Computer Engineering as a Discipline Compilation (Shit Edition) PDF

Computer Engineering as a Discipline Compilation (Shit Edition) 1 Module 1 - Computer Engineering as a...

Computer Engineering as a Discipline Compilation (Shit Edition) 1 Module 1 - Computer Engineering as a Computer Engineer and Computer Scientist Discipline Computer Engineer Computer Scientist Computer Engineering Degree Develop and operate Develop programs and Encompasses a wide range of topics, computer systems, computers, focuses on including operating systems, computer focuses on the link data and algorithms between hardware and architecture, computer networks, software robotics, artificial intelligence, and computer-aided design. Computer Computer Science Salary Outlook in the Philippines Engineering/Computer Science Program designed to meet the rapidly expanding demand for engineers with Bachelor’s Degree Doctoral or Professional strong design skills. Degree A four-year degree program that deals $102,450 $113,640 with the study of computer systems. Computer Engineer has two major Curriculum covers both software and specialties: hardware and develops the student's Computer Software Engineer ability to analyze computer systems, - Develop, design and test designs, construction of electronic software or construct, equipment and its peripherals. maintain computer networks, Computer Engineering Salaries in the programs for companies. Computer Science and Engineering Trend Philippines Creates computer interfaces, operating systems, new programs and applications such as desktops, smartphones, tablets. Computer Hardware - They research, develop and test hardware or computer equipment including chip-set, mainboard, etc. They ensure that their hardware works properly with the latest software technology.  Computer Engineering as a Discipline Compilation (Shit Edition) 2 Software Engineer vs Hardware Engineer engineers, or computer software - Work closely with engineers, depending on their industry development team in and area of specialization. supporting infrastructure requests Typical Job Duties and Responsibilities Computer Engineering requires Job opportunities for graduates of BS in individuals to function effectively within Computer Engineering graduates a team and for some projects, with 1. Software Engineer minimal supervision. - Design, develop, and maintain software Job Opportunities and Position applications. - Develop computer algorithms and advance systems 2. Systems Engineer - Design and develop scripts - Oversee and manage the and/or tools for integration installation, configuration, and deployments maintenance of hardware and - Maintain monitoring systems software systems. to ensure high availability - Create and maintain runbook, 3. Network Engineer technical and operational - Design, implement, and documents manage computer networks. - Research, develop and prototype advanced hardware 4. Embedded Systems Engineer and software technologies - Develop software for Computer Engineer Work and Roles - Apply machine learning to embedded systems used in They often land positions in computer vision problems devices like cars, appliances, enterprises as software engineers or - Conceive proof-of-concept and medical equipment. programmers, software developers, or prototypes project managers. Computer - Analyze and improve 5. Web Developer engineers benefit from a wide range of efficiency, scalability, and - Create and maintain industries employing their services, stability of various deployed websites, ensuring including computer manufactures, systems functionality, user experience, financial services, defense contractors, - Automation of provisioning of and aesthetics. consulting, manufacturing, consumer internal and cloud goods, transportation and more. infrastructure 6. Database Administrator - Design and develop scripts - Manage and maintain Computer engineers are also and tools for integration and databases, ensuring data sometimes referred to as IT engineers, deployments security, integrity, and system engineers, computer hardware availability.  Computer Engineering as a Discipline Compilation (Shit Edition) 3 7. Cybersecurity Analyst 14. Project Manager These positions can vary by industry, so it’s a - Protect an organization’s - Oversee technology projects, good idea for graduates to explore opportunities computer systems and coordinating teams and in fields such as healthcare, finance, education, networks from cyber threats. resources to meet deadlines or technology startups. Networking and and goals. internships can also enhance job prospects. 8. Cloud Solutions Architect - Design and manage cloud 15. Mobile App Developer List of BSCpE Elective based on Track of computing strategies and - Create applications for mobile Specialization infrastructure. devices, focusing on functionality and user 9. Data Scientist/Analyst experience. - Analyze and interpret complex data to help 16. Research and Development organizations make informed Engineer decisions. - Work on new technologies and innovations in computing 10. IT Consultant and engineering. - Advise organizations on how to use technology to meet 17. Machine Learning Engineer their business objectives. - Design and implement machine learning models and 11. Quality Assurance Engineer algorithms. - Ensure that software and systems are reliable, 18. Game Developer functional, and meet - Design and create video standards through testing. games across various platforms. 12. Hardware Engineer - Design and test computer 19. DevOps Engineer hardware components, such - Work on software as circuit boards and development and IT processors. operations, focusing on automation and improving 13. Technical Support Engineer deployment efficiency. - Provide assistance and support to customers and 20. System Analyst organizations regarding - Analyze and improve IT technology and software systems, providing solutions issues. to business problems.  