Portable Fire Extinguishers PDF

Chapter 4 Portable Fire Extinguishers Singapore Institute of Technology Dr. An Hui DID: 6592 2074 E-mail: [email protected] Fire Engineer...

Chapter 4 Portable Fire Extinguishers Singapore Institute of Technology Dr. An Hui DID: 6592 2074 E-mail: [email protected] Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4  SIT Internal LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: 1. Explain the requirements of fire extinguisher provisions 2. Explain the type of fire extinguisher and extinguishing agents 3. Explain the testing, design and placement of fire extinguishers 4. Discuss the maintenance, inspection and recharging required of fire extinguishers Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 2  SIT Internal CHAPTER OUTLINE 1. Introduction 2. Extinguishing Agents 3. Fire Extinguisher Theory 3.1 Classes of fire 3.2 Classification of Occupancy Hazards 3.3 Ratings of Extinguishers 3.4 Selection of Extinguishers 3.5 General Requirements of Extinguishers 3.6 Marking of Extinguishers 3.7 Theory of Operation 4. Maintenance, Inspection & Recharging 5. Recording Keeping – Service Label Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 3  SIT Internal 1. INTRODUCTION Fire Extinguishers are regulated by: i. Singapore Fire Code ii. SS 578 – Code of practice for the use and maintenance of portable fire extinguishers iii. SS EN3 series – Specification for portable fire extinguishers Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 4  SIT Internal 1. INTRODUCTION Fire Extinguishers are regulated by: Fire Code: “All purpose groups, except for purpose group I& II (residential floors) shall be provided with portable fire extinguishers” SS 578: “Shall be charged, tested and maintained in fully operational conditions and properly tagged in conformity with SS578: 2019 SS EN3: “Shall be constructed in conformity with SS EN 3s series Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 5  SIT Internal 2. EXTINGUISHING AGENTS Common Agents 1. Water 2. Carbon Dioxide 3. Dry Powder 4. Foam 5. Wet Chemical 6. Halon Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 6  SIT Internal 2.1 EXTINGUISHING AGENTS-WATER Water Cooling Remove the Heat Source Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 7  SIT Internal 2.1 EXTINGUISHING AGENTS-WATER Advantages of water At ordinary temperature, water is heavy and relatively stable liquid Has high specific heat capacity Good latent heat of vaporization When converted into steam, its volume increase by about 1600 times Relatively cheap Easily available Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 8  SIT Internal 2.1 EXTINGUISHING AGENTS-WATER Disadvantages of water It contains impurities, can conduct electricity It cannot be used on fires involving burning metals Cannot be used on radioactive substances When applied more than necessary, may cause damages to goods & properties Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 9  SIT Internal 2.2 EXTINGUISHING AGENTS-CARBON DIOXIDE Carbon Dioxide Smothering Liquid Siphon Tube Cutting off the Supply of Oxygen Liquid Carbon Dioxide Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 10  SIT Internal 2.2 EXTINGUISHING AGENTS-CARBON DIOXIDE Advantages of carbon dioxide Non combustible Non conductive of electricity Does not react with most substances Non toxic in small concentration Leaves no residue Can penetrate and spread to all parts of the fire area Easily liquefied and bottled under pressure Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 11  SIT Internal 2.2 EXTINGUISHING AGENTS-CARBON DIOXIDE Disadvantages of carbon dioxide Use on general fires is limited For deep seated fires, a high concentration and much longer holding time is required Not visible. A danger to human in high concentration Should not be used in occupied spaces unless arrangement are made to ensure safe evacuation before gas discharge Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 12  SIT Internal 2.3 EXTINGUISHING AGENTS-DRY POWDER Dry Powder Smothering Cutting off the Supply of Oxygen Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 13  SIT Internal 2.3 EXTINGUISHING AGENTS-DRY POWDER Advantages of dry powder Effective for fires involving plastic, burning metal Give quick knockdown Forms a good radiant heat barrier Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 14  SIT Internal 2.3 EXTINGUISHING AGENTS-DRY POWDER Disadvantages of dry powder Very messy, not suitable for electronic equipment Chemical can be detrimental to health Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 15  SIT Internal 2.4 EXTINGUISHING AGENTS-WET CHEMICAL Wet Chemical Smothering/Cooling Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 16  SIT Internal 2.4 EXTINGUISHING AGENTS-WET