Culture of The Islamic Republic of Pakistan PDF

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Musli prone Musl 6 OF THE pak CULTURE OF PAKISTAN HiS ISLAMIC REPUBLIC to the positive or is applied negative Kha The term identified and I vast term. is distinguished is a or nation Culture a community Definition: basis of which of group life, which a the achievements on the higher characteristics groups. Sum total of experience like in different fields human from other acquired through its historical sand'social behavior;is or nation has Peligion, ethics community sartstrafts, sciences, ocial sciences, a in the following words: the physical culture Jalibi has defined called its culture. Dr. Jameel of a entire range therefore, connotes the "Culture, customs, faith morals such as religion, society's make-up which a hobbies and leisure arts, crafts, learning, laws, and whose use and man acquires as member of society, enables the different and sometimes dissimilar adoption individuals and groups to develop common interests and common appearance and traits. acquire Culture, makes a man capable of distinguishing between uncivilized behaviours and urbanity,thus raising the arts and crafts to a higher level." According to T. S. Eliot 'culture' denotes the living patterns of the people living in a particular area or region. It is reflected through their arts, customs habits, religion and many other things like this. Human communities inhabiting different areas ofthe world have distinct characteristicswhich differentiate them from each other. These bear Lne imprint characteristics of the historical process they have passed through;and the land, climateand environment they live in. Modern sociologists believe that culture plays a decisive role in the formation of nations and nationalities. In modern political science greater stress is laid on the study of and dynamics,while political cultue traditionally study of political institutions was considered more importan. Relationship between culture and Pakistan Movement. Pakistan nationality was not can be easily understood meant to be a national by the study ot simple, the e state, pure and 106  Chapter 6: CULTURE OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN of India wanted to establish under which they would safeguard and a state, living Muslims their - culture and civilization. words, cultural aspirations In other of the Indian promote gave to Muslim birth nationalism in India, which later came to be known as Muslims Nationalism" 'andthe culture as "PakistaniCulture. "Pakistani Pakistan: With Reference to Ancient Civilization CAN the western historians and his book "A Study of Anald Toynbee is the most eminent of all or (in 12 volumes) is considered to be the most authentic treaties, on the history of Written after, and of course, greatly inspíred by lbn-e civilizations and historiography. volumes of Toynbee's history appeared in the year 1934. In Khaldun's Tarikh-ul-1bar. First about the history of the Indus Valley ethis book he has given valuable information lines we have tried to summaries pages 107 and 108 of the eotf Civilization. In the following his history: befirst volume of. At Moenjodaro north western Sindh and at Harapa in in out by the Archaeological the Punjab, north east of Department of the Multan, excavations carried the material remains of an ancient Government of India have brought to light of Sumerians in Iraq. The which is closely related to the ancient culture culture affinity falls short of absolute identity. Moenjodaro is to be dated between 3250 and 2750 Life span of the community at made with the help of newly devised BC. (in the later period through investigations it was revealed that this culture was actually less older than it scientific instruments, at 2600 BC. Ancient city of these findings dated it was estimated by Arnold Toynbee, Kot Diji in Sindh is older than Moenjodaro.) and descended upon India, Some Truks Aryas, crossed the Hindu Kush like some as far as Syria. (this other Aryas made their way westward while other Turks like people and the races of the Pakistani affinity between incidence manifests the ethnic living elgint the Middle East.) work on the Indus Valley the person who did pioneer Sir John Marshall is of culture between to him, there is completer uniformity According of nearly 650 stis Civilization. at a distance though the cities are located Moenjodaro and Harappa, km from each other. was not an in to Baluchistan, but Baluchistan The domain of this culture extends important seat of it. Indus Culture' in the the presence of the is no evidence, yet forthcoming for "There Ganges Basin". 