Computer Engineering as a Discipline Compilation (Shit Edition) 4 - With his pioneering work, he 4. Donald Knuth paved the way for the - The American scientist who is creation of various software dubbed the 'Father of applications, embedded Algorithms'. system development, and new-age operating systems - He retired as a Professor like Windows and Linux. Emeritus from the prestigious 5 Greatest Computer Engineers of All Time Stanford University, and is 1. Tim Berners Lee - Ritchie passed away in 2011, known for his work in - A famous British computer and the Fedora Linux 16 was developing and systemising scientist, who created the released in his memory. formal mathematical World Wide Web or the techniques for the analysis of 'internet' 3. Linus Benedict Torvalds computational complexity of - A Finnish-American computer algorithms. - In November 1989, Lee and engineer, behind the his team successfully development of the Linux - His work has been implemented the first kernel. instrumental in advancing the communication between a field of theoretical computer Hypertext Transfer Protocol - Due to his immensely science, and popularising the (HTTP) client and a server, important contribution to the asymptotic notation. opening the gateway to project, he was later offered sharing information across the role of the project' chief 5. James Gosling the virtual world. architect and is currently the - An Officer of the Order of coordinator for the kernel Canada, James Arthur - For his achievement, Lee was project. Gosling is the creator of the awarded the Queen Elizabeth Java Programming Prize for Engineering and - In 2012, he was awarded the Language. inducted into the World Wide Millennium Technology Prize Web Hall Of Fame. by the Technology Academy - Since 1994, application Finland, in honour of the open developers have been using 2. Dennis Ritchie source operating system he Java and its 'write once, run - Known as the inventor of the helped develop. anywhere' (WORA) features C programming language to code for computer and and the UNIX operating - The driving force behind Android applications. system, Ritchie was a popular distribution version celebrated and oft-awarded control system Git, and computer engineer. Subsurface - a diving log software.  Computer Engineering as a Discipline Compilation (Shit Edition) 5 Innovation Trend Expectations and instructions and data. computational logic. Opportunities in Philippines CPU, Memory, Input/Output Herman Hollerith’s Punch Card System (1890) Hardware Components Overview - Used for the 1890 U.S. Central Processing Unit (CPU) Census, this mechanical Memory: RAM, ROM, Cache system automated the Storage Devices (HDD, SSD, NVMe) processing of data using Peripherals and I/O Devices punched cards. Hollerith’s Global Trend Computer Engineering Market (Keyboard, Mouse, Display) work laid the foundation for Power Supply, Motherboard the future of data processing and led to the formation of Module 3 - Evolution of Computing Systems IBM. and Processors 1. Early Mechanical Computers (Pre-1940s) 2. The First Generation: Vacuum Tube The first computing devices were mechanical Computers (1940s-1950s) systems designed to perform simple arithmetic The first electronic computers used vacuum Module 2 - Computer Hardware or store data. These include: tubes as their primary components for Fundamentals Abacus (circa 2500 BC) computation. These computers were large, - The earliest known computing power-hungry, and unreliable but marked a Basic Computer Architecture device, which allowed users significant leap forward in computational power. Von Neumann vs. Harvard to perform basic arithmetic Notable systems include: Architecture operations by sliding beads ENIAC (Electronic Numerical - Von Neumann Architecture along wires. Integrator and Computer) refers to a computer - Built in 1945, it is considered architecture based on the Charles Babbage’s Analytical the first general-purpose design proposed by Engine (1837) electronic digital computer. mathematician and physicist - Often considered the ENIAC used approximately John Von Neumann in 1945. precursor to modern 17,000 vacuum tubes and It consists of a processing computers, Babbage’s design could perform complex unit, a control unit, and a for the Analytical Engine calculations much faster than memory to store data and introduced concepts like the its mechanical predecessors. instructions. CPU and memory. Though never fully built, the engine UNIVAC I (1951) - Harvard Architecture refers was capable of conditional - Developed by the same team to a computer architecture branching and loops, that built ENIAC, UNIVAC I with separate storage and resembling modern was the first commercially signal pathways for available computer in the  Computer Engineering as a Discipline Compilation (Shit Edition) 6 United States. It gained fame DEC PDP-1 (1960) IBM System/360 (1964) for correctly predicting the - Known for being an - One of the first computers to outcome of the 1952 U.S. interactive system, the PDP-1 use IC technology, the presidential election. introduced concepts such as System/360 was notable for the time-sharing system, its ability to run various Processor Characteristics: which allowed multiple users software programs on the Vacuum Tubes to use a single computer same machine, a concept - These were large and fragile, simultaneously. known as backward leading to frequent failures. compatibility. They worked by controlling Processor Characteristics: electric current between Transistors Intel 4004 (1971) electrodes in a vacuum. - Smaller, more reliable, and - The first commercially much more energy-efficient available microprocessor, the Clock Speeds than vacuum tubes, Intel 4004, packed 2,300 - Early vacuum tube computers transistors significantly transistors on a single chip had relatively