CHEMICAL Advantages of wet chemical Best fire fighting medium for fire involving cooking fats Has a Class A rating and a Class F rating (Class F Fires are typically fires involving cooking oils and fats, such as lard, olive oil, sunflower oil, maize oil and butter) Water content of the wet chemical rapidly evaporates from the surface of the oil taking away the heat from the oil thus cooling the oil down, it also mixes with the cooling oil and the mixture rapidly saponifies becoming soapy like in texture Low pressure applicator, ensuring burning oil is not thrown around Lance means the operator is always a safe distance from burning oils or fats Precise extinguishing agent application - no dry chemical to clean up Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 17  SIT Internal 2.4 EXTINGUISHING AGENTS-WET CHEMICAL Disadvantages of wet chemical Expensive to buy and refill Limit of use – must not be used on class D fires Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 18  SIT Internal 2.5 EXTINGUISHING AGENTS-HALON Halon Breaking Chain Reaction Removal of Halon due to its harm to the ozone layer Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 19  SIT Internal 2.6 COLOURS OF EXTINGUISHER The extinguisher should be marked with a zone of colour, in the form of a band on the extinguisher body Colour Red Blue Pale Cream Black Yellow RAL RAL 3000 RAL 5002 RAL 1014 RAL 9005 RAL 1023 colour ref: Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 20  SIT Internal 3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE Fire can be classified into (according to types of fuel): Class A – fires involving ordinary combustible materials, such as wood, paper, cloth, furnishing, plastics, rubber, etc. Class B – fires involving flammable liquids, solvents, oils, paints, thinner and liquefiable solids. Class C – fires involving flammable gases Class D – fires involving combustible metals Class F – fires involving cooking media (Vegetable or animal oils and fats) in cooking appliances Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 21  SIT Internal 3.2 CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPANCY HAZARDS Classification of Occupancies according to type of hazards and size of fires Low Hazard Medium Hazard High Hazard Classification Fires of small size Fires of moderate size may Fires of severe magnitude may be expected be expected size may be expected Offices, classrooms, Storage and display areas, Furniture showrooms, aircraft assembly hall, motor showroom, shopping hangars, vehicle repair domestic kitchen, areas, commercial kitchen workshops, warehouses with places of worship high bays (4m or higher) Usually consist of Usually consist of Class A These occupancies consist of Class A combustible combustible materials fire hazards with storage, Examples furnishings and/or beyond normal anticipated packaging, handling or total quantity of Class furnishings, and/or total manufacture of Class A B flammables quantity of Class B combustibles and/or the total typically expected to flammables typically quantity of Class B be present is less than expected to be present is flammables expected to be 5 litres in any between 5 litres to 20 litres present is more than 20 litres room/area in any room/area in any room/area Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 22  SIT Internal 3.3 RATINGS OF EXTINGUISHER Ratings of Extinguisher Rated according to the extinguishing performance test as spelt out in SS EN3 series. Every extinguisher is designated by a number followed by an alphabet, e.g. 13A, 27B etc. Alphabet represents the class of fire that the extinguisher is suited for. The number is the size of fire that the extinguisher is capable of extinguishing Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 23  SIT Internal 3.3 RATINGS OF EXTINGUISHER The classification and rating system described is based on extinguishing preplanned fires of determined size and description: Class A – Wood crib Class B – Flammable liquid tray Class C – No fire test* (No rating) Class D – Special tests on specific combustible metal fires Class F – Cooking oil tray *Manufactures are to prove to authority and certification laboratory, the suitability of the extinguisher for the particular class of fire to be listed. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 24  SIT Internal 3.3 RATINGS OF EXTINGUISHER Class A Fire Test Wood sticks used for the fire test Pinus sylvestris (10% to 15% moisture content) Table 1.1 – Characteristics of class A test fires Number of 500 mm wooden sticks in each Designation of test fire Length of test fire, m transverse layer 5A 5 0.5 8A 8 0.8 13A 13 1.3 21A 21 2.1 27A 27 2.7 34A 34 3.4 43A 43 4.3 55A 55 5.5 Test fires greater than 27A shall be constructed using fires of smaller sizes (fires, frames and trays) see Table 1.2. The ends of the longitudinal sticks shall touch. