Sci 10 - Climate Notes 2022 PDF

Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones SCIENCE 10 UNIT D: ENERGY FLOW IN GLOBAL SYSTEMS Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones...

Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones SCIENCE 10 UNIT D: ENERGY FLOW IN GLOBAL SYSTEMS Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones Textbook I can: Reference: Unit D (338-439) explain how climate affects the lives of people and other species, and 1.2 explain the need to investigate climate change identify the Sun as the source of all energy on Earth 2.1 analyze, in general terms, the net radiation budget, using percent 2.1 describe the major characteristics of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, 1.1 and the lithosphere, and explain their relationship to Earth’s biosphere describe and explain the greenhouse effect, and the role of various gases 2.1 – including methane, carbon dioxide and water vapour – in determining the scope of the greenhouse effect investigate and describe, in general terms, the relationships among solar energy reaching Earth’s surface and time of year, angle of inclination, 2.1 length of daylight, cloud cover, albedo effect and aerosol or particulate distribution explain how thermal energy transfer through the atmosphere and 2.2, 2.3 hydrosphere affects climate investigate and interpret how variations in thermal properties of materials 2.3 can lead to uneven heating and cooling investigate and explain how evaporation, condensation, freezing and melting transfer thermal energy; i.e., use simple calculations of heat of 2.3 fusion Hfus=nQ and vaporization Hvap=nQ, and Q=mcΔT to convey amounts of thermal energy involved, and link these processes to the hydrologic cycle describe a biome as an open system in terms of input and output of 2.4 energy and matter and exchanges at its boundaries relate the characteristics of two major biomes to net radiant energy, 2.4 climatic factors and topography analyze the climatographs of two major biomes and explain why biomes 2.5 with similar characteristics can exist in different geographical locations, latitudes and altitudes identify the potential effects of climate change on environmentally 3.3 sensitive biomes investigate and identify human actions affecting biomes that have a 3.1 potential to change climate and critically examine the evidence that these factors play a role in climate change identify evidence to investigate past changes in Earth’s climate 3.1 describe and evaluate the role of science in furthering the understanding 3.2 of climate and climate change through international programs describe the role of technology in measuring, modelling and interpreting 3.2 climate and climate change describe the limitations of scientific knowledge and technology in making 3.1 predictions related to climate and weather assess, from a variety of perspectives, the risks and benefits of human 3.3 activity, and its impact on the biosphere and the climate Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones THE BIOSPHERE Essential Learning Outcomes: q I can describe the major characteristics of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the lithosphere, and explain their relationship to the Earth’s biosphere An group of objects that we endup studying System: object or a Systems: have exchange man bouiff.fi gnaeigggy interact with gasses energy solar Electrophile Review: Open System: Both matter and energy exchange w̅ surroundings cellopencop B Closed System: **Earthonly can be jar cupw̅ a lid energy is considered exch.gg a closed system Iggy Isolated System: Cannot exchange matter and Thermos's energy The biosphere is a relatively thin layer on top of the Earth’s crust that supports life. It is composed of all the living things on Earth and the physical environment that makes it possible. The biosphere is made up of three components: rameansair atmosphere ratana lithosphere hydrosphere water 1  Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones The Atmosphere: gaseous portion of the biosphere, and is made up of mostly Nitrogentotand oxygen 20. also contains trace gases, water vapour [part of hydrosphere], particles of dust, soot pollen & insects 1. Troposphere ~ 0 km to 14 km § Ground-level layer § Average temp of 15 ⁰C at the Earth’s surface and decreases with altitude § Only layer of Earth’s atmosphere with the right temp and concentration of O2 to support life § Contains 99% of the water vapor and most of the CO2 (~80% of atmospheric gases) § ALL weather phenomena occur within the troposphere 2. Stratosphere ~ 14 km to 50 km § Temp increases with distance from the surface, starting at -60 ⁰C to about 0 ⁰C at the top § Contains 90% of the ozone gas in the atmosphere § Absorbs energy from sun’s rays causing temp to increase with altitude Absorbs UV (ultraviolet radiation) Protects living organisms from radiation and cancer no 3. Mesosphere ~ 50 km to 90 km closer § Temp decreases from 0 ⁰C at the bottom to -100 ⁰C at the top § Meteors burn up in this layer 4. Thermosphere ~ 90 km to 600 km mphole § Temp increases from -100 C at the bottom to as much as 3000 C. (average kinetic energy of the molecules) § Almost vacuum – very low density of gas § Home to the