slow clock reduced the size of and could perform 60,000 speeds, measured in kilohertz computers. operations per second. (KHz). Performance Improvement Processor Characteristics: Storage - Transistor-based processors Integrated Circuits - Used punch cards and operated at megahertz (MHz) - The use of ICs allowed for far magnetic drums for storage. speeds, far surpassing more transistors to be packed vacuum tube systems. onto a single chip, drastically 3. The Second Generation: Transistor increasing computational Computers (1950s-1960s) Storage power and reducing costs. The invention of the transistor at Bell Labs in - Used magnetic core memory, 1947 by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and which allowed for faster Microprocessors William Shockley revolutionized computing. By access and higher capacity. - The introduction of the 1950s, transistors began replacing vacuum microprocessors like the Intel tubes in computers. 4. The Third Generation: Integrated Circuit 4004 marked the beginning of IBM 1401 (1959) (IC) Computers (1960s-1970s) modern processor design. - One of the most popular The development of Integrated Circuits (ICs), computers of its era, the IBM or microchips, during the 1960s allowed for the Speed 1401 used transistors instead integration of thousands of transistors on a - Processors in this era of vacuum tubes, making it single silicon chip. This innovation drastically operated at megahertz smaller, more reliable, and reduced the size and cost of computers while speeds, with much greater faster. improving performance. reliability than previous generations.  Computer Engineering as a Discipline Compilation (Shit Edition) 7 Storage widespread adoption of architecture, allowing - Introduction of magnetic disks computers in homes and multiple instructions to be as a primary storage device, offices. processed simultaneously. improving capacity and access times. Processor Characteristics: AMD Athlon and Intel Core Series Microprocessors (2000s) 5. The Fourth Generation: - Processors were now - These processors brought Microprocessor-Based Systems integrated onto a single chip. multi-core technology to the (1970s-1980s) Early processors had limited mainstream. Instead of The 1970s saw the rise of speed and could only handle increasing clock speeds, microprocessors—single-chip CPUs that simple instructions, but their processors began adding became the foundation for personal computers architecture set the stage for more cores, allowing for (PCs). The microprocessor revolutionized future advancements. parallel processing and computing, making it accessible to individuals significant improvements in and small businesses. Clock Speeds multitasking. Intel 8080 (1974) - Processors reached speeds - The Intel 8080 was one of the of up to several megahertz Apple M1 Chip (2020) first commercially successful (MHz). - Apple’s introduction of the M1 microprocessors. It powered chip marked a major shift in early personal computers like Storage processor architecture. Built the Altair 8800, a precursor - The floppy disk was on the ARM architecture, it to modern PCs. introduced, allowing for integrated the CPU, GPU, portable data storage and and memory into a single Apple II (1977) transfer. system-on-a-chip (SoC), - Apple’s introduction of the significantly improving energy Apple II marked a key 6. The Fifth Generation: Rise of Multi-Core efficiency and performance. moment in the personal and Parallel Processing (1990s-Present) computing revolution. The late 20th and early 21st centuries saw Processor Characteristics: Powered by a 1 MHz MOS exponential growth in processor speed and Multi-Core Architecture Technology 6502 processor, capabilities, leading to innovations like - Modern processors feature the Apple II was one of the multi-core processors, parallel processing, multiple cores on a single first mass-produced personal and quantum computing. chip, allowing for parallel computers. Intel Pentium Series (1993) processing and more efficient - The Pentium series was a multitasking. IBM PC (1981) milestone in the evolution of - Powered by the Intel 8088 consumer processors, with Increased Clock Speeds processor, the IBM PC set a clock speeds reaching - While clock speed standard for personal hundreds of MHz. It improvements have slowed computing and led to the introduced the superscalar due to physical limitations  Computer Engineering as a Discipline Compilation (Shit Edition) 8 (e.g., heat), processors now Key Characteristics: environments (like medical operate at gigahertz (GHz) Task-Specific devices or aerospace speeds. - Embedded systems are systems), they must be highly designed for a specific task. reliable and stable over long Quantum Computing For example, an embedded periods. - Though still in its infancy, system in a washing machine quantum computing only controls the washing 2. Components of an Embedded System represents the next frontier, process. An embedded system typically comprises promising to solve complex several key components: problems that are currently Real-Time Operation beyond the reach of classical - Many embedded systems are Hardware Components computers. real-time systems, meaning Microcontroller (MCU) or they must process data and Microprocessor (MPU) Module 4 - Introduction to Embedded respond within a strict time - The central processing unit Systems frame. This is crucial in (CPU) in an embedded applications like automotive system is usually a Introduction to Embedded Systems systems, where delays could microcontroller or An embedded system is a specialized lead to failures. microprocessor. A computing system designed to perform microcontroller, like the ARM dedicated functions, often within larger systems. Resource Constraints Cortex-M series, integrates a Unlike general-purpose computers, which can - Embedded systems often CPU, memory, and run a variety of software programs, embedded operate with limited input/output (I/O) interfaces systems are optimized to perform specific tasks, resources, such as memory, on a single chip. typically with real-time constraints. They are processing power, and Microprocessors like the Intel integrated into a wide range of devices, from energy. Optimizing the Atom may also be used in consumer electronics like smartphones to system’s performance within more complex embedded industrial machines and medical equipment. these constraints is crucial. systems. 