Biochemistry (BIO 024) Module #5 PDF

Course Code: BIO 024 (Biochemistry/Biomolecules) Student Activity Sheet Module #5 Name: ____________________________________________________________...

Course Code: BIO 024 (Biochemistry/Biomolecules) Student Activity Sheet Module #5 Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________ Lesson title: VITAMINS Materials: Lesson Objectives: by the end of this module, you should be Pen, SAS, Sample vitamins able to 1. Differentiate the water and fat-soluble vitamins based on its References: general properties. ▪ stoker, H. S. 2. Identify different vitamins according to sources and functions (2017).Biochemistry (3rd ed.). 3. Analyze the vitamin deficiency disorders based on the (M. Finch, Ed.) Belmont CA, symptoms given. USA,page 191-206 ▪ Ferrier, D. (2017). Lippincott's Illustrated Biochemistry (7 4. ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,. Productivity Tip: Watch this video about some basic of vitamins https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SmsCJpBuNrE to get an overview. After, try getting a dose of your daily vitamins or if not, ask someone (family member or friend) about the vitamins they are taking. Check the label or the content of your/their vitamins. List it down or simply just take note of it. Later, once you are done with this module, explain the best benefits of the vitamins you or they are taking. A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW 1) Introduction (2 mins) As the Covid-19 pandemic continues to spread, the need to understand which populations are most at risk of developing severe disease or dying from Covid-19 grows ever more critical. Although recent studies have found an association between certainly mentioned vitamin (C and D) and Covid-19 severity and mortality, many other scientists continue to make a dispute about such claim since these studies are only observational and that the association of low level of these vitamins may just be a marker of being less healthy. However, since we are not only fighting for this unprecedented pandemic and that we must continue in our well-being, meanwhile, there’s a wealth of data that shows the role that good nutrition plays in supporting the immune system. It is well established in journals and scientific evidences that vitamins and minerals are vital for our immune system. As a society we need to be doing a better job of getting that message across along with the other important, more common messages. The only problem left is that people simply are not eating enough of these nutrients. This in turn could destroy our resistance to infections, or worse, deficiencies of these nutrients can leave us more susceptible to infections or less able to shake off illness. Consequently, we will see an increase in disease and all the extra burdens that go along with that increase. Now, we are paused with the idea of which vitamins should we take to boost our immunity against infections or might be for the novel coronavirus that has been threatening the health of the public and ravaging our social and economic progress; or maybe just to simply continue living in good and better health. Hopefully, with this module, you will be able to learn and get some of the answers. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION Page |1  Course Code: BIO 024 (Biochemistry/Biomolecules) Student Activity Sheet Module #5 Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________ 2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins) Instructions: "In this chart, reflect on what you know now. Do not worry if you are sure or not sure of your answers. This activity simply serves to get you started on thinking about our topic. Answer only the first column, "What I know" based on the question of the second column. Leave the third column "What I learned" blank at this time. What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4) 1. Do vitamins in pills differ from those in food? 2. What are the deficiency states of vitamins? Just give at least 2. 3. Vitamins, are they safe to be taken at high doses to prevent or treat infections? B.MAIN LESSON : 1) Activity 2: Content notes (40 min). Instructions: Please take note or highlight VERY important and striking information. Vitamins, vita, meaning “life,” and from the fact that these substances were all thought to contain the amine functional group, are organic compound, essential in small amounts for the proper functioning of the human body, that must be obtained from dietary sources because the body cannot synthesize it. Vitamins differ from the major classes of nutrients in foods (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) in the amount required; for vitamins, it is microgram to milligram quantities per day compared with 50– 200 grams per day for the major food nutrients categories. To better understand the small amount of vitamins needed by the human