 Reviewer I.M.Y | 1st Semester | 1st Quarter orbital dominance and clear the Earth Systems neighborhood surrounding its orbit ★ atmosphere - gasses that envelope earth 3 Criteria of IAU ★ hydrosphere - water on or near earth's ★ in orbit around the sun surface ★ has sufficient mass to assume hydrostatic ★ biosphere - all living or non-living material equilibrium (a nearly round shape) on earth ★ has “cleared the neighborhood” around its ★ geosphere - solid earth system; rock and orbit other inorganic earth material Earth Systems CO1 - LESSON 2 ★ Japanese Tsunami EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS ○ geosphere: earthquake ○ hydrosphere: energy transfer into System giant waves ★ set of interconnected things working ★ Soil Production together as a mechanism to achieve a goal ○ biosphere: organic matter ★ any portion of the universe that can be ○ geosphere: rocks isolated from the rest of the universe for the ○ atmosphere: air exposure purpose of studying ○ hydrosphere: water ★ solar system - part of the much larger universe ATMOSPHERE ★ earth system - small part of the larger solar system; has subsystems called 'earth Definition systems' or 'spheres' ★ gas that envelopes earth ★ shallow compared to earth’s geosphere Classification of System ★ composition: A. Closed System ○ 78% Nitrogen ★ self-contained system (in which the ○ 21% Oxygen boundary permits the exchange of energy, ○ 1% of other gasses (CO2, Argon, but not matter, with the surroundings) Helium, Neon, Hydrogen) ★ energy reaches earth from an external source and returns to space as long-wavelength radiation, but matter within is fixed B. Open System ★ energy and matter flow in and out of the system ★ earth’s subsystems freely exchange matter and energy 7 SCI01 Reviewer I.M.Y | 1st Semester | 1st Quarter Troposphere HYDROSPHERE ★ lowest layer where all weather occurs ★ base is warmer than the uppermost portion Definition ★ base is heated by the earth’s surface that ★ dynamic mass of water absorbs heat ★ continually on the move ★ tropopause – the outer boundary of the ○ evaporating from the oceans to the troposphere atmosphere Stratosphere ○ precipitating to the land ★ beyond the tropopause ○ running back to the ocean again ★ where airplanes travel ★ aka Blue Planet or Blue Marble ★ site of the ozone layer that absorbs the ★ Panthalassa - the superocean that sun’s UV rays surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea ★ stratopause – the outer boundary of the ★ contains all the water found on our planet: stratosphere ○ surface water: ocean, lakes, rivers & creeks Mesosphere ○ ground water: water in the soil and ★ extends upward from the stratopause ground ★ temperatures decreases with height until at ○ atmosphere: water vapor the mesopause, more than 80 km above the surface, the temperature approaches -90°C ○ frozen water (cryosphere): ice caps ★ coldest temperatures anywhere in the & glaciers atmosphere occur at the mesopause ★ oceans cover 71% of the earth’s surface ★ one of the least explored regions of the ★ salt water comprises 97.5% of the earth's atmosphere hydrosphere ★ mesopause – the outer boundary of the ★ 2.5% of the earth’s water represent the mesosphere freshwater surface ○ available from glaciers, Thermosphere groundwater, rivers, and lakes ★ above the mesosphere but has no well-defined upper limit Land (N) and Water (S) Hemispheres ★ temperatures increase due to the ★ hemispheres of earth containing the largest absorption of very short-wave, high-energy possible total areas of land and ocean solar radiation by nitrogen and oxygen atoms ★ International Space Station orbits the earth within the middle of the thermosphere, between 330 and 435 kilometers (205 and 270 mi) 8 SCI01 Reviewer I.M.Y | 1st Semester | 1st Quarter ★ food chain - simple, linear series of Pacific Ocean transferring energy within an ecosystem ★ largest and deepest ocean ○ food web is the complex version ★ largest single geographic feature ★ sphere that includes a key part of the ★ extends from the Arctic Ocean in the North carbon cycle to the Antarctic Ocean (or Southern Ocean) to the South Atlantic Ocean ★ second largest ocean ★ bounded by almost parallel continental margins (Europe and Africa to the East while the Americas to the West) Indian Ocean ★ third largest ocean in the world ★ largely a southern hemisphere water body ★ bounded by Asia to the North, Africa to the West, Australia to the East, and Antarctica ★ covers all ecosystems to the South ○ from soil to the rainforest, ★ warmest ocean mangroves to coral reefs, the plankton-rich ocean surface to the Arctic Ocean deep sea ★ 7% the size of the Pacific Ocean ○ photosynthetic organisms ★ smallest and shallowest ocean ★ organisms do not just respond to their ★ aka Arctic Mediterranean Sea physical environment Antarctic Ocean ○ the biosphere influences the other ★ aka Southern Ocean three spheres ★ antarctic convergence - meeting of ★ without life, the makeup and nature of the currents near Antarctica other spheres would be very different ★ portions of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans that lie about 50 degrees south GEOSPHERE latitude Definition BIOSPHERE ★ the solid earth ★ extends from the surface to the center of Definition the planet ★ life zone of the earth which includes all ★ largest of earth's spheres living organisms and all organic matter that ★ the earth after its formation, differentiated has not yet decomposed into the crust, mantle, and core ★ structured into a hierarchy known as a food chain 9 SCI01 Reviewer I.M.Y | 1st Semester | 1st Quarter Planetary Differentiation ★ gutenberg discontinuity - boundary ★ process that created the earth’s layered between the mantle and core; named after structure seismologist Beno Gutenberg ★ denser material sinks to the center (forming Layers by Physical Properties the core) ★ based on whether the layer is solid or liquid ★ less dense materials floated to the top and how weak or strong it is (forming the crust) ★ observed using the behavior of seismic Layers by Chemical Properties waves as it travels through the interior of ★ based on compositional or density the earth A. Crust ○ p wave - primary wave that passes ★ thinnest layer ranging from 5 to 80 km through solid and liquid thick and occupies 65% silica by weight and contain shape and arrangement of grains or other light-colored minerals that are abundant in constituents silica, aluminum, sodium and potassium A. Coarse-Grained B. Intermediate ★ aka phaneritic ★ silica contents between 55% and 65% by ★ crystals are large enough to see with the weight (gray) naked eye ★ have at least 25% dark minerals thus being ★ magma cooled slowly between granitic and basaltic in color B. Fine-Grained ★ composed of amphibole, biotite, and ★ aka aphanitic plagioclase feldspar ★ crystals are too small to see easily with the C. Mafic naked eye ★ substantial amount of ferromagnesian ★ magma cooled quickly at the surface minerals leading to dark-colored rocks C. Pegmatitic ★ magnesium + iron ★ extremely coarse–grained ★ silica content between 45% and 55% by ★ magma cools very slowly at depth weight and contain dark-colored minerals D. Porphyritic that are abundant in iron, magnesium and ★ phenocrysts - larger, having formed first calcium during slow cooling underground D. Ultramafic ★ groundmass - smaller, formed during ★ mostly olivine and pyroxene more rapid cooling at the earth’s surface ★ almost entirely composed of E. Glassy ferromagnesian minerals ★ contains no crystals at all and is formed by ★