International Space Station § The exosphere exists beyond the thermosphere (10 000 km thick) 2  Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones The Lithosphere: hour we have mountains and earth quakes Sometimes called the crust Solid Portion (the land) composed of rocks, minerals and elements Outermost layer of the geosphere (solid Earth stuff) Portion of Earth that we all live/exist in (except while flying or swimming) The Hydrosphere: accounts for all water on Earth’s surface and atmosphere clouds precipitation humidity wiqii.se about ____% is salt water, the remaining _____% at 3 is fresh water. Includes frozen deposits of water. is warmed by solar and a radiation little bit by the molten mantle Hot springs The components of the biosphere interact to sustain life Example: the lithosphere is full of air and water, the hydrosphere has particles of rock and air, and the atmosphere has dust and water contained. WEATHER VS. CLIMATE Essential Learning Outcomes: q I can explain how climate affects the lives of people and other species, and explain the need to investigate climate change Weather: conditions of temperature precipitation air pressure air quality cloud cover and humidity at a giventime Climate: refers to the average conditions in a region over 30 years Climate Affects Daily Life: Areas with cooler climates tend to have smaller ___ populations Large amounts of energy and money are used to heat and cool buildings Climate affects the ___________________ AGRICULTURAL activity of a particular region 3 Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones Climate Affects All Organisms: function of an organism structure or _____________ An adaptation is any change in the ______________ that makes it more suited to its environment and more likely to survive. Living organisms are adapted to the particular climate they live in Examples: o Cacti have thick cuticle to prevent water loss in dry climates o Submerged plants lack strong water transport systems (eg. xylem) absorbing nutrients and gases through leaves in wet climates o Arctic fox have small ears to prevent heat loss in cold climates 0 o Elephants have large, thin ears to maximize heat loss in hot climates is 4 Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones ENERGY RELATIONSHIPS & THE BIOSPHERE Essential Learning Outcomes: q I can identify the Sun as the source of all energy on Earth q I can analyze, in general terms, the net radiation budge, using percent q I can describe and explain the greenhouse effect, and the role of various gases – including methane, carbon dioxide, and water vapour – in determining the scope of the greenhouse effect q I can describe, in general terms, how thermal energy is transferred through the atmosphere and through the hydrosphere from latitudes of net radiation surplus to latitudes of net radiation deficit, resulting in a variety of climatic zones q I can investigate and describe, in general terms, the relationships among solar energy reaching Earth’s surface and time of year, angle of inclination, length of daylight, cloud cover, albedo effect and aerosol or particulate distribution The SUN is the source of all energy on Earth. Solar energy is a kind of radiant energy using electromagnetic waves. The amount of energy carried is related to the of the light. EMR electromagnetic radiation wavelength The amount of energy retained varies on location, angle, and features of the area that it strikes. Insolation: describes the amount of recived energy a by region on the earth surface o Depends on latitude, characteristics of the lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere 5  Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones the angle at which light falls Angle of Incidence: on the earth much steeper the poles vs equator as our angle Eflections fe ga reflection area of qfe.ie moreheld coverage is away magingness energy reflected be energy it in o Since the Earth is a sphere, insolation will vary for regions at different latitudes. The majority of the radiation reaching Earth is not perpendicular to Earth’s surface (exception: ) equator o Angle of incidence results in light being stretched over a greater area at the poles rather than at the equator. Result? more energy at the equator Angle of Inclination: the degree Earks is thihate orbit around son 23,50 o The angle of inclination is what results in our seasons § Northern Hemisphere summer solstice (~June 21), the angle of inclination causes the North Pole to be tilted towards the sun = more insolation and hours of sunlight in summer months § Northern Hemisphere winter solstice (~December 21), the angle of inclination causes the North Pole to be tilted away from the sun = less insolation and hours of sunlight in the winter months o Areas near the equator experience little seasonal variation in the amount of insolation and hours of daylight 6 Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones Absorption & Reflection by the Biosphere Absorption: the change of radiant energy into another form of energy Thermal o e.g. radiant energy à _____________________ Reflection: the change of radiant energy’s energy direction ________________ without a change in energy form Earth is warm and habitable