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 25  SIT Internal 3.3 RATINGS OF EXTINGUISHER Class A Fire Test Table 1.2 – Construction of class A test fires Designation of test fire Fire construction 5A 5A 8A 8A 13A 13A 21A 21A 27A 27A 34A 21A + 13A 43A 8A + 27A + 8A 55A 21A + 13A + 21A Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 26  SIT Internal 3.3 RATINGS OF EXTINGUISHER 500 Class A Fire Test 100 440 39 14 layers 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 546 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 250 100 600 50 800 50 Figure 1.1 Example of class A fire (13 A fire) – Front view (identical for all fires) Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 27  SIT Internal 3.3 RATINGS OF EXTINGUISHER Class A Fire Test Dimensions in millimeters 1 2 13 30 39 100 30 Figure 1.2 Example of class A fire (13 A fire) – Side view (variable according to size of fire) Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 28  SIT Internal 3.3 RATINGS OF EXTINGUISHER Class A Fire Test Fixed at 500 mm Varies according to table 1.1 Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 29  SIT Internal 3.3 RATINGS OF EXTINGUISHER Class A Fire Test 1. Test Fire Location Sheltered from draughts Ambient temperature 0 ˚C to 30 ˚C Does not impede natural development of the test fire Air speed not greater than 0.2 m/s 2. Test Procedure Pour water into tray (at least 30 mm deep) Pour fuel giving a total depth of 5 mm Ignite fuel 120 secs after withdraw tray from wood crib Allow wood to burn a further 6 mins (total 8 mins) Operate extinguishers and apply it to the test fire Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 30  SIT Internal 3.3 RATINGS OF EXTINGUISHER Class A Fire Test 3. Extinguishment Direct jets on test fire at his own discretion Discharge entire contents continuously or in successive bursts Maximum extinguishing time shall not exceed 5 mins for fires up to 21A and 7 mins for fires of greater size 4. Requirement for extinguishment Test fires are considered as extinguished if: All flames are extinguished No recurrence of flaming during the 3 minutes following the complete discharge of extinguisher Note: If wood crib collapse during the test, it is to be considered void and a fresh test needs to be carried out Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 31  SIT Internal 3.3 RATINGS OF EXTINGUISHER Class A Fire Test 5. Test Criteria The basic criterion comprises a set of 3 test fires. A rating is achieved by extinguishing in at least 2 out of 3 attempts Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 32  SIT Internal 3.3 RATINGS OF EXTINGUISHER How to use a fire extinguisher? PASS Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 33  SIT Internal 3.4 SELECTION OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS For Class A Hazard 1) No persons need to travel more than 15 m to reach an extinguisher Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 34  SIT Internal 3.4 SELECTION OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS For Class A Hazard 2) There shall be at least one extinguisher of the minimum size on each level of buildings Low Medium High Minimum sizes of fire extinguishers 13A 21A 34A 3) For each unit of “A” rating, the maximum floor area to be covered is 15 m2 regardless of the classification hazard 4) It is undesirable to provide a large number of extinguishers of very low rating or a small number of extinguishers of very high rating Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 35  SIT Internal 3.4 SELECTION OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS Location of Fire Extinguishers Extinguisher shall be conspicuously located in positions where they will be readily accessible and immediately available in the event of fire. They shall be located in the following priority: 1) Exit staircases (just beside the exit doors but not inside exit staircase) 2) Exits (for 1st storey) 3) Common lobby or common corridor 4) Room exit access doors 5) Internal corridor along path of escape Signs shall be provided to indicate the location where visual obstruction cannot be completely avoided Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 36  SIT Internal 3.4 SELECTION OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS Location of Fire Extinguishers 50 m Staircase 2 30 m Gross Floor Area = 1500 m2 Staircase 1 Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 37  SIT Internal 3.4 SELECTION OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS Location of Fire Extinguishers (1) Determining units of “A” 50m x 30m = 1500 m2 Gross floor area (m2) 1500 m2 ÷ 15 = 100A Total units required 1 unit of “A” covers a maximum of 15 m2 (2) Maximum distance is 15m Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 38  SIT Internal 3.4 SELECTION OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS Location of Fire Extinguishers (3) Distribution of Fire Extinguishers 50m 15m >15m 30m 12.5m 12.5m 12.5m 12.5m 15m 50m 10m 10m 10m 12.5m 12.5m 12.5m 12.5m 30m 12.5m 12.5m 12.5m 12.5m Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 39  SIT Internal 3.4 SELECTION OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS Location of Fire Extinguishers (4) Example to meet 100A rating and 15m maximum distance Combination Total No. of A Total No. of Ext Feasibility 2 X 55A 110A 2 Cannot – unable to meet 15m 3 X 34A 102A 3 Cannot – unable to meet 15m Cannot – did not meet the 4 X 21A 84A 4 100A rating Ok – for low and medium 5 X 21A 105A 5 hazards 8 X 13A 104A 8 Ok – for low hazard only Cannot – 5A cannot meet the 21 X 5A 105A 21 minimum size requirements Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 40  SIT Internal 3.4 SELECTION OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS Location of Fire Extinguishers (4) Example to meet 100A rating Combination Total No. of A Total No. of Ext Feasibility Cannot – did not meet the 2 X 13A + 3 X 21A 89A 5 100A rating 1 X 43A + 5 X 13A 108A 6 Ok – for low hazard only 2 X 34A + 3 X 13A 107A 5 Ok – for low hazard only 3 X 21A + 3 X 13A 102A 6 Ok – for low hazard only Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 41  SIT Internal 3.4 SELECTION OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS For Class B Hazard Type of hazard Basic minimum Maximum travel distance extinguisher rating to extinguishers (m) Low 21B 5 34B 10 Medium 70B 15 High 144B 15 Note: Combination of extinguishers of lower ratings may be used to fulfill the protection requirements for high hazard type only (144B). Such combination shall be limited to a maximum 3 extinguishers of individual rating 21B or higher. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 42  SIT Internal 3.4 SELECTION OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS Selection of Fire Extinguishers Extinguishers are selected for the specific class or classes of hazards to be protected in accordance to the following recommendations: Class A Fire: Water types (Only class A fire hazards) ABC powder Foam types Class B Fire BC powder Carbon dioxide Class C Fire BC powder Carbon dioxide Class D Fire Extinguishers and agents are to be of types approved for use on specific combustible metal hazard Class F Fire Wet Chemical Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 43  SIT Internal 3.4 SELECTION OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS Start Selection Algorithm F/EXT Agents Classes of fire Low 15 m rule Hazard Medium Number required High Other distances Preferred location Area Class A Coverage Class B General (see notes) Specific-Environment Health/Safety Requirements User capacity Operating/Maintenance costs Available Large Number/Small Rating cost Small Number/Large Rating Initial Cost Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 44  SIT Internal 3.5 GENERAL REQUIREMENT Weight The total weight of a fully-charged extinguisher should not exceed 20 kg. This is considered to be the maximum weight that a person can carry satisfactorily and use effectively. Extinguishers heavier than 20 kg are wheel mounted. Hose and nozzles Extinguishers having a mass of extinguishing medium greater than 3 kg, or a volume of extinguishing medium greater than 3 litres shall be provided with a discharge hose. The length of the flexible section of the hose assembly shall be 400 mm or greater Special Risks Sited near to the risk If special risk is confined in room, position outside the room Physical Damage Shall be protected from possible impact, shall not be sited where they may be exposed to unduly corrosive atmospheres or to splashing by corrosive fluids Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 45  SIT Internal 3.5 GENERAL REQUIREMENT Installation a) Mounted on walls by the hangers or brackets supplied b) Cabinets Cabinets are not to be locked Locked cabinets: Glass-fronted box to house key c) Free-standing on shelves or floor with appropriately designed support to prevent accidental dislodgement Height of Extinguisher Carrying handle is not more than 1.2 m above floor for extinguishers with gross weight less than 4 kg. If extinguishers has a gross weight of more than 4 kg, carrying handle is not more than 1 m above floor. Operating instructions In accordance to SS EN 3 and presented on the front of extinguisher. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 46  SIT Internal 3.6 MARKING OF EXTINGUISHERS Marking on Extinguishers 1 General a) The words :“fire extinguisher” b) Extinguishing medium : water/powder/carbon dioxide c) Type : stored or cartridge d) Nominal charge : kilograms or litres e) Class of fire : “Fire Test Rating……A or B or A,B” f) Method of operation : In prominent letters or diagrams g) Words : appropriate and suitable uses (symbols and pictures recommended) 2 Warning markings Examples are: “WARNING Do Not Use On Live Electrical Equipment” “WARNING: Do Not Use On Flammable Liquid Fires Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 47  SIT Internal 3.6 MARKING OF EXTINGUISHERS Other Information Extinguishers are to be clearly marked with the following: a) Manufactures’ name b) Number & date of applicable Singapore Standard c) Temperature range for satisfactory operation d) Year for manufacture e) Test pressure & working pressure f) Manufacturer’s identification of medium Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 48  SIT Internal 3.7 THEORY OF OPERATION Safety Pin Gas Cartridge Pressure Gage Handle Content – 6 or 9 litres of water Expellant gas – CO2 Hose Operating Pressure – CO2 Cartridge 10 bar (1000 kPa) Syphon Tube Water Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 49  SIT Internal 3.7 THEORY OF OPERATION Safety Pin Stored Pressure Pressure Gage Handle Content – 6 or 9 litres of water Expellant gas – Air or N2 Hose Stored Pressure Operating Pressure – 10 bar (1000 kPa) Syphon Tube Water Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 50  SIT Internal 4.1 MAINTENANCE 4.1.1 Frequency of Maintenance At least once a year or when specifically indicated by an inspection Extinguishers taken away for maintenance or recharge shall have replacement of same type and at least equal rating Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 51  SIT Internal 4.1 MAINTENANCE 4.1.2 Maintenance Procedures Shall include a thorough examination of the 3 basic elements of an extinguisher a) Mechanical Parts b) Extinguishing Agent c) Means of Expulsion Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 52  SIT Internal 4.1 MAINTENANCE 4.1.3 Record Keeping Each extinguisher shall have a tag or label indicating: Month Year Person Organization performing the service Permanent fire record for each extinguisher containing the following information: a) Maintenance date & name of person performing the maintenance b) Date when last recharged & name of person performing the recharge c) Hydrostatic retest date & name of person performing the test d) The date of next recharge Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 53  SIT Internal 4.2 INSPECTION 4.2.1 Inspection Procedures Periodic inspection (monthly) shall include at least the following: a) Located in its designated place b) No obstruction to access or visibility c) Operating instructions on the extinguisher label legible and facing outward d) Seals and tamper indicators not broken or missing e) Determine fullness by weighing or “hefting” f) Examine for obvious physical damage, corrosion, leakage or clogged nozzle g) Pressure gauge reading or indicator in the operative range or position Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 54  SIT Internal 4.2 INSPECTION 4.2.2 Frequency of Inspection Should be inspected more frequently when the following circumstances exist a) High frequency of fires in the past b) Severe hazards c) Susceptibility to tampering, vandalism, or malicious mischief d) Possibility of, or experience with, theft of extinguishers e) Locations that make extinguishers susceptible to mechanical injury f) Possibility of visible or physical obstructions g) Exposure to abnormal temperature or corrosive atmospheres h) Characteristics of extinguishers, such as susceptibility to leakage Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 55  SIT Internal 4.3 RECHARGING General All extinguishers must be recharged After use Required after an inspection When performing maintenance *When performing the recharging, the recommendations of the manufacture shall be followed. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 56  SIT Internal 4.3 RECHARGING Frequency of Recharging All extinguishers shall be completely emptied and recharged at intervals as follows: Every 2 ½ years - Water (stored pressure) Chemical foam Mechanical foam (gas cartridge) Mechanical foam (stored pressure) Every 5 years - Water (gas cartridge) Powder (gas cartridge) Powder (stored pressure) Every 10 years - Carbon dioxide Clean agent types Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 57  SIT Internal 4.4 HYDROSTATIC TEST Hydrostatic test interval for extinguishers Extinguisher type Test interval (Years) Cartridge operated water 5 Stored pressure water 5 Foam 5 AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming Foam) 5 Powder type with stainless steel body 5 Carbon dioxide 10 