Science Focus 8 Unit 5 Fresh and Salt Systems Study Guide PDF

Science Focus 8 – Unit 5 Fresh and Salt Systems Study Guide SCIENCE Name: ________________________ FOCUS 8 UNIT 5 Fresh and Salt Systems Topic 1 Vocabulary CONCEPT DEFINITION Hard water Water that has a high mineral content Soft water Water that is...

Science Focus 8 – Unit 5 Fresh and Salt Systems Study Guide SCIENCE Name: ________________________ FOCUS 8 UNIT 5 Fresh and Salt Systems Topic 1 Vocabulary CONCEPT DEFINITION Hard water Water that has a high mineral content Soft water Water that is free from dissolved salts Water cycle The continuous movement of water within the Earth and atmosphere Water quantity Volume or mass of water that is on Earth Water quality Characteristics of water that render the water safe or not 1. The key to life is water 2. Most of the water on Earth is (also give the percentage) Salt 97% 3. We rely on fresh water such as glaciers, underground water, lakes, rivers. 4. How does your body give off water? urine, sweat, saliva 5. What supplies the energy for the water cycle? The Sun 6. What percentage of the water on Earth is fresh water? 3 % 7. How much of the fresh water on Earth is solid (frozen)? 2% 8. Most of the liquid form of fresh water is located underground 9. Fresh water on the surface is found in lakes and rivers 10. Water is used for (You should have many examples: Human use, industrial use, agriculture) 11. Our activities with water add chemicals and salts 12. Water management involves using the water we have available and cleaning it in sustainable ways so that we always have water to use. 13. To properly manage water we need to use water responsibly and clean water that has been used. 1 Science Focus 8 – Unit 5 Fresh and Salt Systems Study Guide Topic 2 Vocabulary CONCEPT DEFINITION Glacier A slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow on mountains or near the poles. Ice cap A covering of ice over a large area, especially on the polar region of a planet. Valley glacier Massive ice landforms that develop at the head of a valley (in between mountains) Continental glacier Continuous masses of ice that are much larger than alpine glaciers and found on flat land Crevasse A deep open crack, especially one in a glacier. Icebergs A large floating mass of ice detached from a glacier or ice sheet and carried out to sea. striations Scratches or gouges cut into bedrock by glacial erosion Cirques Bowl-shaped, amphitheater-like depressions that glaciers carve into mountains and valley sidewalls at high elevations Arête A sharp mountain ridge. Till Unsorted glacial sediment Moraine Material left behind by a moving glacier making a hill Esker Ridges made of sands and gravels, deposited by glacial meltwater Meltwater The water generated from the melting of snow and ice in glaciers catchments Ice ages A long period of reduction in the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. 1. Large masses of compressed snow and ice exist as glaciers 2. What is a polar ice cap? A high-latitude region covered in ice 3. Explain how a glacier forms: When snow remains in the same area year round, where enough snow accumulates to transform into ice. Each year, new layers of snow bury and compress the previous layers. This compression forces the snow to recrystallize, initially forming grains similar to the size and shape of sugar grains. 4. Where do continental glaciers form Flat land near the poles 5. Explain why and how glaciers move The ice inside the glacier moves very slowly as gravity pulls the glacier down the mountain slope, which causes stretching and cracks to develop in the glacier ice 6. What is happening when a glacier “retreats”? The process where glaciers lose more snow and ice through melting than they gain, leading to a reduction in their size and mass. 2 Science Focus 8 – Unit 5 Fresh and Salt Systems Study Guide 7. What is happening when a glacier “advances”? The process where glaciers gain more snow and ice than they lose, leading to an increase in their size and mass. 8. What is an iceberg and what is the process called that produces icebergs? A large floating mass of ice detached from a glacier or ice sheet and carried out to sea. Calving is the process that breaks chunks off of glaciers. 9. How do glaciers move rocks? As glaciers advance and retreat they erode rocks and carry them around depositing them in other areas. Rocks covered by glaciers can also break apart when water enters through pores in the rocks and expands. 