107  OF PAKISTAN REPUBLIC OF THE ISLAMIC and stonishingl 6: CULTURE Chapter points: ourists three in the following enjodar Toynbee'sfindings distinct cultural identity, even in th Moenjo Wecan summaries had a Pakistan now forms gbviously, unear area that b 1. The yere linked with the remotest past. was culturally Middle of Pakistan similarity lie the territory shows that (Now a part of India). and Z. History the Ganges Valley. kom ofKs and not with the racial groups East affinity with settled R in closer ethnic narth of Pakistan have 3. The people faxila: the Middle East. slamabad Pakistan's Cultural Heritagen Acording excav it appeared on the map of the world on Aug. 14, 1947, but Pakic itsele the (About 2 is a new country, is as old as history land Pakistan in this Tradition of civilized living be city are an old nation. in this land. Remains of this civilization [he t flourished Indus Valley Civilization in the lat magnificent The majestic Gandhara appeared around Harappa and Moenjodaro. ot now been unearthedat the elegant headquartere et isone of the Potwar Plateau. Taxila, t period and took over extensive areas unmatched in the ens ceems the centre of knowledge and learning, Gandhara rulers became the for reasons not ful. the d vanished into the mist of history fn its time. But all these civilizations world at relationshin time perfect connecting is known. Due to many links missing, we are unable to establish civilizations. arge between our times and these defunct of the preachers and then in this region through the peaceful missionary efforts Islam was introduced urned the advent of Islam, most probably in the days of Hazrat saints. This process started soon after as conquerors in 712 AD and a today Muhammad Rasool Ullah2ie, The Muslims entered this land after. In the later period, the Muslims uled Bhir Muslim government was established in Sind soon extensive areas of this land for a long period of time. Architecture, painting music and the gver with the traditions and Acha calligraphic art developed during this period. Combined social ideological norms are the strong unbroken links that connect us with our glorious past. the Important Ancient Sites of Cultural Significance Kot Diji: Kot Diji is located in the province of Sind at a distance of about 24 km from Khairpur. Excavation at this site started in Nov. 1955. Remai. s of a city were un-earthed, which, it was estimated, dated back to 2600 years BC, about 4600 years from today. First authentic information about the pre-Harappa settlements of the Indus Valley were acquired from the relics found at Kot Diji. Harappa: Harappa is located at a distance of about 20 Km from Sahiwal, a district headquarters in the Punjab, 180 km from Lahore. It lies very close to the Peshawar Karacn Highway. Remainsof the city reveal interesting details about the very developed civic a 108  Chapter 6: CULTURE OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN for its age. modern Ruins of this 4000-year-old astonishingly defunct civilized city entity andi archaeologists from all over the wvorld. attract tourists Moenjodaro is a Sindhi word meaning literally Moenjodaro: is not the original 'mound of the dead'. this name of the city; it was given after the ruins the Obviously, |in the last century. Moenjodarois contempòrarý of Harapa; of city unearthed there is great were between the two cities. The ruins of similarity Moenjodaro cover an area of more than five scattered on the right bank of the river km and lie Indus, It is located at about 320 km north of Karachi. the historic city Taxila: Ruins of of Taxila are located at a distance of 16 km from samabad. The ruined city was a centre of the magnificent Gandhara civilization. to the mythical accounts of the Jain Mat the city is many million years old, but 947, ba According ho excavations made at the site of the city(reveal that it was founded in the year 600 BC. 2600years from now). history is (About cilz nhe city flourished for about one thousand years. The other cities located in the valley pearedzs und the city of 109axila, so far un-earthed,are much olderthan Taxila itself. Sarai Khola nt headog isoneof these which the experts believe, is even older than Harappa and Moenjodaro and chedin te to be closely linked with Kot Diji. seems Ireasgns In the days of Ashoka, Taxila emerged as the paramount seat of learning, most modern in Cüngte the needs of a itstimeand unique throughout the world. The University of Taxila catered in from all parts of the world to study Buddhism (the large number of students pouring state religion), arithmetic, surgery and philosophy. Exquisite pieces of sculpture he preade then Gandhara receive greater acclaim form the art critics, even days turned out by the workshops in e Sin 712A) today, than any other style in the subcontinent. another remarkable site in the chain of Gandhara cities. The name was e Musins Bhirmound: Is century. Bhirmound was a part of the Iranian musit al given by the archaeologist in the last 518 to 359 BC. At the time of Alexander's traditisi Achaeminian Empire. This dynasty ruled from 326 BC the was alive and vibrant. Ashoka ruled Bhirmound as spast onslaught in the year city for three centuries. In the year 189 BC the the viceroy of his father. Mauryans ruled the city Ce city was conquered by the Greeks. and the of Sirkap Sirsukh, temple of Jandhyal and Organized and well planned cities archaeological and 24 kn monastery at Julian are the sites of great Hindu and Buddhist Buddhist religious interest. tody the breath taking scenic Sawat: Apart from archaeological and historic importance, its Valler Ora the city of it a paramount tourist attraction. veauty of the Sawat Valley makes This city was destroyed by the Mahmud of Sardens, was the old headquarters of the valley. vears back and could not be recovered. 