because incoming solar radiation is absorbed by Earth’s surface and atmosphere. The solar energy absorbed by the biosphere can be re-emitted as Thermal ____________ energy to heat the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. Solar energy can also be captured in process of photosynthesis and passed onto organisms. The amount of absorption of radiant light on Earth is dependent on: Cloud cover and atmospheric dust/particulate Albedo Earth’s natural greenhouse effect Cloud Cover & Dust: firmsvolcanoes duststorms can both absorb & reflect light that strikes earth human activity has ____________ increase the amount of particles in the air Albedo: of light Reflected by the Theenopecentage The Earth of a surface affects the amount of energy it will absorb. surfaces absorb more than surfaces. light In areas with a high albedo, most of the sunlight is reflected back to space rather than be absorbed o Snow has an albedo of ~70-80% o Corn fields have an albedo of ~20% o Global average albedo is 30% o Albedo may vary with the seasons § Why? inAlberta snow on ground The amount of P P albedo changes winter colours Summer is darker crease in abedo de 7 Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones Earth’s Natural Greenhouse Effect: Earth’s atmosphere provides a blanket of gases that trap heat radiated from Earth. Water vapour is mostly responsible for the natural greenhouse effect Gases such as carbon dioxide and methane are particularly effective at providing a greenhouse effect (more about this later) This phenomenon keeps Earth’s temperature in a range that supports life. Without these gases, Earth would be a cold rock. Too much of a greenhouse effect would turn the planet superhot (like Venus) The Net Radiation Budget: the amount of radiation going energy h us the amount of radiation Itg Term.EE outgoing Net Radiation = Incoming Radiation – Outgoing Radiation Incoming Radiation is all of the solar energy that reaches the Earth’s surface, not including the solar radiation that is reflected by the albedo of the Earth’s surface Outgoing Radiation is the thermal radiation that is re-emitted by Earth’s surface and atmosphere that is not absorbed by the greenhouse gases of the atmosphere 8 Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones Globally, the net radiation budget is about 0% (incoming = outgoing). If this balance were to change, there would be a corresponding change in Earth’s temperature. In polar regions , outgoing radiation is high due to albedo and incoming radition is low due to latitude, so they tend to have a net radiation deficit (negative value) Regions along the equator due to higher levels of incoming radiation have a net radiation surplus (positive value) Thermal energy is transferred from latitudes with a net radiation surplus to latitudes with a net radiation deficit THERMAL ENERGY TRANSFER Essential Learning Outcomes: q I can describe how thermal energy is transferred through the atmosphere and through the hydrosphere and affects climate Thermal energy transfer is the movement of thermal energy from an area of higher temperature to an area of lower temperature. Thermal energy transfer can occur in 3 ways: 1. Radiation: emission of energy as particles or waves when radiation energy encounters particles of matter, it may be reflected or absorbed if the radiation is absorbed, the kinetic enery of the particle will increase, resulting in a temperature increase substances that are at a higher temperature than their surroundings will re-emit the energy as thermal energy or infrared radiation 2. Conduction: transfer of thermal enrgy through direct contact _______________________ between the particles of a substance usually occurs in solids 3. Convection: transfer of thermal energy through the movement of particles from one ____________________________________________________ locationto another usually occurs in fluids (liquids & gases) current during convection, the movement of particles forms a ____________ particles with more kinetic energy will take up more space, becoming less dense and rising 9 Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones Effects on the Atmosphere: Warming by the sun at the equator results in of warm air at the convection equator to cooler places near the poles. We perceive this as Because the Earth is a rotating object, the convection cells are deflected in a phenomenon called Coriolis Effect Winds that come from the West are called. westerlies. Winds that come from the East are called easterlies. F Jet streams are bands of fast moving air currents in the stratosphere. They tend to move much faster than air near the surface of the Earth, due to lack of friction Effects on the Hydrosphere: Water plays a major role in the absorption and distribution of solar thermal energy. Water currents influence both weather and climate Thermal energy is transferred in the hydropshere through the action of global winds. Warmer water from equatorial regions are transferred to the poles, and cooler water from the poles to the equator, forming ocean currents. i Thermal energy is also transferred vertically through bodies of water forming currents, where warmer rises and cooler water sinks. 