SCI313 Lesson 5: Diversity of Life PDF

SCI313 LESSON 5: Devirsity of Life Carolus Linnaeus - Swedish botanist who developed a 2. Phylum Zygomycota (Conjugation Fungi) classification system. simplest form of fungi. Genus - group of closely similar speci...

SCI313 LESSON 5: Devirsity of Life Carolus Linnaeus - Swedish botanist who developed a 2. Phylum Zygomycota (Conjugation Fungi) classification system. simplest form of fungi. Genus - group of closely similar species. About 1,000 species which are functions are Species - only one type of organism, unique organism known. type. They reproduce by conjugation resulting into a All genus names begin with a capital letter. zygosphore, a fungus which attacks fruits. Genus and species names written in italics or 3. Phylum Ascomycota (Sac Fungi) underlined. largest division of fungi. abbreviate the genus and simply use H. sapiens for 15,000 species in this group. Included in this group example. are yeast, blue-green molds, morels, and powdery mildews which attack plants. Tree of Life: relationships between all living organisms, Blue-green mold (Penicillum) produces the special connected through evolution and common ancestry. taste of roqueforte cheese. 4. Phylum Oomycota (Water Molds) The discovery of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences has 500 species in this group. revolutionized our understanding of evolutionary These molds parasitize fishes and some food relationships among organisms. crops. rRNA evolves slowly, making it a reliable tool for They are found in water or moist habitat. constructing phylogenetic trees that depict 5. Phylum Deuteromycota (Imperfect Fungi) evolutionary lineages. Sexual reproduction is undergone by all five other phyla in this kingdom. Three Domains of Life: This includes the parasite that causes athlete’s foot (1)Bacteria and ringworm. (2)Archaea 6. Phylum Myxomycota (Slime Molds) (3) Eukarya 400 species in this group. Bacteria ( Eubacteria) and Archae ( Archaebacteria) - organisms resemble giant amoebas because they single-celled prokaryotes. move over decaying organic matter by amoeboid Eukarya (eukaryotes) - domain including organisms movement. with eukaryotic cells. Protista - contains of diverse group. II. Kingdom Plantae Fungi kingdom - includes multicellular heterotrophs, such as mushrooms. 300,000 species of living things are classified. Plant kingdom or Plantea - kingdom of multicellular photoautotrophs, includes plants; algae, mosses, ferns 1. Phylum Rhodophyta (Red Algae) and flowering plants. most red algae is many-celled. Animalia - includes multicellular heterotrophs, A number of red algae are used for food. including animals, like insects, clams, and mammals. Prophyra is eaten in soups. DOMAIN EUKARYA 2. Phylum Phaeophyta (brown Algae) Brown algae are mostly marine. I. Kingdom fungi The thallus is man They contain xanthophylls and cholorophyll. 80,000 species of fungi, includes the mushrooms, bracket fungi, bread mold, yeasts, mildews and slime 3. Phylum Chlorophyta (Green Algae) molds. Green algae are found in freshwater and marine body of a fungus is called the thallus. They lack habitats. chlorophyll cannot manufacture their own food. Chlorophyll dominate other pigments, hence the color. The thallus of some green algae is unicellular. 1. Phylum Basidiomycota (Club fungi) includes 15,000 species, like mushrooms and usts. 4. Phylum Charophyta (Stoneworts) Mycelium - consists of a tangled mass of hyphae. plants are divided into nodes and internodes, with pileus - stripe with a cap on top called the. a circle of branches at each node. basidiospores - Sticking out perpendicular to each gill These are freshwater plants, a brittle layer of lime are numerous club shaped stalks. that they are called stoneworts.  e. Class Cephalopoda. Squids, octopus, known as 5. Phylum Bryophyta (Mosses and Liverworts) head-footed mollusks Examples: squids, octopus Bryophytes are small multicellular plants that lack (devilfish) and nautilus. true roots, stem and leaves. 8. Phylum Annelida (Segmented Worms) also lack conducting tissues. 10,000 annelids. Mosses - One of the most common is the peat a. Class Polychaeta. Sandworms, tubeworms,. moss or sphagnum. Sphagnum is used by Example: calmworm. gardeners to help hold water in pots. b. Class Oligochaeta. Earthworms, Example: liverworts have flat leathery thalli that are shaped Pheretimabenguetensis (common local earthworm). like the liver. c. Class Hirudinea. Leeches.Example: Hirudo (leech). 