10. What happens when glaciers begin to melt? They deposit their till and retreat. In extreme situations, global warming increases and sea levels rise and change salinity. 11. Ridges of till are called Moraines 12. How is an esker formed? Glacier meltwater underneath glaciers or during a glacial retreat. 13. Why are icefields, and glaciers important? They give nutrients to lakes and rivers, they are a large part of the water cycle, they are the largest soft water source in the world, and they protect our planet from overheating. 14. What are the five hypotheses suggested as possible causes of the start of an ice age. Occasional drops in solar activity. Increase of volcanic activity Period of mountain formation. More snow stays and reflects sunlight. Movement of the tectonic plates. This can cause the currents of the ocean to change which can drastically affect the temperature and climate. A change in the inclination of the Earth ( It is 23.4° now) 15. What is the greenhouse effect and how does it influence global warming? Increased temperatures caused by gasses in our atmosphere that don’t let heat escape. Carbon dioxide is the most common greenhouse gas. The more gasses present the more our planet's temperature increases. 16. What may happen if the Earth’s mean surface temperature continues to rise? Natural disasters increase, limited resources available, destruction of biodiversity. 3 Science Focus 8 – Unit 5 Fresh and Salt Systems Study Guide Topic 3 Vocabulary CONCEPT DEFINITION Surface water Water found on the surface of the planet. Groundwater Water held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices in rock. Lake A large body of water that is surrounded by land that sunlight can’t reach the bottom. Pond A small body of water that is surrounded by land that sunlight can reach the bottom. Clarity How much material is in suspension in the water. Streams Small source of water that flows quickly Rivers Big source of water that flows slowly Watershed Area of land that channels rainfall, snowmelt, and runoff into a common body of water. Run-off The draining away of water (or substances carried in it) from the surface of an area of land Erosion Action of surface processes that removes soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust and then transports it to another location where it is deposited. Deposition The laying down of sediment carried by wind, flowing water, the sea or ice. Streamflow Output of water of a drainage basin. Permeable Material or membrane) allowing liquids or gases to pass through it. Impermeable Material or membrane) allowing liquids or gases to pass through it. Aquifer System of water flowing through porous rock. Water table Layer of porous rock in which all pores are full of water. Contamination Substance that has been polluted by natural or artificial substances that affects the quality. Point sources Pollution from small defined area Non-point sources Pollutant comes from a wide area Flood plain An area of low ground adjacent to a river, formed mainly of river sediments and subject to flooding. 1. How are lakes and ponds similar and different? Both are bodies of fresh water surrounded by land. Difference is their depth. 2. How does clarity affect a water body? It affects the ability of sunlight to penetrate to the bottom and for organisms to have visibility. 3. What are the characteristics that both rivers and streams share? They both flow and transport nutrients. 4. No matter where a raindrop lands, it will drain into a larger source of water, eventually the ocean 4 Science Focus 8 – Unit 5 Fresh and Salt Systems Study Guide 5. The two main water drainage areas in North America are separated by Mountains 6. How do landforms affect a watershed? They change the direction and location of where the water will end up. 7. How do plants and their roots help prevent erosion? They provide stability to the soil so it doesn’t get displaced. 8. What determines how a river shapes the landscape? The speed of flow and the volume of liquid being displaced. The output of the river. 9. How can erosion problems related to rivers be dealt with? Planting vegetation Deflector logs Reinforced banks Drop dams Rip-rap Reinforced high water floodway 10. How does groundwater move through rock? Water gets into the pores of rocks and flows slowly. 11. What is meant by the water table? Layer of porous rock in which all pores are full of water. 12. How do underground aquifers become depleted? We use them as our main water source and they take too long to refill. 