Salman Tumor Markers.pptx

Tumor Markers Presented by SALMAN AKBAR Tumor marker Tumor markers are substances such as proteins, biochemicals, hormones or enzymes, produced by tumor cells or by the body in response to tumor cells. As tumor cells multiply, cancer spreads, and tissue is damaged, these substances increas...

Tumor Markers Presented by SALMAN AKBAR Tumor marker Tumor markers are substances such as proteins, biochemicals, hormones or enzymes, produced by tumor cells or by the body in response to tumor cells. As tumor cells multiply, cancer spreads, and tissue is damaged, these substances increase and leak into the bloodstream. Tumor marker levels in blood help physicians evaluate people for certain types of cancer. Cont... Samples required: Blood. Urine Stool Bone marrow CSF, pleural or other bodily fluid. Tumor tissue markers Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) hCG is a hormone produced during pregnancy which play a role in harmones productions and in fetal development. It is also produced by certain tumors, making it a useful biomarker for detecting and managing specific cancers. Cancers Associated with Elevated hCG Levels: ⮚ Germ Cell Tumors: Testicular Cancer: hCG is often elevated in germ cell tumors. Ovarian Cancer: Certain ovarian germ cell tumors, such as choriocarcinoma and embryonal carcinoma, produce hCG. ⮚ Lung Cancer: Some lung cancers, may produce hCG. ⮚ Gastrointestinal Cancers: Certain gastrointestinal tumors can occasionally secrete hCG. Interpretation of result: Normal Range: In non-pregnant individuals, hCG levels are typically very low, usually less than 5 mIU/mL. Elevated Levels: Pregnancy: In pregnant women, hCG levels rise rapidly, peaking around the 8th to 11th week of gestation. Germ Cell Tumors: Elevated hCG levels can indicate the presence of testicular or ovarian germ cell tumors. Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases: Extremely high hCG levels are characteristic of conditions like choriocarcinoma or hydatidiform mole. Other Cancers: Elevated hCG levels may be seen in certain lung and gastrointestinal cancers. Cancer Antigens (CAs) Cancer Antigens (CAs) are a group of proteins that are often produced in higher quantities by cancer cells than by normal cells. These markers are used in oncology to help diagnose, monitor, and manage various types of cancers. Common CA Tumor Markers: CA125 CA19-9 CA15-3 and CA27.29 CA72-4 CA 125 ⮚ CA125 is a protein found on the surface of many ovarian cancer cells and is released into the bloodstream. ⮚ It can also be present in lower concentrations in the blood of individuals without cancer. ⮚ Clinical Use: ⮚ Diagnosis ⮚ Monitoring/Prognosis ⮚ Recurrence Others condition: Elevated CA125 levels can also be seen in other cancers such as endometrial, peritoneal, and fallopian tube cancers. Non-cancerous conditions such as menstruation, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and pregnancy can also cause elevated CA125 levels. Interpretation of Results: Normal Range: The normal range for CA125 is generally considered to be 0 to 35 U/mL. Elevated Levels: Levels above the normal range may suggest the presence of ovarian cancer or other conditions. However, elevated levels alone cannot diagnose cancer and must be interpreted in conjunction with other diagnostic tests. CA19-9 CA19-9 (Cancer Antigen 19-9) is a protein that is a marker for pancreatic cancer. Elevated in bile duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, and benign conditions like pancreatitis and liver disease. Normal Range: Typically 0 to 37 U/mL. Elevated Levels: Suggest pancreatic or other gastrointestinal cancers, or benign conditions. CA15-3 and CA27.29 CA15-3 (Cancer Antigen 15-3) and CA27.29 (Cancer Antigen 27.29) are proteins used as markers for breast cancer. Elevated in conditions like benign breast disease, liver disease, and during pregnancy. Normal Range: CA15-3: 0 to 30 U/mL, CA27.29: 0 to 38 U/mL. Elevated Levels: Suggest breast cancer or benign conditions. CA72-4 CA72-4 (Cancer Antigen 72-4) is a protein that is a marker for gastric and ovarian cancer. It Can also be used in conjunction with CA125 for ovarian cancer. Normal Range: Typically 0 to 6 U/mL. Elevated Levels: Suggest gastric or ovarian cancer Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by both normal and malignant cells of the prostate gland. This enzyme participates in the dissolution of the seminal fluid coagulum and plays an important role in fertility. The amounts of PSA are found in the seminal fluid. PSA levels are measured in the blood as a tumor marker. INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS: Age-specific ranges: 40-49 years: 0-2.5 ng/mL 50-59 years: 0-3.5 ng/mL 60-69 years: 0-4.5 ng/mL 70-79 years: 0-6.5 ng/mL  Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a protein normally produced by the fetal liver, yolk sac, and gastrointestinal tract. In adults, elevated AFP levels can be indicative of certain types of cancer. Normal AFP Levels Typically, AFP levels are below 10 ng/mL in healthy adults. Elevated levels need further investigation, particularly levels above 500 ng/mL. Elevated AFP Levels Liver Cancer (Hepatocellular Carcinoma - HCC): Most common cause of significantly elevated AFP levels. Germ Cell Tumors: Includes testicular cancer and ovarian germ cell tumors. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycoprotein involved in cell adhesion. Normally produced during fetal development and present in very low levels in adults. CEA is produced by cells in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and pancreas of the fetus. It plays a role in cell adhesion and tissue organization during development. After birth, CEA production is significantly reduced. Only trace amounts are present in the blood of healthy adults.  Cancers: Colorectal cancer Pancreatic cancer Gastric cancer Breast cancer Lung cancer Non-Cancerous Conditions: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) PancreatitisCirrhosis Chronic lung diseases  INTERPRETATION: The normal range for CEA is 0 to 2.5 ng/mL). Elevated CEA Levels: Mild Elevation (2.5 - 10 ng/mL): Could be associated with benign conditions or early-stage cancer. Further investigation is usually needed to determine the cause. Moderate to High Elevation (> 10 ng/mL): May indicate the presence of cancer, particularly in the context of other clinical findings. High levels are more commonly seen in advanced or metastatic cancer. Diagnosis It can be detected through various method: ⮚ ELISA ⮚ CLIA ⮚ RIA ⮚ Mass spectrophotometry ⮚ Immunohistochemistry (IHC) Any Question? THANK YOU