1. Definition and Characteristics Low Power Consumption Memory An embedded system is a combination of - Many embedded systems are - Embedded systems typically hardware and software designed to perform a designed to be have a combination of specific function or set of functions. The system energy-efficient, especially in read-only memory (ROM) typically operates within a broader mechanical battery-powered devices like for storing the operating or electrical system and interacts with the smartphones or medical software and external environment through sensors and implants. random-access memory actuators. (RAM) for temporary data Reliability and Stability storage - Because embedded systems often operate in critical  Computer Engineering as a Discipline Compilation (Shit Edition) 9 Input/Output Interfaces handle real-time constraints. players tolerate - Embedded systems interact Examples include FreeRTOS occasional delays. with the external world via and VxWorks. sensors (inputs) and Standalone Embedded Systems actuators or displays Device Drivers - These systems can function (outputs). Examples include a - Software that allows the independently without temperature sensor in a embedded system to external control. Examples smart thermostat or a display communicate with hardware include digital cameras and in a digital camera. peripherals like sensors, washing machines. actuators, and Timers and Counters communication modules. Networked Embedded Systems - : Embedded systems often - These systems are include built-in timers to keep 3. Types of Embedded Systems connected to a network, often track of operations, manage Embedded systems can be classified based on as part of the Internet of delays, and handle real-time various factors, such as performance, Things (IoT). Examples tasks. complexity, and application. The most common include smart thermostats types include: and home automation Power Supply systems. - Embedded systems often Based on Performance and Functional require energy-efficient power Requirements Mobile Embedded Systems sources, such as batteries or Real-Time Embedded Systems - Embedded systems designed renewable energy in IoT - These systems must respond for portability, such as (Internet of Things) devices. to inputs or events within a smartphones, wearable specified time frame. They devices, and tablets. They Software Components can be further divided into: are optimized for low power Firmware consumption. - Firmware is the specialized - Hard Real-Time Systems software written for the + Require a strict Based on Complexity embedded system, stored in time-bound Small-Scale Embedded Systems non-volatile memory (like response, as in - These systems use 8-bit or flash memory). It defines how pacemakers or 16-bit microcontrollers, have the system operates and automotive control simple functionalities, and are interacts with its hardware systems. relatively inexpensive. An components. example is an embedded - Soft Real-Time Systems system in a home appliance. Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) + Allow for some - Many embedded systems use flexibility in timing. Medium-Scale Embedded Systems an RTOS to manage tasks, For example, - These systems use 16-bit or prioritize processes, and streaming media 32-bit microcontrollers and  Computer Engineering as a Discipline Compilation (Shit Edition) 10 are more complex. They are Automotive Heart Rate Monitors found in industrial automation Anti-lock Braking Systems (ABS) - Continuously track heart rate or automotive applications. - Embedded systems control and alert patients to braking pressure to prevent irregularities. Large-Scale Embedded Systems wheels from locking during - These systems use emergency stops. Insulin Pumps high-performance processors, - Automatically adjust and multiple interfaces, and an Infotainment Systems deliver insulin doses for RTOS. They are found in - Modern vehicles include diabetes management. applications like air traffic embedded systems to control or autonomous manage entertainment, MRI Machines vehicles. navigation, and - Embedded systems control communication functions. imaging processes and 4. Applications of Embedded Systems patient diagnostics in Embedded systems are present in almost every Engine Control Units (ECU) complex medical equipment. sector of modern technology. Some notable - Manages engine functions applications include: like fuel injection, emission Industrial Automation controls, and performance Robotics Consumer Electronics optimization. - Embedded systems control Smartphones the movement and actions of - Embedded systems manage Airbags industrial robots in assembly tasks like processing user - Embedded systems detect lines. inputs, controlling cameras, collisions and deploy airbags and handling instantly for passenger safety. Process Control communications. - Systems that monitor and GPS Navigation Systems control industrial processes Smart Home Devices - Provide real-time location (e.g., temperature regulation) - Thermostats, security tracking and directions. are embedded in many systems, and smart lighting factories. all use embedded systems for Healthcare automation and remote Medical Devices Aerospace control. - Embedded systems are used Flight Control Systems Digital Cameras in devices like pacemakers, - Aircraft rely on embedded - Image processing, focus, and insulin pumps, and MRI systems to manage exposure settings are machines, where real-time navigation, engine control, controlled by embedded processing is critical. and safety systems. systems.  