body, consider the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of vitamin B12, which is 2.0 micrograms per day for an adult. Just 1.0 gram of this vitamin could theoretically supply the daily needs of 500,000 people. A well-balanced diet usually meets all the body’s vitamin requirements. However, supplemental vitamins are often required for women during pregnancy and for people recovering from certain illnesses. One of the most common myths associated with the nutritional aspects of vitamins is that vitamins from natural sources are superior to synthetic vitamins. In truth, synthetic vitamins, manufactured in the laboratory, are identical to the vitamins found in foods. The body cannot tell the difference and gets the same benefits from either source. Vitamins and minerals in supplements are synthetic forms of the nutrients. The word "synthetic" does not necessarily mean inferior, however. Even those supplements that claim to have "natural" ingredients contain some synthetic ingredients. Indeed, if a pill contained only natural ingredients, it would be the size of a golf ball. For the most part, our bodies appear to absorb synthetic forms as well as they do natural forms. The one exception seems to be vitamin E, which in natural form (RRR-alpha tocopherol) is better absorbed than in This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION Page |2  Course Code: BIO 024 (Biochemistry/Biomolecules) Student Activity Sheet Module #5 Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________ synthetic form (all-rac-alpha tocopherol). But most B complex supplements now contain more natural vitamin E, so WATER it is well absorbed in pill form. SOLUBLE C There are 13 known vitamins, and scientists VITAMINS believe that the discovery of additional vitamins is FAT unlikely. Despite searches for new vitamins, it has SOLUBLE A,D,E,K been more than 70 years since the last of the known vitamins (folate) was discovered. Strong evidence that the vitamin family is complete comes from the fact that many people have lived for years being fed, intravenously, solutions containing the known vitamins and nutrients, and they have not developed any known vitamin deficiency disease. Solubility characteristics divide the vitamins into two major classes: the water-soluble vitamins (9 or nine) and the fat (lipid)-soluble vitamins (4 or four). Water-soluble vitamins must be constantly replenished in the body because they are rapidly eliminated from the body in the urine. They are carried in the bloodstream, are needed in frequent, small doses, and are unlikely to be toxic except when taken in unusually large doses. The fat-soluble vitamins are found dissolved in lipid materials. They are, in general, carried in the blood by protein carriers, are stored in fat tissues, are needed in periodic doses, and are more likely to be toxic when consumed more than need. An important difference exists, in terms of function, between water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins. Water-soluble vitamins function as coenzymes for several important biochemical reactions in humans, animals, and microorganisms. Fat-soluble vitamins generally do not function as coenzymes in humans and animals and are rarely utilized in any manner by microorganisms. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION Page |3  Course Code: BIO 024 (Biochemistry/Biomolecules) Student Activity Sheet Module #5 Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________ WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS: B vitamins and Vitamin C Active coenzyme Vitamin B1 Uses/function Deficiency Sources forms: Thiamin Part of Beri-beri pork, whole-grain or Free form: thiamin Vit. F an enzyme needed Wernicke-Korsakoff enriched breads and Active form: for energy syndrome (common cereals, legumes, Thiamine metabolism; in alcoholics) nuts and seeds pyrophosphate (TPP) important to nerve function Active coenzyme Vitamin B2 Uses/function Deficiency Sources forms: Riboflavin Part of an enzyme Blood shot eyes Large amounts in Active forms: takes part Dairy products in REDOX reaction Vitamin G needed for energy Glossitis eggs metabolism; Flavin Mononucleotide Yellow vitamin Cheilosis Legumes (FMN) important for normal meats Seborrheic dermatitis Small amounts in Flavin Adenine vision and skin health leafy green vegetables Dinucleotide (FAD) enriched grains Active coenzyme Vitamin B3 Uses/function Deficiency Sources forms: Niacin energy production Pellagra (3Ds) Meat, poultry, fish, Nicotinamide Adenine Niacinamide, maintenance of skin - Dementia/ whole-grain or Dinucleotide (NAD+) Nicotinamide, and tongue Delusions enriched breads and Nicotinamide Adenine Nicotinic acid cereals, vegetables Dinucleotide Phosphate improves circulation - Dermatitis/ Scaly (NAP+) Anti-black tongue factor (mushrooms, adjunctive therapy in skin sores Antipellagra factor asparagus, and leafy primary - Diarrhea