Powder type, stored pressure, with mild steel shells or aluminum 5 body Powder type, cartridge or cylinder operated, with mild steel body 5 Clean agent types 10 Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 58  SIT Internal 5 RECORDING KEEPING – SERVICE LABEL Each extinguisher subjected to maintenance work shall be affixed with a service label stating month & year work done and whether serviced, recharged or hydrostatic tested. The label shall identify the ABC FIRE EXT. CO. person and organisation Company address Tel. No. : performing the service. We certify that this fire extinguisher has today been *inspected/serviced/re-charged/hydro-tested The service label shall be by us and is in good working condition. affixed with a control tag Name& Date: Signature: issued by the Certification (dd/mm/yyyy) *Delete accordingly Body, and it will have a Next service due date: Affix accredited certification unique serial number for body control tag here this service company. Example of service label Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 59  SIT Internal 5 RECORDING KEEPING – SERVICE LABEL Control Tag Layout Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 60  SIT Internal 5 RECORDING KEEPING – SERVICE LABEL Objectives of Having Control Tag Affixed on Fire Extinguishers Standardization of Labels for Ease of Identification From No Control to Centralized Control of Labels Traceability of Labels To Increase Effectiveness in Preventing Theft & Counterfeiting Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 61  SIT Internal 5 RECORDING KEEPING – SERVICE LABEL Control Tag Features From 1st January 2020 onwards, all serviced portable fire extinguishers shall have a “control tag” affixed together with the servicing workshop’s service label. Each control tag will have its own controlled serial number. The control tag has to be purchased from TUV SUD PSB. The tags can only be purchased by service providers who are registered with TUV SUD PSB as approved fire extinguisher service workshops. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 62  SIT Internal 5 RECORDING KEEPING – SERVICE LABEL The approved organization shall keep proper records of the tags and labels affixed to extinguishers on which maintenance works have been carried out. Such records shall include: Date maintenance work was carried out; Serial number of the label and tag affixed to the extinguisher; and Name of person or organization that owns the extinguisher Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 63  SIT Internal 5 RECORDING KEEPING – SERVICE LABEL Pasting Requirements The Control Tag shall be affixed such that it is partially over the service label and partially over the extinguisher body Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 64  SIT Internal 5 RECORDING KEEPING – SERVICE LABEL Pasting Requirements The service label and control tag shall not be placed over the operating instructions of the extinguisher. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 65  SIT Internal 6 RECAP 1. Water type fire extinguisher extinguishes a fire by ____ 2. List three (3) advantages and disadvantages of water as a fire extinguishing agent. 3. Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher extinguishers a fire by ____ 4. List three (3) advantages and disadvantages of carbon dioxide as a fire extinguishing agent. 5. Halon fire extinguisher extinguishers a fire by ____ 6. Dry powder fire extinguisher extinguishers a fire by ____ 7. List two (2) advantages and disadvantages of dry powder as a fire extinguishing agent. 8. What are the color coding for water, dry powder, foam, CO2, wet chemical fire extinguisher? 9. What are the four (4) steps in using a fire extinguisher? Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 66  SIT Internal 6 RECAP 10. For class A hazard, no persons shall travel more than ____meters to reach a fire extinguisher. 11. For class A hazard, the minimum fire extinguisher rating for low, medium and high hazard occupancy are _________ 12. For each unit of “A” rating, the minimum floor are is ____m2. 13. What are the preferred locations to place a portable fire extinguisher 14. What are the types of fire extinguishers to be used for class A, B, C, D and F fires? 15. Describe the selection algorithm for class A fires. 16. A fully charged fire extinguisher cannot exceed ____ kg. 17. For a fire extinguisher mounted on the wall, the carrying handle shall not be more than ____ m with gross weight less than 4 kg. Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 67  SIT Internal 6 RECAP 18. What are the differences between gas cartridge and stored pressure fire extinguishers? 19. Fire extinguisher shall be maintained at least _____ Fire Engineering Fundamentals Chapter 4 68