Computer Engineering as a Discipline Compilation (Shit Edition) 1 Satellites swiftly. data breaches. - Use embedded systems to manage communications, Barcode Scanners Scalability and Cost data collection, and position - Embedded systems enable - Designers must balance adjustments. the fast identification and performance with cost, processing of products at ensuring that the embedded Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) checkout. system is affordable for its - Embedded systems control intended market while drone flight, navigation, and 5. Design Challenges in Embedded Systems meeting the necessary camera operation. Embedded systems often come with unique functional requirements. Telecommunications design challenges, especially compared to Routers and Modems general-purpose computers: 6. Trends in Embedded Systems - Manage internet connectivity Power Efficiency Several trends are shaping the future of and data traffic for homes and - Many embedded systems, embedded systems: businesses. especially those used in mobile and IoT devices, must Internet of Things (IoT) Base Stations operate on limited power - The rise of IoT has led to an - Control wireless sources such as batteries, explosion in networked communications and signal requiring energy-efficient embedded systems that transmission in mobile designs. collect, transmit, and process networks. data. Smart homes, smart Real-Time Constraints cities, and industrial IoT are Transportation - Meeting strict timing key areas of growth. Traffic Lights requirements, especially in - Use embedded systems to real-time systems, is crucial. Edge Computing control traffic flow and timing Delays or failures in timing - Instead of sending all data to based on real-time data. can result in malfunctioning or centralized cloud servers for catastrophic results (e.g., in processing, edge computing Train Control Systems medical devices or allows embedded systems to - Automatically manage train automotive systems). process data locally, reducing speeds, braking, and signal latency and bandwidth usage. systems for safe operations. Security - As embedded systems AI and Machine Learning Retail Systems become increasingly - Embedded systems are Point-of-Sale (POS) Systems connected, security concerns increasingly incorporating - Embedded systems in cash become critical, particularly in artificial intelligence (AI) to registers and credit card IoT devices that are perform tasks like image machines process susceptible to hacking and recognition and natural transactions securely and language processing. This is  Computer Engineering as a Discipline Compilation (Shit Edition) 12 evident in smart devices like embedded systems. voice assistants (e.g., Microcontrollers (MCUs) are a specific type of Amazon Alexa). Testing Engineer digital integrated circuit that integrates a - Ensures that embedded processor, memory, and input/output (I/O) Wearable Technology systems work reliably and peripherals on a single chip. Microcontrollers - Embedded systems are efficiently. are designed to perform specific control playing a pivotal role in the functions in embedded systems. They are development of health and Module 5 - Overview of Integrated Circuits widely used in various applications, including fitness tracking devices, and Microcontrollers automotive systems, industrial automation, augmented reality glasses, consumer electronics, and home appliances. and other wearable tech. Overview of Integrated Circuits and Microcontrollers Key features of microcontrollers include: Energy Harvesting Integrated Circuits (ICs) are essential Processor (CPU) - For IoT devices, energy components of modern electronics. An - The central processing unit harvesting from sources like integrated circuit is a semiconductor device that that executes instructions. solar power or kinetic energy contains multiple electronic components, such is an emerging trend to power as transistors, diodes, resistors, and capacitors, Memory embedded systems all miniaturized and interconnected on a single - Includes both volatile memory sustainably. chip. These components work together to (RAM) for temporary data perform a specific function, making ICs the storage and non-volatile 7. Career Opportunities in Embedded backbone of virtually all modern electronic memory (flash/EEPROM) for Systems (Added from Overview) devices, from computers to smartphones. storing the program code. Embedded System Developer - Design and implement ICs can be classified into various types based I/O Ports embedded software. on their functions, such as: - Allow the microcontroller to Analog ICs interact with external devices Firmware Engineer - Process continuous signals such as sensors, motors, and - Focuses on low-level (e.g., amplifiers, voltage displays. programming and regulators). optimization. Timers/Counters Digital ICs - Essential for handling IoT Developer - Handle digital signals (e.g., real-time tasks. - Specializes in embedded microprocessors, memory systems for Internet of Things chips). Communication Interfaces devices. - Support protocols like UART, Mixed-Signal ICs SPI, and I2C for data System Architect - Handle both analog and exchange with other devices. - Designs the hardware and digital signals (e.g., software architecture for analog-to-digital converters).  