Pellagra preventing green vegetables), hyperlipidemia factor peanut butter This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION Page |4  Course Code: BIO 024 (Biochemistry/Biomolecules) Student Activity Sheet Module #5 Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________ Active coenzyme Vitamin B5 Uses/function Deficiency Sources forms: Pantothenic acid Part of an enzyme Burning foot Widespread in foods Coenzyme A (CoA) Chick antidermatitis needed for energy syndrome factor metabolism Active coenzyme Vitamin B6 Uses/function Deficiency Sources forms: Pyridoxine (Plants) role in the prevention of Sideroblastic anemia Widespread in foods; Pyridoxine-5'- pre-eclampsia Pyrophosphate (PNP) Pyridoxal (animals) Production of red blood peripheral also produced in intestinal tract by Pyridoxal-5'- Pyridoxamine cells neuropathy Pyrophosphate (PLP) (animals) reduce muscle spasm, Note: too much bacteria cramps and numbness Pyridoxamine-5'- intake causes Pyrophosphate (PMP) supplement to TB patient permanent nerve taking Isoniazid to prevent peripheral neuropathy damage Active coenzyme Vitamin B7 Uses/function Deficiency Sources forms: Biotin Part of an enzyme Alopecia Widespread in foods; Biotin Vit. H needed for energy Erythroderma also produced in metabolism desquamativa (leiner’s intestinal tract by co-enzyme R, disease) bacteria anti-egg white injury Aka dermatitis factor seborrhoides infantum This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION Page |5  Course Code: BIO 024 (Biochemistry/Biomolecules) Student Activity Sheet Module #5 Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________ Active coenzyme Vitamin B9 Uses/function Deficiency Sources forms: Folic acid Part of an enzyme Macrocytic anemia Leafy green Tetrahydrofolic acid needed for (megaloblastic) Folate making DNA and new vegetables and Neural tube defects: legumes, seeds, Pteroylglutamic acid, cells, especially red blood Spina bifida and cells orange juice, and neede by pregnant women anencephaly liver; now added to to avoid fetal defects most refined grains Active coenzyme Vitamin B12 Uses/function Deficiency Sources forms: Cobalamin (methy or Part of an enzyme Pernicious anemia Meat, poultry, fish, 5-deoxyadenosyl cyanocobalamin) needed for making (megaloblastic) seafood, eggs, milk cobalamin (necessary new cells; important and milk products; for the synthesis of to nerve function not found in plant DNA foods Vitamin C Uses/function Deficiency Sources other form: Ascorbic acid cosubstrate in the Scurvy (bruising easily, fruits and vegetables, Sodium ascorbate, synthesis of colagen (also bleeding gums, and especially citrus fruits, (buffered, salt form, Cevitamic acid for wound healing) tendency for bones to vegetables in the cabbage less acidic and General antioxidant fracture) family, cantaloupe, fatigue and joint pain strawberries, peppers, stomach friendly) synthesis of neurotransmitter dopamine Weight loss tomatoes, potatoes, lettuce, papayas, & norepinephrine from slow healing of wounds tyrosine & neutransmitter mangoes, kiwifruit and fractured bones serotonin from tryptophan irritable This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION Page |6  Course Code: BIO 024 (Biochemistry/Biomolecules) Student Activity Sheet Module #5 Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________ FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS: A, D, E, K Vitamin A Uses/function Deficiency Sources Other forms: Beta-carotene (vit.A Needed for vision, Nyctalopia (night Vitamin A from animal Retinol (major natural blindness) sources (retinol): fortified and usable form) precursor) healthy skin and Xeropthalmia – prolonged milk, cheese, cream, Retinal (aldehyde form Note: Anti-infective mucous membranes, deficiency (dry, thickened butter, fortified margarine, vitamin bone and tooth and wrinkles cornea and eggs, liver of retinol) growth, immune conjunctiva) Retinoic acid (active system health Growth retardation Beta-carotene (from plant form, utilized by the skin Impotence sources): Leafy, dark green vegetables; dark orange fruits (apricots, Large doses causes cantaloupe) and hypervitaminosis A vegetables (carrots, winter squash, sweet potatoes, pumpkin) Vitamin D Uses/function Deficiency Sources Active forms: Sunshine vitamins Needed for proper Rickets - for children Egg yolks, liver, Active form: 1,25- D2- ergocalciferol absorption Osteomalacia - for fatty fish, fortified dihydroxycholecalciferol D3- cholecalciferol of calcium; stored in adult milk, fortified bones margarine. When One of the hormone like vitamin exposed to Large doses causes sunlight, the skin hypervitaminosis D can make vitamin D. This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION Page |7  Course Code: BIO 024 (Biochemistry/Biomolecules) Student Activity Sheet Module #5 Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________ Active coenzyme Vitamin E