10 Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY Essential Learning Outcomes: q I can investigate and interpret how variations in thermal properties of materials can lead to uneven heating and cooling q I can investigate and explain how evaporation, condensation, freezing and melting transfer thermal energy (! = #$∆&) q I can explain how thermal energy transfer through the atmosphere and hydrosphere affects climate Specific Heat Capacity: the amount ofenergy that a substance can absorb or release before changingtemperature all substances have different specific heat capacities. o Water has a very large specific heat capacity (4.19 J/g°C); metals tend to have a fairly small specific heat capacity (eg. Aluminum 0.897 J/g°C) o Since water has a large specific heat capacity, it can absorb large amounts of energy before getting hot and release large amounts of energy as it cools down. This water acts as a storage for the heat energy, so areas surrounded by large bodies of water tend to have Fewer temperature swings Selected specific heat capacity values: Example: Compare the temperature range for these two cities: Why does Vancouver have a much smaller variation in temperature? Vancouver has a close proximity to the Pacific 11 Ocean large body of water which has a heat and to high specific is able in Fluence  y temperature changes and climate Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones the amount of thermalenergy Quantity of Thermal Energy (Q): absorbed or released when the temperature of a specific mass of a substance changes temperature It is calculated using the formula: ! = $%∆' Where: o Q= energy 5 o m= Spliff heat capacity E o c= a o ΔT = J g c change in temperature Δ change delta Example 1: A 50.0 gram mass of water at 25.0 °C is heated to 50.0 °C on a hotplate. Determine how much energy that the water absorbed. Q me AT 1 58 25.02 25.0 C 50.04 4.19 g x 25.0 c 4.19 c 5237.5 J 5.24 1035 5.24 KJ Example 2: How much thermal energy must be released to decrease the temperature of 1.00 kg of water by 10 °C? Q meat m 1.00kg 1000g 101094416 10 4 R 4.19 For 41900 J Δt 10 C t.EC eased 42KJ 12 Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones Example 3: Calculate the change in temperature that occurs when 8.38 kJ of thermal energy is added to 100.0 g of water. 9 838 83805 MET m 100.0g AT e 4 is Your turn: EEtoa E 2000 C 1. When 21.6 J of thermal energy is added to a 2.0 g mass of iron the temperature of the iron increases by 24 °C. What is the specific heat capacity of iron? 0.45 e IT 85245 0045 Foc 2. A house contains 170 kg of dry air. The furnace has broke and the temperature of the air has fallen to 2.0 °C. How much energy is needed to heat the air to 20.0 °C. Q meat 170000g 1.00 x18 g 3060000J 3.1 1065 3.1 MJ 3. Determine the quantity of energy required to warm a 1.00-kg block of ice from -15.0 °C to 0.0 °C. Q meAt 3.0 104J 10009 2.0 15.02 30 KJ 2 30000J 13 3 0 1045 30 KJ 4 20 C  Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones 4. Calculate the change in temperature that occurs when 255 kJ of thermal energy is added to 3.0 kg of water. At At 20 C me At Q a c 20 C mchanses.pe HEAT OF FUSION & HEAT OF VAPORIZATION or log Essential Learning Outcomes: q I can investigate and explain how evaporation, condensation, freezing and melting transfer $ $ thermal energy ( '!"# = % or '&'( = % ) q I can explain how thermal energy transfer through the atmosphere and hydrosphere affect climate Hydrologic Cycle Howtemperature plays a role in our season I defines the possible movement of water through the biosphere includes all major phase changes (solid, liquid & gas) 14  Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones During phase changes, water either absorbs or releases thermal energy 1 I m Phase Change Absorbs or Releases Energy 1 ice à water Absorbtion of Endothermic water à gas energy Absorbtion of µ in 1 l gas à water energy water à ice Release of energy Exothermic Release of energy inf Smee absorb state changes do not affect the temperature of the water in the phase until all ofthe previous o eg.Phy ate a of the ice will need to meltbefore water changes temp Oceans and Lakes Influence Climate: when moist air cools it cannot hold as much water = precipitation my i fat warm air rises and cooler air moves to replace it o during the day, theLow SHC land is warmer SHC than the High ocean o during the night, the land is cooler than the ocean Sea breeze : the land is warmer, compared to the ocean. Air rises above the land, allowing the cooler air if in from above the water to move in and replace it. thin Landbreeze : the ocean is warmer, compared to the land. Air rises above the ocean, allowing the cooler air from above the land to move in and replace it. re c sina.isne 15 Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones less Heat of Fusion: the amount of energy gained (absorbed) by 1 mol of a substance changes from liquid_____to solid , without a change in temperature. (Phase change) note: heat of solidification is the opposite process when energy is released Heat of Vaporization: the amount of energy gained (absorbed) by 1 mol of a substance changes from _____to , without a change in temperature. (Phase change) gas liquid note: heat of condensation is the opposite process when energy is released binaysis **WE WILL ONLY BE USING THE TERMS HEAT OF FUSION & HEAT OF VAPORIZATION Heating Curve of Water: **You need to know this!! 100 Eks79Eur e stenott jtfIf Exa Energytotal.ie msoocdd forest and phase changes are total for thissyst t energy 16  Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones The amount of energy absorbed or released during a phase change (the plateaus of the heating curve) can be calculated using the following formulas: Ek nHfus $ $ (!"