1alazna nearly a thousand arká 109  REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN P OF THEISLAMIC 6: CULTURE Chapter and was an 2. Bala of the Gandhara in important 3. Use at the boundary is held high religious centre of Sawat The valley is Buddhist located civilization the valley by the sect prevalent in Tibet, for The statues pudha esteem by of t Mus ancient followers of Buddhism, especially are objects of keen interest *archaeologistsand historians, a and 4 Use loft , foundin the valley BC) historical site Bhamboreis old (1000 utensils 3000 year with Deba°4 often identified is Ahe \ocateda Approximately The site historic Bhambore: from Karachi. A.D. Bhambore, today, Slnd) 64 lmn in 712 Art distance of Bin Qasim stands as abig a Muhammad has been carried out at Fine by excavation thesight, port conquered Extensive of ancient debris. so far discoveredin South Asia. anciem Aesthete mound mosque Devastation ofth the most ancient or due to the change the course attractec of relics include invasions by foreign gf that cthe city caused met a general abriefo the, city was perhaps further suggests hol 1.E evidence to Oloca7 Indus River. Archaeological have led might the destruction century, which and fini in the 13th somewhere of the city. abandonment the Arabssafter they occupied Sindh. The was founded by the city ciyha Mansura: Mansura There was a magnificent mosque erccted in around, with four gateways. a strong fortification about how the city was named,,most are many stories city. There probablyi the centre of the I named Mansura'to Qasim's son Omcr and commemorate Bin by Muhammad his was founded word which literally means "success". The city of victories Mansura is an Arabic was of Mansura remained a mate round Iater abandoned due to unknown reasons. Exact location Lately the mass of ruins known as Dalur was idontHt.1 controversy among the researchers. city; this is situated at a distance of about 13 E being the site of defunct Mansura arried out at Dalur between 1920-22 have reupall Shahdadpur railway station. Excavations and certain other relics. Arab coins, the remains of mosque a Period Important Buildingsof the Muslim Shah Rukn-e-Alam's Tomb (Multan),Jahangir's Tomb (Lahore), Jam Nizam-ud-Din'sTomb Aibak's Tomb (Lahore), Lahore Fort, Ruhtas Fort (Distt. Jhelum) Alamgiri Masid (Makli), (Lahore) Shahjahani Masjid (Thatta), Masjid Mahabat Khan (Peshawar) and Shalimar Gardens (Lahore) are the most significant of the buildings put during the Muslim periodin the area which is now Pakistan. Faisal Masjid Islamabad and Alhamra of Lahore are beautitl additions made to the exquisite Muslim tradition of architecture, after independence. Architecture Following are the distinctive architectural features almost common in all the Musu monuments of South Asia: 1. Openness, which symbolizes Muslim broadmindedness, tolerance andlenlightenment. 110  OF THE IISLAMIC Chapter 6:CULTURE REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN which is the basic principle of the Islamic way life. and cohherence, of 2 Balance and domne, and also of the double dome, which is expressive attues c 2(se ofarch, miinnaret sense. of aesthetic Muslim lines instead of horizontal lines which gives the building an air of of vertical f Use and upward motion. moret lofiness, drive at ay.sants the s Fine Arts all over the world and the critics of arts in all departments of fine arts are Derast from Aesthetes and discover the boundless depth and beauty of Pakistani Culture, a to experience gener attracted of which has been attempted in the following lines: abrieforverview that the people of this land tructian Eveavations Harappa and Moenjodaro have revealed at dachieved a level of advancement in the fields of architect and urban planning. Thev built houses, swimming pools, public baths and market places. These buildings SindhTh uwOre airy and bright and were provided with excellent drainage system. In the words of Sahibzada Abdur Rasul: dceply impressed by the urban lay out and COmIMETO "The onlooker is of the organization of Moenjodaro and Taxila, buildings ess.Theo out in the Muslim period, ained aa khangahs, and gardens laid with exquisite mausoleums, and masjids, decorated palaces, and Sirkap, monasteries pout13 floral motifs. Lions of Moenjodaro fortresses of Attock and Ruhtas, 22hant of Takht Bhai and julian, of Thatta Lahore, Badshahi Mosques palaces and gardens of of Shah Rukn-e-Alam (RA) and Lahore, Mausoleums (Lahore) (Malkli) and Jahangir (Multan) Jam Nizam-ud-Din skills."ot masterpieces of our architectural are the excellent in the art of excellence and Gandhara had attained Moenjodaro 2. People of Harappa, out sculptures. and seals, and carving of ornaments metals and making Jamg melting in the art of making excellence the craftsmen attained the Muslim period and During geometrical designs. glazed tiles printed with floral and from the styles of painting. Starting eark in different has a very rich tradition itself O. Pakistan the