Computer Engineering as a Discipline Compilation (Shit Edition) 13 Microcontrollers are often used in applications Deployment Levels of Programming where cost, power consumption, and size are - Making the software available Low-Level Programming critical. Popular microcontroller families include for use. - Close to hardware (e.g., the ARM Cortex-M series, Atmel AVR (used Assembly, C). in Arduino), and PIC microcontrollers from Maintenance Microchip Technology. - Updating and fixing the High-Level Programming software over time. - More abstract, dealing with Module 6-7 - Software Engineering in Tools Used in Software Development logic and operations (e.g., Computer Engineering IDEs (Integrated Development Python, Java). Environments) I. Introduction to Software Development in - Tools like Visual Studio, Application of Programming in System Computer Engineering Eclipse Design Operating Systems Development Software Development Version Control Systems - Operating systems like Linux Software development involves - Git for tracking changes in and Windows are built using creating, designing, testing, and code. low-level programming. maintaining software programs or applications. Programming Languages System Performance In Computer Engineering, software - C, C++, Python, Java - Efficient code can lead to development is crucial for building faster and more reliable systems, applications, and embedded II. Role of Programming in Computer systems. systems. Systems Design III. Overview of Operating Systems and Their Key Phases of Software Development Programming as the Backbone of Computer Functions Requirement Analysis Systems - Understanding what the Programming is essential for defining Operating System (OS) software must do. the behavior of a system and A system software that manages automating tasks. hardware and software resources and Design provides common services for - Structuring how the software Embedded Systems computer programs. will work. - Microcontrollers rely on software programming to Key Functions of Operating Systems Implementation (Coding) control operations in devices Process Management - Writing the actual code. (e.g., sensors, actuators). - Manages the execution of processes Testing - Ensuring the software functions as expected.  Computer Engineering as a Discipline Compilation (Shit Edition) 14 Memory Management Software is a set of instructions or Module 8-9 - Networking and - Allocates and deallocates code that tells the hardware how to Communication Systems memory to programs. perform tasks. It includes operating systems, applications, and embedded Computer Network File System Management programs. A computer network is a group of - Organizes and stores files on interconnected devices that share storage devices. Comparison resources and data using Hardware is tangible, while software communication protocols Device Management is intangible. - Controls peripherals like Networks range from local area printers, keyboards, and Hardware performs mechanical and networks (LANs), which cover small monitors electronic tasks, while software geographical areas, to wide area executes logical operations. networks (WANs), such as the Security and Access Control Internet, which span the globe. - Ensures data privacy and Software can be updated easily restricts unauthorized access. without changing the physical system, Internet whereas hardware may need to be The Internet is the world’s largest Types of Operating Systems replaced for upgrades. public WAN, connecting billions of Real-Time OS (RTOS) devices worldwide using the TCP/IP - Used in embedded systems Integration in System Design protocol. where timely execution is Computer systems require both It enables the use of services such as critical (e.g., automotive hardware and software to function email, web browsing, cloud storage, systems). effectively. and more. General-Purpose OS Hardware without software is Key Components - For personal computers (e.g., non-functional, while software Routers Windows, macOS, Linux). without hardware has no medium to - Forward data between execute its instructions. networks. IV. Software vs. Hardware in System Design Embedded Systems Switches Hardware - Often, software is embedded - Connect devices within a Hardware refers to the physical directly into the hardware network. components of a computer system, (firmware), making them such as the processor (CPU), memory highly interdependent. Servers (RAM), storage (HDD/SSD), and - Provide resources to other peripherals. devices. Software  Computer Engineering as a Discipline Compilation (Shit Edition) 15 II. Basics of Data Communication and Distributed Systems Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular Network Topologies Distributed computing allows networks (e.g., 4G, 5G) are common multiple computers to work together, wireless technologies. Data Communication splitting complex tasks across a Data communication refers to the network (e.g., cloud computing). Advantages transfer of data between devices via a - Flexibility, ease of installation, communication medium (e.g., copper Network Security and mobility wires, fiber optics, wireless signals). Networking plays a critical role in computer security, with protocols like Disadvantages Key Elements: firewalls and VPNs ensuring safe - Susceptible to interference, - Sender data transmission. lower speeds compared to + Device that wired networks. transmits data. Internet of Things (IoT) Networking enables the IoT, where Emerging Networking Technologies - Receiver interconnected smart devices 5G Networks + Device that receives communicate with each other, - High-speed mobile networks the data providing innovations in healthcare, offer faster data transmission transportation, and industrial and low latency. automation. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) - Transmission Medium IV. Wired vs. Wireless Networks and - Provides centralized control + Path through which Emerging Technologies over the network through data travels (e.g., software, improving flexibility cables, air). Wired Networks and management. Wired networks use physical cables - Protocol (e.g., Ethernet) to connect devices. Network Function Virtualization + Set of rules for data (NFV) transmission (e.g., Advantages - Allows network functions TCP/IP, HTTP). - High reliability, faster speeds, (e.g., firewalls, routers) to be and security. virtualized, reducing the need III. Role of Networking in Modern Computer for dedicated hardware. Engineering Disadvantages - Limited mobility and higher Module 10-11 - Emerging Trends in Enabling Communication installation costs. Computer Engineering Networking is crucial for communication between devices, Wireless Networks Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine enabling systems to exchange data Wireless networks use radio waves to Learning (ML) Applications in Computer and share resources such as printers, transmit data, enabling mobility. Engineering servers, and storage devices.  Computer Engineering as a Discipline Compilation (Shit Edition) 16 Introduction to AI and ML AI in Healthcare Types of Cloud Services - AI models assist in IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) Artificial Intelligence (AI) diagnosing diseases and - Offers virtualized computing refers to the simulation of human personalizing patient care. resources (e.g., AWS EC2). intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and learn. It II. Role of Big Data and Cloud Computing PaaS (Platform as a Service) allows systems to perform tasks such - Provides platforms for as speech recognition, Big Data developing and deploying decision-making, and visual Refers to the large volumes of applications (e.g., Google perception. structured and unstructured data App Engine). generated by various sources, such as Machine Learning (ML) social media, sensors, and transaction SaaS (Software as a Service) is a subset of AI, focusing on enabling logs. - Delivers software applications machines to learn from data without over the internet (e.g., Gmail, being explicitly programmed. ML Characteristics of Big Data Dropbox). algorithms improve automatically as Volume they are exposed to more data. - Large amount of data. Applications in Computer Engineering Data Analytics - Big data analytics helps in Applications of AI and ML in Computer Velocity extracting useful insights from Engineering - Speed at which data is large datasets, driving Autonomous Vehicles generated and processed. innovation in sectors like - AI is critical in self-driving healthcare, finance, and cars, allowing them to Variety marketing. perceive the environment and - Different types of data (e.g., make driving decisions. text, video, images). Cloud-Based Development - Engineers use cloud Speech and Image Recognition Cloud Computing platforms for software - ML models, such as neural Cloud computing provides development, collaborative networks, are used to on-demand computing services coding, and scalable identify objects in images and (storage, processing power, and deployment of applications. convert speech to text. networking) over the internet, enabling flexible resource allocation without III. IoT (Internet of Things) and Its Impact on Predictive Maintenance needing physical infrastructure. Society - AI systems are used in industrial automation to Internet of Things (IoT) predict equipment failures Refers to the network of physical and reduce downtime. devices, vehicles, home appliances, and other items embedded with  Computer Engineering as a Discipline Compilation (Shit Edition) 17 sensors, software, and connectivity IV. Robotics and Automation Autonomous Drones that allows them to collect and Robotics - Used for surveillance, exchange data. Robotics involves the design, delivery, and industrial construction, and operation of robots, inspections. IoT allows everyday objects to be which are programmable machines connected to the internet and interact capable of performing tasks Module 12-13 - Technopreneurship in with the world in intelligent ways. autonomously or semi-autonomously. Computer Engineering Impact of IoT on Society Robots are used in various fields, Technopreneurship Smart Homes including manufacturing, healthcare, Technopreneurship refers to - Devices like thermostats, exploration, and domestic services. entrepreneurship within the technology security cameras, and sector. It involves combining refrigerators are connected Automation in Computer Engineering technological expertise with business and controlled remotely via Automation acumen to create innovative products smartphones. - refers to using control or services. systems, such as computers Smart Cities or robots, to handle tasks with Technopreneurs - IoT enables cities to monitor minimal human intervention. These are individuals who identify traffic, manage waste, and technological gaps or needs and optimize energy use through Examples of automation include create solutions by building companies connected sensors. assembly lines in factories, or launching startups. In Computer automated testing in software Engineering, this often involves development, and data entry innovations in software, hardware, Healthcare automation. networking, or AI. - Wearable devices monitor Why Technopreneurship Matters vital signs, improving patient Impact on the Workforce Economic Growth care by providing real-time While robotics and automation - Technology-driven data to healthcare increase efficiency and reduce costs, businesses are often professionals they also raise concerns about job high-growth ventures that displacement in industries that rely create jobs and drive Security and Privacy Concerns heavily on manual labor. economic development. With more devices connected to the internet, security vulnerabilities and Emerging Trend Innovation data privacy issues have increased, Collaborative Robots (Cobots) - Technopreneurship is a key requiring robust solutions to protect - Robots designed to work driver of innovation, pushing sensitive data. alongside humans in boundaries in emerging fields factories. like AI, IoT, and machine learning. -  Computer Engineering