# = (&'( = % % Where: o Hfus o Hvap = KJ mol o Q= convertwhenneededto KJ Ek JJoule o n =md Revisit the mol: one mole is equivalent to 6.02 1023 particles of a substance To calculate the mol: $ )= * Where: o n= met o m= o M= jim amuimaarm.sn Example 1: Rhinitis When 27.05 kJ of energy is added to 4.50 mol of ice at 0 °C the ice melts completely. What is the experimental heat of fusion in this example? stt.IE stia.it 9 xton E Hfus E 17  Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones Example 2: When 150 g of water changes from liquid to vapour, 339 kJ of energy is absorbed. Calculate the experimental heat of vaporization. mn 18.0291 no 485 1 85 mm ek mnl trap IT 1882 - 8.32408 vap 8FI m 5 4 EI 4É0 m m 350 Your turn: 1. How much thermal energy is requried to completely melt 3.20 mol of ice at 0.0 °C? I Hap 2. When 8.70 kJ of thermal energy is added to 2.50 mol of liquid methanol, all of the methanol enters the vapour phase. Determine the experimental heat of vapourization of methanol. 3. Calculate the amount of thermal energy required to change 500 g of water from liquid to vapour. 4. Determine the experimental heat of fusion of copper, given that it takes 0.606 kJ of thermal energy to melt 100 g of solid copper at its melting point. 18 Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones EARTH’S BIOMES Essential Learning Outcomes: q I can describe a biome as an open system in terms of input and output of energy and matter and exchanges at its boundaries q I can relate the characteristics of two major biomes to net radiant energy, climatic factors, and topography q I can analyze the climatographs for two major biomes and explain why biomes with similar characteristics can exist in different geographical locations, latitudes, and altitudes Biome: They are defined by their variability in climate (temperature & precipitation). Biomes are systems. An includes all of the living things (plants, animals, etc.) in a given area, interacting with each other and also with their non-living environments (weather, earth, sun, soil, climate, atmosphere. Examples: A is a place or environment where a plant, animal or other organism naturally or normally lives and grows. Examples: The biosphere is organized (going from largest to smallest): Biosphere → _______________ →______________→ _______________ 19 Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones Earth has 6 Major Biomes: Canada’s 4 Biomes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 20 Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones Biome Characteristics Biotic Factors Tundra Taiga Deciduos Forests Grasslands Deserts Rainforests 21 Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones Types of Adaptations Adaptation – any characteristic that enables an organism to better survive or reproduce There are 3 types of adaptations: 1. Physiological - happens inside the organism - eg. Four stomachs of a cow, venom in a snake 2. Structural - physical features -.e.g. fur, ear size, etc 3. Behavioral - things organisms DO in order to survive - e.g. bees huddle in a hive and vibrate to stay warm in the winter Example: Snowshoe Hare - Physiological adaptation: - Structural adaptation: - Behavioral adaptation: Climatograph: graphical representation of data plotted: o measured in ___ presented as a ____ graph o measured in ___ presented as a ____ graph o x-axis labels: o y-axis labels: § (on the left side) § (on the right side) When reading climatographs: o the curve of the temperataure line tells you which __________________ the region is in o the greater the temperature differnce between winter and summer temperatures, the ____________ to the poles the region is 22 Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones o Climatograph is limited to temperature & precipitation. You CANNOT determine proximity to water, mountains, or other geographical features Example: Describe temperature and precipitation ranges for both graphs Why are the conditions in the two climatographs so strikingly different, despite being at the same latitude? 