Uses/function Deficiency Sources forms: Antioxidant; protects Coronary disease Polyunsaturated Beta and delta alpha-tocopherol - cell walls associated with plant oils (soybean, tocopherol greatest biochemical May reduce the risk decrease in lipid corn, cottonseed, activity of heart disease absorption and safflower); leafy Gamma-tocopherol is transport green vegetables; the main form of vitamin Sterility wheat germ; whole- E in vitamin-E rich grain products; liver; foods. egg yolks; nuts and Large doses causes seeds hypervitaminosis E Active coenzyme Vitamin K Uses/function Deficiency Sources forms: 2,methyl-1,4- exhibit an Hemorrhage and Leafy green Menadione naphthoquinone antihemorrhagic decrease in red blood vegetables such as Menaquinone (structurally) activity needed for cell fragility kale, collard greens, Phylloquinone proper blood clotting and spinach; green ONLY fat soluble vegetables such as broccoli, Brussels vitamins with sprouts, and coenzyme function asparagus; also produced in intestinal tract by bacteria This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION Page |8  Course Code: BIO 024 (Biochemistry/Biomolecules) Student Activity Sheet Module #5 Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________ Lippincott, 7th ed This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION Page |9  Course Code: BIO 024 (Biochemistry/Biomolecules) Student Activity Sheet Module #5 Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________ This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 10  Course Code: BIO 024 (Biochemistry/Biomolecules) Student Activity Sheet Module #5 Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________ Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (25 mins + 5 mins checking) A. Tabulate the difference between the characteristics of the class of vitamins. Check your answers against the Keys to Correction found at the last pages of this SAS. Write your score ________ Properties Water soluble vitamins Fat soluble vitamins Absorption Transport Storage Excretion Toxicity Dosage frequency Relationship to co- enzyme B. Matching Type. MATCH the letter from Column A on items given in column B and C. Write the letter only on the space provided before the number. Score: __________ COLUMN A: COLUMN B: NAMES COLUMN C: DEFICIENCY VITAMINS: _____1.Cevitamic acid _____1.Beri-beri A. B1 _____2.Biotin _____2.Pellagra B. B2 _____3.Thiamin _____3.Cheilosis C. B3 _____4.Pantothenic acid _____4.Scurvy D. B5 _____5.Pyridoxine _____5.Burning foot syndrome E. B6 _____6.Pteroylglutamic acid _____6.Peripheral neuropathy F. B7 _____7.Retinol _____7.Osteomalacia G. B9 _____8.Sunshine vitamin _____8.Nyctalopia H. B12 _____9.Cyanocobalamin _____9.Sterility I. A _____10.Riboflavin _____10.Alopecia J. D _____11.Alpha-tocopherol _____11.Megaloblastic anemia K. E _____12.Menadione _____12.Pernicious anemia L. K _____13.Niacin _____13.Hemorrhage M. C This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 11  Course Code: BIO 024 (Biochemistry/Biomolecules) Student Activity Sheet Module #5 Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________ C. CASE ANALYSIS: Provide short answers Score: _______ A 6-year-old girl was bought to SWU medical center for consultation. For about months, he was manifesting irritability, sweating, poor appetite (which a family had history with children having malnutrition) as he was fed only with cow’s milk and biscuits and he even cries when somebody touches him. Upon consultation and tests, he was having hematuria, edema of lower extremities, as well as swollen right leg. At admission he was febrile, pale; his hair was dry and cracked. Clinical evaluation showed no organomegaly, no neurological signs, prominent gingival bleeding was there and only one tooth was present. 1. What possible vitamin deficiency is represented by the case? (1pt) _________________________________________________ 2. List at least 3 signs and symptoms that will justify possible diagnosis. (3pts) __________________________________________________________________________ 3. As an allied health professional, what piece of advice you can give about the child’s condition? (2pts) __________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins) Instruction: To review what was learned from this session, please go back to Activity 1 and answer the “What I Learned” column. Notice and reflect on any changes in your answers. Activity 5: Check for Understanding (20 mins) Instruction: Now it’s time for you to figure this one out on your own! Take time to read, analyze, and understand the following scenarios. For this instance, you will not have the chance to check if you have the correct answers since there are no more keys to correction. MULTIPLE CHOICE: WRITE the letter of your choice before each number. 