tradition enriched at But Kara (Sawat) of the murals the Mughal period anonymous painters paintings of notable are miniature in the especially Ustad Alla Buksh rough the ages; of Abdur Rabman Chughtai and masterpieces ala later the and engraving twentieth century AD. earthen ware, glazed and painted making delicate ornaments, and engraving, ofmaking Wood and the art 4. carving utensils world. copper and alloy throughout the civilized aay work on brass, in, and are appreciated Pakistanis excel etne specialties 111  OF PAKISTAN REPUBLIC OF THE ISLAMIC 6: CULTURE keeping abreast Chapter by with great promise the Prominent have demonstrated modes of expression, among are AMILYLIF newer Sayyid Anwar S Our calligraphists age andevolving Yousuf Sadidi, Hussain gllowing fas ot the modern Raqam, Hafiz Kamal pollo spirt Abdul Majeed Parveen Raqam, Sadiqain and Aslam 1 Joint these are Alam Gohar male and female dresses Raqam, Khurshid informal has 2InHead the 6 Natees of making festive as well as beautiful craftsmen. Woolen Patti (or Pattu) of Gilgit and Sawat, 3 Tradition by the Pakistani and the KPK, Chapa or the block traditi of the Punjab been keptalive Phulkari Ajrak and Bandhnu Comn gown of Kashmir, and Multan, of Sindh 4 shawls and Khairpur printed bed sheets of Bahawalpur, liked by the people not Pakistan only but in also outside carpets. 5Wom Lahoreis the are the products old tradition of making hand-knotted 6Majo are exported and appreciated inthe 7. Our area has a centuries carpets made here of carpet making, are done in Kashmir, the oldest centre Special varieties of carpets KPPK, 7 Hone world. throughout the Namdasand Ghalichas. and Sindh. These include 8 Men Balochistan Melas are celebrated on the birth and festivals, from Eids and religious oceat. Apart and harvesting wit on special seasonal 8. of the Sufi saints, and culture and nr edu they reflect our anniversaries rural popular in rural areas; Festivals are more not much of it. to the people who otherwise have 9. Ro" recreation are the most favorite shotei Malakhra,Volleyball and Football 10.Ma Wrestling, Kabbaddi, has produced some of the 9. world. Br sport. Pakistan our villages. Hockey is our national Cricket, Squash and mountaineering. finest sportsmen in the fields of Hockey, of the Pakistani Culture 11. Common Characteristics of the people in Pakistan are Muslims. They 1. Religious Unity: More than 96 percent 12. in the name of have deep love for their faith and are ready to render any sacrifice as the basic motive force behind religion. This love and devotion for Islam served 13 their struggle for a free homeland Pakistan. Only Islam is the basis of our survivl. patterns the people of Pakistan do not strictly conform to the standards But living of set by Islam. Our social habits and rituals bear the important of un-lslamic influences we have acquired through our social interaction with other communities. 2. Heterogeneous Character: Pakistan is not inhabited by a single ethnic group.The area which now forms Pakistan attracted people from different parts of the world; these people came here and made this land their permanent homeland.The social His system which is now identified as Pakistani Culture' has emerged as a synthesis ol Arab,Iranian, Greek, British and number of other cultural impacts. 112  OF PAKISTAN Chapter 6: CULTURE OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC DRESSES CUSTOMS, LIFE, FAMILY of the Cuiture of Pakistan. notable features arethe Following is practiced; young mnembers ofthe family pay duerspect to elders. f system 1 Jointfamily an elderly male; women are honoured. is d the family of 2. Head and customs, regarding marriage and mourning un-Islamic local rituals 3Inthe dominate. traditions primitive patterns. Cammon people live on simple and husband's inheritance. e to get their share from father's are eligible Women and obseIve these needs are also granted 5. 'Pardah', tority of the women is chaste ofhouses. in the designing die for them. that people like to live and Honour and vanity are the values rated so higlh iress in daily life.Men wear sherwani women wear simple and graceful Men and Shalwar Kamees is the common female attire, on formal occasions and Eids. and cap and used in offices on head. Western dress is also with dupatta and chadar worn especially by men. educational institutions occasions. simple. Festive food is prcpared for special 9. Routine diet ofthe people is life. for the whole of vow that binas two indiviaual 10. Marriage is taken as a sacred of with the religious ceremony of Nikah. Display and groom start their new life and dancing are the Bride un lighting, singing extravagant the dowery, mehndi, firework ceremonies. part ofthe marriage Islamic practices, which have now become of divorce is and stable; incidence in Pakistan is very sound 11.Family system u with the western sociely. low when compared extremely her birth. Sweets are just aftcr his o in the ears of the newborn 12.Azan is called to the newborn. and gifts are given friends,neighbours distributed amongst family on the condole the bereaved gather together to and relatives the corpse (tajheez-o 