9. Phylum Arthropoda (arthropods) 6. Phylum Pterophyta (Ferns) Largest phylum; joint-footed animlas with Ferns have true roots, stems and leaves. chitinous skeleton. They need shade and moisture to grow. a. Class Merostomata. cephalothorax broadly Ferns were already living on earth even before the joined to abdomen. Example: horseshoe crab. dinosaurs were around, 300,000,000 years ago b. Class Arachnida. Arachnids, Examples: tick, Ferns reproduce by spores. scorpion, head louse, spider, and itch mite. 7. Phylum Coniferophyta (Conifers) c. Class Crustacea. Crustaceans Examples: conifers are woody perennial trees or shrubs crayfishes, lobster, crab, shrimp, and prawns. which produce seeds that are found on the upper d. Class Insecta. Insects, Examples: grasshopper, surface of scales. fly, butterfly, and mosquito. Pines and cypress are the most common examples 10. Phylum Echinodermata (Echinoderms) of this phylum. radially symmetrical and as no segmentation with water vascular system. 8. Phylum Anthophyta (Flowering Plants) a. Class Crinoidea - Sea lilies with cup-shaped body variety of shrubs, trees, and herbaceous (soft and flexible arms. stemmed) plants. b. Class Asteroidea - Star-shaped with flexible includes the flowers, vegetables, grains such as skeleton. Example: Asterias rice, wheat, corn, grasses and tall trees that are not c. lass Ophiurodea - brittle stars with long, conifers. segmented arms. Example: Ophiura. Class Dicotyledoneae (dicot) - have two d. Class Echinoidea - sea urchins with no projecting cotyledons. leaves have net veneration. The most arms. Example: Strongylocentrous (sea urchin); common dicots are roses, gumamela, mango and Dendraster (sand dollar). tomatoes. e.. Class Holothuroidea - sea cucumbers; elongated Class Monocotyledoneae (monocot) -only one body with retractile tentacles. Example: Holothuria. cotyledon, parallel veneration. Grasses, corn, lilies, and palm are the most common examples of this 11. Phylum Chordata (Chordates) group. animals with notochord, gill slits, nerve cord. Protochordates - invertebrate chordates resembling III. Kingdom Animalia primitive invertebrates. Vertebrate Chordates - 49,000 species of vertebrates, 1. Phylum Porifera (Sponges) 30,000 species of fishes. Sponges are the simplest of the animals. a. Class Cyclosmata - jawless lampreys with cylindrical body is perforated with minute pores called ostia. bodies. Example: Petromyzon The larger openings, the oscular, are for the exit of b. Class Chondrichthyes - Cartilaginous fishes with water. exposed gill slits. Examples: Squalus (shark): Raja (ray). Sponges have no organs, only tissues. c. Class Osteichthyes - bony fishes with operculum covering gills. Examples: salmon, milkfish, and b. Class Scaphopoda. Tooth shells with a tubular shell lungfishes. open at both ends, shaped like an elephant’s tusks. d. Class Amphibia - Amphibians with dual life in water Example: Dentalium. and land. Example: frogs, toads, salamanders. c. Class Gastrophoda. Univalve mollusks known as e. Class Reptilia - Reptiles with dry skin and soft-shelled stomach-footed mollusks. The foot is long and It is eggs. Example: lizards, snakes, crocodile, and alligator. used for creeping. Example: snail, slug, abalone, and f. Class Aves - birds with feathers, capable of true light. cowry. Example: ducl, crow, sparrow. d. Class Bivalvia. Bivalve mollusks known as the g. Class Mammalia - mammals with hair, live births, and hatchet-footed mollusks. The foot is wedge-shaped milk production. Example: kangaroo, horse, pig, cat, cow, and is use for digging. Examples: clam, mussel, and whale, bat,rabbit, fox, monkey, and bear. oyster.  SCI313 LESSON 6:Monera and Protista Viruses - not classified in the five-kingdom classification A. ANIMAL PROTISTS system. Russian scientist Ivanovski - discovered viruses in 1892. and discovered tobacco mosaic disease in healthy tobacco 1. Phylum Sarcodina (Rhizopods) plants. 8,000 species of rhizopods. Carolus Linnaeus - 18th century, established the science of protozoans float creep about in wate, extensions of the taxonomy classifying plants and animals. protoplasm called pseudophobia or “false feet Bacteriophage, a type of virus, appropriate the metabolic The best-known of the Sarcodina is the Amoeba a fresh machinery of bacterial cells. water form. Interferon - acts as a messenger from the infected cells. Kingdom Animalia - animals 2. Phylum Cilliophora (Ciliates) Phyla (phylum)- Class- Order- Family 5,000 species of ciliates. Genera Species provided hair like processes called cilia which are used Robert H. Whitaker - studies recognizes a five-kingdom for locomotion. system: Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Monera, Fungi. retain a more or less permanent shape because of a hard covering, the pelliole. Paramecium is a well-known slipper-shaped ciliate I. KINGDOM MONERA found in fresh water. 3. Phylum Sporozoa (Sporozoans) A. Phylum Schizophyta (Bacterial) 2,000 species of sporozoans. role played by bacteria. Bacteria useful in the nitrogen all parasitic with complicated life cycle , spores are cycle and in the sewerage system. produced at some stage of the cycle. Bacteria have three basic shapes: Plasmodium is found in the blood stream of a person 1) spherical coccus (cocci) These sporozoites find their way into the salivary 2) rod-shaped bacillus (bacilli) glands of the mosquito. 