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Computer Skills Computing Fundamentals Networks and Internet 1 Test Your Knowledge o What do know about networks? o What is the Internet? 2 Learning Objectives At the end of this lesson you should be able to: 1....

Computer Skills Computing Fundamentals Networks and Internet 1 Test Your Knowledge o What do know about networks? o What is the Internet? 2 Learning Objectives At the end of this lesson you should be able to: 1. Explain the basics of networking. 2. Explain how the Internet works. 3 Networks: Connection Computing Devices & How the Internet works 4 Networks o A computer network is a group of computer systems and other computing hardware devices that are linked together through communication channels to facilitate communication and resource-sharing among a wide range of users. o Networks are used to: Facilitate communication via email, video conferencing, instant messaging, etc. Enable multiple users to share a single hardware device like a printer or scanner Enable file sharing across the network Allow for the sharing of software or operating programs on remote systems Make information easier to access and maintain among network users. 5 How fast does data move through networks? o Data Transfer Rate (also called Bandwidth) is the maximum speed at which data can be transmitted between two nodes on a network. o Data transfer rate are usually measured in megabits per second (Mbps) or gigabits per second (Gbps). 6 Network Architectures o Networks can range from the smallest network of just one person, in one room with multiple connected devices, to the largest network that spans between cities and even the world. o One of the major differences is the geographical area they cover. o The following are common types of networks: o Local Area Networks (LANs): Network in small geographical area (Room, Building or Campus). o Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN): Network in a City. o Wide Area Networks (WANs): Network spread geographically (Country or across Globe). 7 The Internet o The Internet is a global network that links computer networks all over the world so that users can share resources and communicate with each other. o People use it as a medium to connect with other people, sharing files, entertainment, information and lots of other activities that are useful and beneficial in many terms. o Connection could be: o Wired using telephone lines or cables. o Wireless based on communication satellites. o Internet Service Providers (ISP): companies that provide the user with access to the internet. Examples of ISP: STC, Mobily, Zain … 8 The Internet and How It Works o The Internet-connected devices communicate with each other as we do when we ask a question or reply with an answer. o A computer (or other device) connected to the Internet acts in one of two ways: o Client: a computer that asks for data. o Server: a computer that receives the request and returns the data to the client. o Because the Internet uses clients and servers, it’s referred to as a client/server network. o When a client computer puts out a request for information from the server computer, the request travels along transmission lines. These transmission lines are similar to our highway system of roads, with some roads having different speed limits. 9 Connecting to the Internet What exactly is broadband Internet access? o Broadband, often referred to as high-speed Internet, refers to a type of connection that offers a means to connect to the Internet with fast throughput. What types of broadband are available? o The standard wired broad- band technologies in most areas are: o Cable. o DSL (digital subscriber line). o Fiber-Optic service. o Satellite broadband is used mostly in rural or mountain areas where DSL, cable, or fiber-optic service is unavailable or very costly. 10 Connecting to the Internet How do I get mobile broadband? o Just as you have an ISP for Internet access for your desktop or laptop computer, you must have a wireless Internet service provider (or wireless ISP) such as STC, Zain and Mobily to connect your smartphone to the Internet. o Mobile broadband technologies are categorized in generations: 4G & 5G. 11 The Internet and How It Works o The World Wide Web (WWW) or (The Web), known as the Web, it is a global interactive system that lets you access information on the Internet. o The web is based on the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which is why you see an http:// at the beginning of web addresses. o HTTP is the protocol that allows files to be transferred from a web server—a computer that hosts the website you’re requesting—so that you can see it on your computer. o The HTTP protocol is what the web is based on. Since it is so universal, most current browsers no longer require you to enter the http:// protocol or the “www.” 12 How does the data get sent to the correct computer ? o Each time you connect to the Internet, your computer is assigned a unique identification number, called Internet Protocol (IP) address. o IP address is a set of four groups of numbers separated by periods and is commonly referred to as a dotted quad or dotted decimal (Such as 123.45.245.91). o IP address is a unique identification number that defines each computer, service, or other device connected to the Internet. o Example: Amazon’s website has an IP address of 72.21.211.176 and a name of www.amazon.com. o When you enter www.amazon.com into your browser, your computer (with its unique IP address) looks for Amazon’s IP address (72.21.211.176). o Data is exchanged between Amazon’s server computer and your computer using these unique IP addresses 13 I’ve been on the Internet, so why have I never seen IP addresses? o Because the numbers that make up IP addresses are difficult for people to remember, websites are given text versions of their IP addresses called Domain Name. o Domain name is a name that takes the place of an IP address, making it easier for people to remember. o For example, google.com is a domain name. The server where Google’s main website is deployed has an IP address (such as 173.194.205.101), but it’s much easier for you to remember to tell your browser to go to google.com. 14 What a URL means? oWeb Address or URL: Stands for Uniform Resource Locator. o Web addresses usually start with the letters WWW and end with a dot followed by letters that indicate the type of website or called domain. o Domains divided the web sites into categories based on their natures or provided services. Common domains are: 1..com = commercial enterprise or business 2..org = non-profit organization 3..edu = educational institution 4..gov = government agency 5..mil = military agency 6..net = another ending for a commercial website 15 What is a web browser exactly? o A web browser is software that lets Google Chrome you locate, view, and navigate the web. Most Popular Browser Can run on any device and any OS o Most browsers today are graphical Microsoft Edge browsers, meaning they can display Available only with Windows 10 pictures (graphics) in addition to text and Microsoft account and other forms of multimedia such as sound and video. Firefox Open Source Safari Developed by Apple for Macs Has a Windows version for PCs 16 17