3,Neighbours, friends is given in the fitting out of hand or Incident of death. Fullhelping the intcrment. (tadfeen to the grave yard (Gjanaza) and of the body for three days. tajeen), carrying is given food by the relatives family DUrial). The bereaved Buy Pakistani Be Pakistani, economic progress, which had made real remained those nations had and History evidence that only bears indigenous products economic of using their record of Once decided to adoopt the habit have a commendable We do not religiously committed to this vow. 113  OF PAKISTAN REPUBLIC ISLAMIC OF THE 6: CULTURE Chapter their 3 growth. Pakistanis have never adopted the habit causes of our of patronizing retardedl economic Weare in national growth. a products 4 paramount using locally one of the of manufactured this is perhaps imported goods instead of local alternatives items. O using for lack habit of are used available, b immutable and personal pride. Due tothis goods, sometimes, of vanity imported our sense hab course, only to satisfy our hands. To checkthis this is done out of generally exchange gets outflow dl foreign should join and the people of our hands to enormous amount the government To reduce evoh foreign exchange, buy Pakistani'. our precious 'be Pakistani, on the slogan dependence, an economic culture based asinitial steps: following measure are recommended goods for the people on the imported a role model by should serve as of public opinion publick The leaders goods. of imported 1. abandon the use announcing to and brought at par with the should be improved of the local products nroa Standard to purchase foreign will feel less tempted 2. good. In this case people imported products tax holidays and other ine 8 3. To improve the standards of indigenous the local manufactures. should be provided to be employed for creating awareness among the people. Pan!. 4. The media should buy Pakistani" and that this is the should be told that they should 'be Pakistani, strong and stable. way to make our nation economically jet the Gender Equity: Issues and Problems For the building of a just and equitable society equality between men and women is the foremost imperative, but unfortunately, in spite of all the made by the Prophets and efforts reformers, the human society has, so far, failed to achieve this objective. The West, in this respect, notwithstanding all its professions and high sounding claims, is in no better postin than the East. The western world has exploitedthe women in the name of emancipationand deprived her of her natural purity. According to the UK 98% d a survey conducted lately in the women expressed an earnest desire to return to their family but found them life, helpless because neither the husband nor the father was ready to welcome them back Lotd the woman in the backward and less literate societies is no better than the socalled civilize societies, but the nature of problems faced by them is certainly different.If we cast a gatk at our society we find our womnen suffering from several problems i.e. 1. Women is considered a creature of lesser status, her birth is a burden for the ray events of turning women out of their homes only because they had female child, are very given biru common. 32. Womenare made to work as peasants and field labourin So womei are performing our rural areas. double responsibilities in the rural areas. 114  Chaoter 6: CULTURE OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN al status of setup, womnen is even prodE th. feudal worse; she is In the of the feudal houses like confined within the boundaries f 3. like slaves, Weat fortress ctured t killing ofwomen is now a common practice, Our social system is generally Honour men, woman is connvicted 4. to favour the fallacy of the Due inclined notwithstanding kthistothig levied against her, and woman is not even given a chance to plead innocent charge ouR of law. in the court handsto literacyrate in the lower income Ce country groupsis In our lower. Women Literacy rate is very low generally very low, in it iis even 5. epend in the rural areas, as women to the urban areas opleby p compared Women are not provided the public adequate opinion legal also and make constitutional high sounding safeguards of their 6. of leaders clairns about these at rights, | but all this has failed to better the women's lot. par with rights, reign Marriages are very Commonand thís creates problems for women. pron Underage other nrovides inheritance privilege to the women but practically wornen are intert ked0f their financial rights, women have to face serious economíc problems in e life. entire their people. atthis Pe isth: the women have been provided adequate legal and constitutional safeguards, Apparently esocial taboos remain interposed between them and justice. which is antry where more than 96 percent of the people adhere to islam, the faith is very alarning. It is protagonist of gender justice, this disnal state of affairs eoreatest standards of hunanity in general, no approved by Islam ercanctioned by the civilized md of the world. women b anyy other religion or he Prophes The West,ih Rights ofWomen in Islam o better post ahead. None