3) spirally twisted spirillum (spirilli). 4. Phylum Zoomastigina (Animal Flagellates) long list of human diseases caused by bacteria include 1,200 species in this phylum. cholera, diphtheria, syphilis, gonorrhea. called animal flagellates colorless and without chlorophyll Vaccines induces active immunity of the patient to Example: Trypanosoma parasites humans, causing sleeping produce his own antibodies. sickness. antiserum is made by injecting antigen into some other animals B. ALGAL PROTISTS B. Phylum Cyanophyta (Blue-green Algae) called “seaweed” or “water moss”. 1. Phylum Euglenophyta (Euglenoid Flagellates) blue-green algae the most primitive algae, also 500 species in this group. “autotrophs” or “self-feeders”. Example: Oscillatoria and flagellates possess several flagella attached to the Nostocare. front end of the body. 2. Phylum Phyrrophyta (Dinoflagellates) II. KINGDOM PROTISTA includes flagellates with two flagella have a true cellulose cell wall looks like armor of Protista is made up of a diverse group unicellular forms overlapping plats. found in a variety of environments, live in fresh water, Some dinoflagellates are luminescent,flashes of light Protista have nuclei. called Pyrrophyta or fire plants. 3. Phylum Chrysophyta (Golden Algae, Yellow-green Algae and Diatoms) Algae in this phylum contain chlorophyll A. They lack chlorophyll B. contain carotenes and xanthophylls. chlorophyll will give a yellow-green color  2. Phylum Cyanophyta (Blue-green Algae) - commonly L6: Monera and Protista called “seaweed” or “water moss. 1,500,000 different kinds of organisms have been Contain chlorophyll A, the green pigment; identified. carotenes and xanthophylls. 18th century, Carolus Linnaeus established the Blue-green algae are producers because they make science of taxonomy classifying plants and simple sugars. animals. They are also “autotrophs” or “self-feeders”. Kingdom Animalia - animals Oscillatoria and Nostocare two examples of blue- Phyla (phylum) Class Order Family green algae. Genera Species Kingdom Protista Robert H. Whitaker - studies recognizes a five- kingdom system: Plantae, Animalia, Protista, made up of a diverse group in unicellular forms. Monera, Fungi. They live in fresh water, salt water or in moist Viruses - NOT included in five kingdom. places. Discovered by a Russian scientist Ivanovski in The cells of Protista have nuclei. 1892. 1. Animal Protists Because viruses have no metabolic machinery Phylum Sarcodina (Rhizopods) - 8,000 species and they cannot reproduce themselves. These protozoans float in water. It is a host cell. Pseudophobia (false feet) - thin cell membrane Bacteriophage - type of virus, appropriate the surrounds the protoplasm, allowing for the metabolic machinery. formation of extensions of the protoplasm. Interferon - acts as a messenger from the infected Used for movement and food capture cells to uninfected cells Phylum Cilliophora (Ciliates) - 5,000 species provided with hair like processes called cilia. Kingdom Monera Pelliole - retain a more or less permanent 1. Phylum Schizophyta (Bacteria) - the role is shape because of a hard covering. transmission of diseases and it is beneficial. Ciliates - have two different types of nuclei Without the bacteria, the world will be filled up (large macronucleus that controls the normal with undecomposed garbage and dead plants and metabolism)(small micronuclei that are animals. concerned with reproduction) Bacteria are found in almost any environment. Paramecium - a well-known slipper-shaped Three basic shapes: ciliate. Spherical coccus (cocci) Phylum Sporozoa (Sporozoans) - 2,000 species Rod-shaped bacillus (bacilli) In general, protozoans are not capable of Spirally twisted spirillum (spirilli) locomotion Several ways in which the human body resists Plasmodium (malarial parasite) - most well- attacks by pathogenic microorganisms. known sporozoans. Phagocytic action by certain kinds of white found in the blood stream of a person suffering blood cells. from malaria. Production of antibodies. Medicine takes withdrawn from the blood through the advantage of the body’s antigen to induce mosquito bites of the female Anopheles prophylactic immunity. mosquitoes. Vaccines - induces active immunity to produce Phylum Zoomastigina (Animal Flagellates) - 1,200 his own antibodies. species Antiserum - made by injecting antigen into They are called animal flagellates because they animals until the animals produces antibodies are colorless and without chlorophyll. and then removing blood serum containing the Example: Trypanosoma parasites humans, antibodies from the animals. causing sleeping sickness. 