13. How can groundwater become contaminated? Uncontrolled pollution that leaches into the ground into the water. Oil, gas stations, factories, septic tanks. 14. What are point and non-point sources of contamination? Point source comes from a known defined location, non-point source comes from a wide area that is unknown, typically transported by wind. 15. What is the usual cause of floods? Accumulation of water due to rain and/or snowmelt that accumulates faster than soils can absorb it or rivers can carry it away. 5 Science Focus 8 – Unit 5 Fresh and Salt Systems Study Guide Topic 4 Vocabulary CONCEPT DEFINITION Salinity Quantity of salt dissolved in a liquid. Ocean ridges Long mountain range under the ocean. The youngest landforms under the water. Trenches Underwater canyons. The deepest trench (Mariana’s Trench) is 11 km under sea level. Abyssal plains Flat region under the water. Continental Zone between the coast and the oceanic basin. (Part of the continent) shelf Continental Plundes rapidly from the shelf to the abyssal plain. slope Waves A long body of water curling into an arched form and breaking on the shore. Breaker When the crest of a wave passes over the trough causing a breaking motion. longshore When waves are hitting the shore from the side currents Tides Regular rise and fall of the level of the ocean. Tidal range Difference in level between a high tide and a low tide. Currents Continuous movement of ocean water. Heat capacity Necessary thermal energy to increase the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C. 1. Everyone is influenced by the ocean because all water ends up in the ocean and it is the primary source for the water cycle. 2. How much of the Earth is covered by oceans? 97% 3. On average, how much salt is there in seawater? 3.5% 4. What kind of salts are found in seawater? All elements found on our planet 5. Where do the salts in the ocean come from ? The erosion of rocks by rivers and streams 6. What kind of physical features can be found on the ocean floor? Ocean ridges, Trenches, Abyssal plains 7. How did the features on the ocean floor form? Movements of tectonic plates 8. How do ocean ridges form? Tectonic plates spreading apart and molten rock rising. 9. How do ocean trenches form? Tectonic plates pushing together and one plate sliding under the other 10. How do abyssal plains form? Tectonic plates spreading apart and molten rock rising and filling the holes created 6 Science Focus 8 – Unit 5 Fresh and Salt Systems Study Guide 11. What is a continental shelf and where is it located? Zone between coastline and continental slope. Part of the continent. 12. What is a continental slope and where is it located? Steep drop from the continental shelf to the sea floor. 13. How do waves form? Typically from friction between wind and water as well as friction between water and sea floor. 14. What is a breaker and how are they formed? When friction between the trough of a wave and the ground causes the trough to slow down, the crest of the wave passes the trough and falls over. 15. Beach sediments are made up of Broken up rock 16. What seasonal changes occur on beaches? Winter = Beach disappearing, Summer = beach reformation. 17. Why are beaches sometimes covered with water and sometimes empty of water? Low and high tides 18. What are spring tides and when do they occur? Earth, Moon and Sun are in a line to create very high tidal range (Two times a month) 19. What are neap tides and when do they occur? Earth, Moon and Sun are at a right angle to create very low tidal range (Two times a month) 20. What force causes the tides? Gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon 21. How does the moon affect the tides? The gravitational pull of the Moon causes the water on Earth to bulge creating high tides. 22. Why is tidal movement along shorelines more noticeable than in the middle of the ocean? The shape of the Earth that traps water will increase tidal range. 23. What is an ocean current and what makes it move? Rotation of the planet, heat from the sun, salinity and shape of the continents. 24. What is the water layer called where there is a rapid temperature drop and why does it occur? Thermocline, Sunlight doesn’t reach this area. 25. Why does Britain have a milder winter than Hudson Bay? Warm ocean currents from the gulf of Mexico. Near the coast. 26. How do ocean currents affect climate? They bring warm water, wind and moisture to places without these qualities and take the cold water back to the equator to be warmed. Fixes unequal heating of our planet. 