Muscle Exam Review Assignment PDF

# Muscle Exam Review Assignment ## Exam: * 22 multiple choice questions * Matching terms * Order of steps in contraction * Labeling diagrams * 6 short answer questions about ATP, neurotransmitters, etc. ## Compare: * Skeletal Muscle * Cardiac Muscle * Smooth Muscle ## Identification of all t...

# Muscle Exam Review Assignment ## Exam: * 22 multiple choice questions * Matching terms * Order of steps in contraction * Labeling diagrams * 6 short answer questions about ATP, neurotransmitters, etc. ## Compare: * Skeletal Muscle * Cardiac Muscle * Smooth Muscle ## Identification of all the muscle parts: * **Epimysium:** covers the entire skeletal muscle. * **Endomysium:** around a single muscle fiber. * **Perimysium:** around a fascicle (bundle) of fibers. * **Bone:** living tissue that makes up the skeleton, provides structure. * **Tendon:** a cord of strong, flexible tissue that connects muscles to bones. * **Fascicle:** a bundle of nerves or muscle fibers bound together by connective tissue. * **Single muscle fiber/cell:** biological unit of living organisms, enclosed by a limiting membrane. * **Myofibril:** contractile organelles found in the cytoplasm of muscle cells. * **Sarcolemma:** specialized plasma membrane around cell. * **Light (I) band:** the lightest band in the muscle. * **Z disc:** looks like "zigzags" in the muscle; extends from Z disc to the next Z disc. * **Dark (A) band:** the darkest band in the muscle. * **Sarcomere:** smallest contractile unit of muscle. * **H zone:** central region of the sarcomere in skeletal muscle made up of thick myosin. * **Myosin:** protein converts chemical energy into mechanical force (thick). * **Actin:** thin filaments that provide cells with mechanical support and resisting forces for movement. * **M line:** fine vertical line in the center of the sarcomere which links myosin (thick) filaments to each other in a lattice. * **Bare zone:** * **2 disk:** * **H-zone:** ## Muscle contractions: Fill in the blanks: Word Bank: * Sarcolemma * Sarcoplasmic Reticulum * Myosin * Na+ (used twice) * Enzymes * Protein receptors * Ach (used twice) * Depolarization * ATP (used twice) * CA+2 * Actin * Binding site * Power stroke/contraction * Crossbridge * Lactic acid **Impulse/Action Potential reaches end of motor neuron → release Ach** **Sarcolemma of muscle cell → opens channels and lets in Sodium (Na+)** **Depolarization (or Na+) → causes calcium (Ca+2) to be released from Sarcoplasm → heads) to attach to actin** **Myosin → binds to receptors on actin** **Ach is broken down by enzymes → Sodium (Na+) is released from Sarcoplasm** **Using ATP → a contraction occurs** **Fatigue is caused by increased Na+ due to not enough oxygen because no crossbridge.** ## What parts of the sarcomere change during contraction? * Myosin ## What parts don't change? ## What would be the best place to stop the contraction process in order to relax a muscle? * When there is enough oxygen. ## Neuromuscular junction * What happens here? - The point where a motor neuron and a muscle fiber meet. * What is Acetylcholine (Ach)? - Composed of acetyl group and choline. * What is acetylcholinesterase? - an enzyme that breaks down Ach, a neurotransmitter. * If this was inhibited, what would that lead to? - Constant impulses to the nerve. * Why is calcium important for muscles? - It is a building protein to help bones grow and other body fluids. * Where is it stored? - Bones/teeth, nerve cells, blood. * What causes its release? - 99% of the body's protein. ## Crossbridges (aka... ## How do they work? (where are they... what do they attach to, etc) * The head of myosin molecule that projects from a myosin filament in muscle. * This is a sliding filament hypothesis of muscle. ## Muscle electricity contraction: * **Stimuli:** causing a behavioral or sensory response in an organism. * **Twitch:** Skeletal muscle (fast and slow twitches) * **Tetanus:** Serious disease of nervous system caused by a toxin-producing bacterium. ## Muscle Energy: Compare ATP pathways: * **Aerobic:** * Method the body uses to quickly produce energy for muscles without oxygen. * Muscles using oxygen to generate energy from carbohydrates and fats. * **Anaerobic:** * Creatine Phosphate (CP): high energy molecule that stores phosphate in muscles. * In which order does the body use these energy pathways: creatine then anaerobic then aerobic. ## Isotonic vs. Isometric * **Isotonic:** muscle change length. * **Isometric:** no change in length. ## Rigor mortis: definition and why it occurs. * Stiffening of joints and muscles of a body a few hours after death. ## Go over all of the study guides and muscle homework!