1. Megaloblastic anemia is observed in the deficiency of which of the following? a. Folate b. Pyridoxine c. Cyanocobalamin d. Ascorbic acid This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 12  Course Code: BIO 024 (Biochemistry/Biomolecules) Student Activity Sheet Module #5 Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________ 2. Which of the following is the coenzyme of Vitamin B5? a. Biotin b. Pyridoxamine-5'-Pyrophosphate (PMP) c. Thiamine triphosphate (TTP) d. Coenzyme A 3. Vitamin G is also known as? a. Vitamin B2 b. Vitamin B9 c. Vitamin B6 d. Vitamin B12 4. Patient with tuberculosis undergoing treatment may result to which of the following condition. a. Streptomycin precipitated peripheral neuropathy b. Rifampicin-B6 deficiency c. Ethambutol associated anemia d. Isoniazid-induced pellagra 5. Which of the following vitamin therapy may resolve the condition associated (in question no. 4) upon administration? a. B5 b. C c. B6 d. B3 6. These vitamins are part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism, EXCEPT FOR: a. C b. B7 c. B5 d. B1 7. The following are symptoms seen in Pellagra, EXCEPT FOR: a. Dementia b. Dermatitis c. Dysmenorrhea d. Diarrhea 8. All are active forms of Vitamin K except for? a. Menadione b. Menaquinone c. Ergocalciferol d. Phylloquinone 9. Commonly associated/called as sunshine vitamin. a. A b. D c. E d. K 10. The deficiency of this vitamin leads to haemorrhage and decrease in red blood cell fragility. a. A b.C c.E d. K 11. Burning foot syndrome is associated with what B vitamn deficiency a. B1 b.B3 c.B5 d.B7 12. This vitamin is needed by pregnant patients to avoid fetal defects. a. Vitamin K This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 13  Course Code: BIO 024 (Biochemistry/Biomolecules) Student Activity Sheet Module #5 Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________ b. Vitamin A c. Vitamin B9 d. Vitamin B2 D. LESSON WRAP-UP 1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins) A. Work Tracker: You are done with this session! Let’s track your progress. Shade the session number you just completed. P1 P2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B. Think about your Learning: Tell me about your thoughts! Today’s topic is all about the vitamins. What interests you about the lesson today? Explain why. ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ FAQs 1.Is it safe to take dietary supplements together with prescribed medicines? Ans. Certain dietary supplements (since it contain also vitamins) can change absorption, metabolism, or excretion of a medication and therefore affect its potency. For example, warfarin (a prescription blood thinner), ginkgo biloba (an herbal supplement), aspirin and vitamin E (a supplement) can each thin the blood. Taking any of these products together may increase the potential for internal bleeding or stroke. 2.What are the vitamins that are to be avoided for pregnant women? Ans. While supplementing with some micronutrients, like folate, is safe for pregnant women, many of them should be avoided. For example, excessive amounts of vitamin A during pregnancy has been shown to cause congenital birth defects. Supplementing with vitamin E has not been shown to improve outcomes for either This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 14  Course Code: BIO 024 (Biochemistry/Biomolecules) Student Activity Sheet Module #5 Name: ____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________ mothers or babies and may instead increase the risk of abdominal pain and premature rupture of the amniotic sack KEY TO CORRECTION for Activity 3 Activity 3: A. TABULATION Properties Water soluble vitamins Fat soluble vitamins Absorption directly into the blood first enter into the lymph system Transport travel without carriers many require protein carriers Storage circulate in the water-fi lled parts of Found in cells associated with the body fats Excretion kidneys remove excess in urine tend to remain in fat-storage sites Toxicity not likely to reach toxic levels when likely to reach toxic levels when consumed from supplements consumed from supplements Dosage frequency needed in frequent doses needed in periodic doses Relationship to co-enzyme Function as coenzymes Do not function as coenzymes B. MATCHING TYPE COLUMN B: NAMES 1.M 2.F 3.A 4.D 5.E 6.G 7.I 8.J 9.H 10.B 11.K 12.L 13.C COLUMN C: DEFICIENCY 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.M 5.D 6.E 7.J 8.I 9.K 10.F 12.G or H 12. H 13.L C. CASE ANALYSIS 1. Vitamin C deficiency or scurvy 2. Any from these: irritability, sweating, poor appetite (which a family had history with children having malnutrition may lead to weight loss) swollen leg, hair was dry and cracked, prominent gingival bleeding and only one tooth was present. 3. Advice for vitamin C supplementation and other nutrient such as proteins and carbohydrates. SUGGESTED VIDEOS: Introduction to vitamins and minerals https://youtu.be/TBNCqRCsSvY This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION P a g e | 15