2. Algal Protists Phylum Euglenophyta (Euglenoid Flagellates) - 500 species Euglenoids - combination of plant-like and animal-like characteristics. Have chlorophyll but lacking a cell wall The species that lack chlorophyll are heterotrophic. Euglena is a well-known freshwater green flagellate. Phylum Phyrrophyta (Dinoflagellates) group includes flagellates with two flagella. Most have a true cellulose cell wall. Some are luminescent, they give flashes of light, thus they are called Pyrrophyta or fire plants. Phylum Chrysophyta (Golden Algae, Yellow-green Algae and Diatoms) contain chlorophyll A but lack chlorophyll B. also contain carotenes and xanthophylls.  L7: Plant Diversity, Structure and Function Kingdom Plantae - characterized by multicellular, autotrophic, and eukaryotes. Chloroplast - main photosynthetic organelle contains chlorophyll a and b. Plant cell walls are made of cellulose. Reproduction in plants is characterized by alternation of generation. Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O Two main Generation in the Plant Life Cycle Sporophyte - produces spores through meiosis which grow into the gametophyte. Ploidy level is Diploid (2N) Gametophyte - produces gametes through mitosis that fuse during fertilization. Ploidy level is Haploid (N). Organisms that have the alternation of generations must have multicellular individuals in both generations. Angiosperms Definition: Seed-producing flowering plants. Seeds: Enclosed inside an ovary, usually in a fruit. Life Cycle: Seasonal (die during autumn) Reproductive System: Present in flowers; can be unisexual or bisexual. Characteristic: Flat leaves, hardwood, and Non- perennial. Reproduction: Mostly rely on pollinators. Uses: Medications, food, clothing and others. Gymnosperms Definition: Seed-producing non-flowering plants. Seeds: Bare, found on scales, leaves or as cones. Life Cycle: Evergreen Reproductive System: Cones; unisexual Characteristic: Needle-like leaves, softwood, and Perennial. Reproduction: Mostly rely on wind. Uses: Paper, Lumber and others Plant Tissues divided into two meristematic and permanent tissues. 1. Meristematic Tissues - composed of embryonic cells capable of active cell division  Cell division occurs throughout the body of early Meristem - located behind the root cap. embryo. Differentiated cells - first permanent root tissues, Cell division becomes restricted to meristems they are called primary tissues. tissues in localized region. Three primary tissues: the vascular cylinder, the Regions of meristematic tissues are found at the cortex, and the epidermis. growing tips of roots and stems. Xylem and phloem - innermost layers of cells in the Apical meristems are responsible for the increase root. in length of the plant. Middle layers of cells form the cortex, a region of parenchyma cells. 2. Permanent Tissues - composed of mature, Innermost layer of the cortex forms the differentiated cells. It fall into three subcategories: endodermis. Surface tissue - forms the protective covering of Outermost layer of cells develops into the the plant; surface tissue is epidermis then epidermal tissue or epidermis. periderm; function are protection, and prevention of water loss. Root hairs - emerge from the epidermal cells and Fundamental tissues - simple tissues composed of a absorb water from the soil. single type cell. There are four kinds: Some floating plants lack root hairs. Parenchyma, have thin primary walls and no In terrestrial plants, root hairs last only for a few secondary walls, have large vacuoles; days. Collenchyma, similar to parenchyma cells, Cohesion-pull Theory except that their walls are irregularly thickened; Tremendous pressure would be required to push Sclerenchyma, cells have uniformly thick, water up because the force of gravity has to be heavily lignified secondary walls; overcome. Endodermis, layer surrounding the vascular Water transpires from the stomata and the spaces tissue, core of roots and less frequent of stems. below them, osmotic pressure is set up at that causes the water to flow. Vascular tissue 3. - distinctive feature of the higher Water molecules have a strong cohesive xylem plants. Includes cells that function as tubes which because of the osmotic pressure. water and substances move from one part of the plant Plant Organs to another. Two types: Xylem, transport water and dissolved 1. Shoot - composed of the stem, leaves, flowers and substances; fruits. Phloem, moving materials both up and down. Stem - functions in internal transport and supporting the plants. Transport in Plants Leaves - manufacture the food or it is where the Vascular tissues - specialized for transporting photosynthesis takes place. water, food and wastes. Petiole - stalks of the leaves. Xylem cells - carry H2O (water) and dissolved Flowers - contain the reproductive organs. minerals from the soil to all parts of the plants. Stamen - is the male reproductive part. Phloem - is a tissue that transports food produces Pistil - is the female reproductive part. in the leaves Peduncle - stalks of the flower. Fruits - contain and protect the seed. The Root Tip - region that absorbs water from the Exocarp - outer part of the fruit. soil. Mesocarp - central and usually the edible part. Root cap - protect the growing point of root tip, Endocarp - inner part that closely adheres to can be replace that develop from the meristem. the seed. Seed - consists of the seed coat (outer part of the seed) cotyledon (provides the food for the embryo) and Cytokinins - stimulate cell division in the presence embryo (young developing plant). of auxins. Interaction with auxins stimulate the 2. Root development of leaves, shoots and buds. Flower anatomy Plant movements 1. Sexual Reproduction - most common on flowering Plant movements can be grouped into three types: plants. 1. Tropisms - slow growth movements. Stamen - composed of the anther and filament. Phototropism - bending of plants towards the light Anther - produces and stores the pollen grains. allows all leaves to receive the maximum light Filament - supports the anther. needed for photosynthesis. Pistil - is composed of stigma and ovary. Geotropism - response to gravity as the plants Ovary - produces and stores the egg cells. grows. Stigma - opening that receives pollen grains. Roots grow downward therefore positively Pollination - process which pollen is carried from geotropic. the anther to a stigma. Shoots grow upward therefore negatively Self-pollination - occurs in plants that have geotropic. both pistil. Hydrotropism - growth of plant parts toward Cross-pollination - occurs in plants that have water. only the stamen or the pistil. Chemotropism - is the response to chemicals. 2. Asexual Reproduction - plants are able to Thigmotropism - is the response to contact with propagate themselves using asexual reproduction. solid objects. Genetically identical to the parent plant because 2. Turgor pressure - movements like opening and no mixing of male and female gametes. Two type: closing of flowers or leaves. Vegetative reproduction - results in new plant Turgor movements occur in response to light, individuals without the production of seeds. temperature, touch and wind. Corm - is used by gladiolus and garlic. Example is, Makahiya or Mimosa pudica, leaves Bulbs - such as a scaly bulb in lilies. recover after about 15 minutes as the turgor Stem tuber - potato. pressure returns. Apomixis - some plants can produce seeds without fertilization. Responsiveness and Coordination in Plants 1. Coordination of cell activities is largely control by hormones. 2. Plant hormones are organic molecules that are produced in active plants. Three groups: Auxins - called growth hormones. Indeoleacetic acid (IAA) is synthesized in the tips of roots and shoots, in young leaves. Apical dominance - auxins produced in the terminal buds of shoots inhibit the growth of auxiliary buds below them. Auxins sprayed on the flowers on the same species before pollination results in the development of the fruits without seeds. Gibberillins - stimulate cell elongation, induced growth of dwarfed plants and are known to promote flowering. L8: Organization of the Vertibrates Body Parts Multicellular Organization Bodies of multicellular organisms, particularly animals. CELLS TISSUES ORGAN ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM Animal Tissues can be classified into four types: 1. Epithelium - found in the covering of all free surfaces, both internal and external (e.g. skin) Squamous cells - thin and flat, found in the lining cavities and inner surface of the blood vessels. Cuboidal - thick and wide, present in the salivary glands and thyroid gland. Columnar - taller than wide, cells line the stomach and intestines of vertebrates. Stratified - have numerous short, hair like extension called cilia. Flagellated - have one or more slender whip like processes called flagella. Protective epithelium - guards animals from external injury. Glandular epithelium - secretes product needed. Sensory epithelium - receives certain external stimuli. 2. Connective Tissues - serve to bind other tissues and organs together, may be liquid, semi-solid or solid. Blood and lymph - support and distribute materials in the body; liquid; contains corpuscles. Connective tissue proper - very variable, but its intercellular matrix contains numerous fibers. Two types: loose connective tissue, irregular arrangement of fibers and presences of numerous cells; dense connective tissue, compact arrangement of fibers and small amount of cells. Cartilage - elastic matrix and can support great weight. Can be found in nose and larynx. Bone or osseous tissue - hard matrix with inorganic salt, calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate. 3. Muscle - cells have greater capacity for contraction than other cells; responsible for most movements; cells are usually elongate. 4. Nerve - composed of neurons; Nerve tissue has the great capacity to respond to stimuli.