as a Discipline Compilation (Shit Edition) 18 Examples - (e.g., Amazon, Shopify). - (e.g., Tesla’s electric cars). - Startups in cloud computing or blockchain technology Platform Models Process Innovation often start with a - These connect different user - Improved methods of technopreneur identifying a groups, such as buyers and production or delivery problem, then creating a sellers (e.g., Uber, Airbnb), - (e.g., Amazon’s automated technical solution and earning revenue through warehouses) building a business around it transaction fees or (e.g., Dropbox, Ethereum). advertising. Business Model Innovation - Introducing a new way to II. Business Models in the Technology Revenue Streams in Tech generate revenue or reach Industry Subscription customers - Regular income from users - (e.g., Netflix shifting from Business Model who subscribe to a service DVDs to streaming). Describes how a company creates, - (e.g., Netflix). delivers, and captures value. In the The Startup Ecosystem tech industry, different models cater to Transaction Fees Startup Culture different products, services, and - Small fees from each Startups are small, fast-moving customer needs. transaction, often used by companies focused on bringing platforms innovative solutions to market. They Common Business Models in Technology - (e.g., PayPal, eBay). often operate in dynamic environments SaaS (Software as a Service) where flexibility and rapid iteration are - Companies provide software Advertising critical. to customers over the internet - Companies generate revenue on a subscription basis by displaying ads to users Key Elements of Startup Culture - (e.g., Microsoft 365, - (e.g., Google, Facebook). Agility Salesforce). - Startups must adapt quickly III. Innovation and Startup Culture to market demands or Freemium technological changes. - Basic services are provided The Role of Innovation in Tech for free, but users can pay for Innovation Risk-taking premium features Innovation involves developing new - Entrepreneurs must be willing - (e.g., Spotify, LinkedIn). ideas, products, or processes that to take calculated risks to solve existing problems in novel ways. succeed in a competitive E-commerce market. - Companies sell products or Types of Innovation services directly to Product Innovation consumers online - New or improved products  Computer Engineering as a Discipline Compilation (Shit Edition) 19 Collaboration SpaceX) and Bill Gates Module 14-15 - Ethics and Professional - Teams often work in open, (Microsoft). Responsibility collaborative environments that foster creativity Collaboration Between Engineers and Ethical Issues in Computing and Business Leaders Engineering Challenges for Startups Engineers work closely with business Funding teams to ensure that technological Introduction to Ethics in Computing - Raising capital is one of the solutions align with market needs. Ethics biggest challenges. Many rely They must understand both the - Refers to a set of moral on venture capital, angel technical aspects and the business principles that govern investors, or crowdfunding. implications of their work. behavior. In the field of computing and engineering, it Competition Skillsets Engineers Bring to the Table involves making decisions - The technology sector is Problem-solving that protect public safety, highly competitive, and - Engineers are trained to privacy, and welfare. companies must differentiate approach problems themselves through unique methodically, using data and Ethical concerns arise from the impact value propositions. logic to find solutions. of technology on society and the environment IV. Role of Engineers in Technology-Driven Innovation Businesses - Their deep understanding of Common Ethical Issues in Computing technology enables them to Privacy and Data Security Engineers as Innovators push the boundaries of what - Engineers must ensure that Engineers are often at the core of is possible. personal data is handled technological innovation. Their securely, protecting users technical expertise allows them to Leadership in Tech Companies from breaches and misuse solve complex problems and develop - Many engineers take on new solutions in fields like software leadership roles in technology Artificial Intelligence (AI) and development, hardware design, and companies, guiding teams Automation network systems. through product development - Ethical concerns about job and innovation displacement, Entrepreneurial Engineers - (e.g., Sundar Pichai at decision-making by AI, and - Many engineers become Google). the potential for bias in AI technopreneurs, starting systems. companies that focus on Ethical Responsibilities technology-based products or Engineers must also be aware of their Cybersecurity services. Famous examples ethical responsibilities, ensuring that - Ethical responsibilities in include Elon Musk (Tesla, their innovations do not harm society designing secure systems to or the environment. prevent hacking, data theft,  Computer Engineering as a Discipline Compilation (Shit Edition) 20 and cyberattacks. - Focusing on the moral - Legal frameworks that dictate character of individuals rather how software can be used, Environmental Impact than rules or consequences. distributed, or modified (e.g., - The sustainability of open-source vs. proprietary computing systems, Professional Codes of Ethics software). especially with the rising Organizations like the IEEE (Institute energy demands of data of Electrical and Electronics Cybercrime and Digital Laws centers and electronic waste. Engineers) and the ACM - Laws addressing online (Association for Computing activities such as hacking, Examples of Ethical Dilemmas Machinery) have established codes of identity theft, and the Case Study ethics to guide engineers in making distribution of malicious - The Cambridge Analytica ethical decisions software. scandal, where unethica