23 Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones Match the climatographs to their region: Cold, Dry, NU Near a Great lake Hot, Dry, Desert Southern Alberta Northern Alberta 24 Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones CLIMATE CHANGE Essential Learning Outcomes: q I can investigate and identify human actions affect biomes that have a potential to change climate and critically examine the evidence that these factors play in a role in climate change q I can describe and explain the greenhouse effect, and the role of various gases – including methane, carbon dioxide and water vapour – in determining the scope of the greenhouse effect q I can identify the potential effects of climate change on environmentally sensitive biomes q I can investigate and identify human actions affecting biomes that have a potential to change climate and critically examine the evidence that these factors play a role in climate change q I can identify evidence to investigate past changes in Earth’s climate q I can describe the role of technology in measuring, modelling and interpreting climate and climate change q I can describe the limitations of scientific knowledge and technology in making predictions related to climate and weather q I can describe and evaluate the role of science in furthering the understanding of climate and climate change through international programs q I can assess, from a variety of perspectives, the risks and benefits of human activity, and its impact on the biosphere and the climate Climate change is a change that occurs to a region’s climate over 30+ years. Climate change is not: the reason why it is hotter today compared to last year the reason we had a warmer/colder winter compared to last denied by the presence of cold weather a political hot potato – it has scientific evidence to support! Climate change may be: the reason for longer and stronger hurricane forecasts the cause of increased glacial and snow cap melting the reason for California’s 15+ year drought due to decreased rainfall Greenhouse gases: Water vapour Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxides (NOx) Halocarbons Ground level ozone 25 Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones Water Vapour: part of the has an average life span of in atmosphere before falling as precipitation Carbon Dioxide: atmospheric levels have risen since 1750. increase in CO2 levels most likely due to Carbon Sink: o deep oceans (limestone), earth’s crust (carbonate), petroleum reserves, forests/crops o can act as a source and a reservoir Carbon sources – o Examples: burning fossil fuels, cellular respiration Methane: is __ more “global warming” than CO2 Sources include coal, oil, & gas deposits; rice paddies; wetlands; digestive tracts of livestock Nitrous Oxides: global warming potential __ times than that of CO2 released when fuels burn or when bacteria alters nitrogen fertilizers Halocarbons: carbon compounds containing have global warming potential thousands times that of CO2 also destroy the 26 Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones Evidence for Natural Cycles: there is a natural heating/cooling cycle that earth goes through evidence can be collected from and analysis Evidence for Human Escalation: humans rely mostly on fossil fuels to meet our energy needs fossil fuels release large amounts of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxides into the atmosphere previous heating and cooling trends on Earth have never shown conditions as extreme as they are today at the same time we began using fossil fuels, we also began removing one of the main carbon sinks à humans have introduced new gasses into the atmosphere 27 Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones Enhanced Greenhouse Effect: Consequences of Global Climate Change: increasing atmospheric temperatures o Average global temperature has increased ~one degree celsius over the last century changes in climate zones ( ) changes in biodiversity changes in weather patterns sea levels rise à warming oceans (change in wind/water currents) There are several models used to help project future climate change. However, there are uncertainties for climate change models, including predicting: how climates and regions will respond to increased greenhouse gas concentrations Limitations in Prediction Technology: may not have tree ring or ice core samples old enough to make conclusions about whether atmospheric conditions have ever been comprable. satellite data is a relatively recent tool 28 Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones Alberta’s Predicted Effects: drier conditions resulting in more Taiga might shift towards or higher temperatures may lead to more severe and heat waves populations of that used to be wiped out by the cold will move into Alberta International Efforts: Montreal Protocol o phase out ___ o first major international agreement on addressing Earth’s atmospheric health U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change o laid ground work for an international action plan to address climate change o focused on development Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change o U.N. treaty o Canada agreed to reduce GHG emissions to 6% below 1990 levels Possible Solutions: develop develop alternative energy sources (eg. biomass, solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, etc…) slow population growth increase ______________ of energy use develop environmental treaties and laws increase personal choices to limit 29 Science 10: Climate Notes Package – Jones Analyzing Climate Change in the Media Look at the two cartoons shown below. For each cartoon: 1. Explain the message that the cartoon is trying to get across. 2. Describe the scientific principles necessary to understand the cartoon. 3. State who would most likely agree with this cartoon and who would most likely disagree with this cartoon. 30