Large Animals Exam Paper 2024 PDF

Large animals [[Spinal cord -- Anatomy] 2](#spinal-cord-anatomy) [[Spinal Cord -- Diagnosis] 3](#spinal-cord-diagnosis) [[Spinal Cord -- Inflammatory -- Infectious -- Parasites] 6](#spinal-cord-inflammatory-infectious-parasites) [[Spinal Cord -- Inflammatory -- Infectious -- Protozoal] 8](#spina...

Large animals [[Spinal cord -- Anatomy] 2](#spinal-cord-anatomy) [[Spinal Cord -- Diagnosis] 3](#spinal-cord-diagnosis) [[Spinal Cord -- Inflammatory -- Infectious -- Parasites] 6](#spinal-cord-inflammatory-infectious-parasites) [[Spinal Cord -- Inflammatory -- Infectious -- Protozoal] 8](#spinal-cord-inflammatory-infectious-protozoal) [[Spinal Cord -- Degenerative] 11](#spinal-cord-degenerative) [[Neuromuscular -- EMND] 14](#neuromuscular-dysautonomia) [[Neuromuscular -- Junctionopathy] 18](#neuromuscular-junctionopathy) [[Myopathies -- Inflammatory -- Immune-mediated] 20](#myopathies-inflammatory-immune-mediated) [[Myopathies -- Atypical case] 24](#myopathies-atypical-case) Spinal cord -- Anatomy ====================== Spinal Cord -- Diagnosis ======================== Adverse Reactions in Horses that Underwent General Anesthesia and Cervical Myelography, JVIM 2015 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - **Background**: The study was prompted by a perceived high prevalence of myelographic complications varying in severity and type, and attributed to the contrast material or the procedure. - **Hypotheses**: Any adverse reaction (AAR) is associated with a change in CSF volume induced either by removal of CSF or addition of contrast material. AAR occurs more frequently in horses with higher premyelography neurologic grade. Nonspecific hyperthermia is attenuated by anti-inflammatory and osmotic agents. - **Animals**: Horses (n = 278) that underwent myelography between 2000 and 2012 at 5 institutions: A (87), B (68), C (65), D (46), and E (12). - **Methods**: Multi-institutional, retrospective, observational cross-sectional study. - **Results**: AAR were observed in 95/278 (**34%**) horses, were **associated** with **longer general anesthesia time** (P =.04) and **higher contrast-medium volume** (P =.04); euthanasia because of AAR was performed in 5/278 (2%) horses. Adverse neurologic reactions were the most common type of complication observed occurring in 15/278 (5%) and 42/235 (18%) of horses in the intra- and postmyelography periods. A relationship between AAR and premyelography neurologic grade was not iden- tified (P =.31). Nonspecific hyperthermia was observed in 25/235 (11%) horses; no relationship was observed with adminis- tration of anti-inflammatory drugs and osmotic agents (P =.30). - **Conclusions and clinical importance:** The category of AAR occurred in one-third of the horses generally was mild and self-limiting. These reactions were associated with increased contrast-medium volume and longer anesthesia time; but, no spe- cific procedural recommendations could be made because of small odds ratios (OR) of \