7 Science Focus 8 – Unit 5 Fresh and Salt Systems Study Guide Topic 5 Vocabulary CONCEPT DEFINITION Diversity The variety of organisms Algae A photosynthetic protist which grows in excessive nutrients Algal bloom A rapid growth of microscopic algae in water, often resulting in a colored scum on the surface Decomposed Dead body or other organic matter Biomagnification The concentration of toxins in an organism as a result of it ingesting other plants or animals in which the toxins are more widely dispersed. 1. List the different animals found in or around lakes and ponds? Many examples: Salmon, trout, frogs, etc 2. If they are not good swimmers, organisms living in rivers or streams must float or be able to lock in place. 3. Besides being salty, how are oceans different from lakes? Depth, temperature, diversity 4. Where is most ocean life located and why is it located there? First 200m of depth, sunlight can reach these areas. 5. How do most aquatic animals get their oxygen? Gills, dissolved oxygen in water 6. Explain how some organisms without gills breathe in aquatic environments? Large lungs, air pockets, etc 7. How do aquatic animals keep themselves from being swept away? suction cups, sticky surfaces. 8. How does streamlining help larger aquatic animals? Saves energy 9. How does buoyancy help some aquatic animals? They help this fish sink or float on water 10. What is plankton and why is it important? Plant and animal organisms that float freely on water. They play an important role at the bottom of the food chain for consumers and are also important for diminishing the greenhouse effect. 11. What are the two types of plankton? Phytoplankton and zooplankton 12. What are the two types of aquatic plants? Fixed to the ground or floating freely 13. Why do aquatic plants only grow in shallow water or at the edges of water bodies? Sunlight can reach them 8 Science Focus 8 – Unit 5 Fresh and Salt Systems Study Guide 14. What do phytoplankton produce that all animals need to survive? Oxygen 15. Why is it important for the phytoplankton to stay near the surface? Absorb sunlight 16. Where do the nutrients that aquatic plants need come from? Floating throughout the ocean 17. Why can the decomposition of dead algae be a problem? Decomposition of dying algae can reduce levels of dissolved oxygen in the water. 18. What is a food chain? The order of events in an ecosystem, where one living organism eats another organism. 19. How does fishing affect fish populations? Decades of destructive fishing has resulted in the precipitous decline of key fish stocks, as well as collateral impacts to other marine life. 20. How do toxins get into aquatic plants? Once a toxin is in the water it is typically absorbed by producers. 21. Explain how the process of biomagnification occurs: The concentration of toxins in an organism increases along the food chain as a result of ingesting other plants or animals in which the toxins are more widely dispersed. Topic 5 Vocabulary CONCEPT DEFINITION Dissolved solids The total concentration of dissolved substances in water. Hard water Water that has a high mineral content. Soft water Water that is free from dissolved salts. Toxic substances Have or may have an immediate or long-term harmful effect on the environment or its biological diversity. Bioindicator species Species that are sensitive to the change of their environment. Potable Safe to drink. Water treatment Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. Sewage Wastewater and excrement conveyed in sewers. 1. Hard water contains a high mineral content. Using it can cause upset stomachs and damage to infrastructure. 2. Soft water has less dissolved minerals. 3. What is in the water determines how potable or healthy it is. 4. List the sources of pollution in water systems: Garbage dumps, large factories, sewage systems, gas stations, septic systems. 5. Where can toxic substances come from? Anywhere 9 Science Focus 8 – Unit 5 Fresh and Salt Systems Study Guide 6. What causes acid precipitation? Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when compounds like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the air. Large factories or volcanic activity can do this. This changes the pH of the precipitation. 7. What are potential effects of acid precipitation? Harm to living organisms, harm to acidity of soil and water, damage to infrastructure. 8. Results from water sampling tell the health of a water source. 9. Why is it important to identify toxic materials in water? So that we are able to treat the water and avoid damage in the environment. 10. How can scientists determine water quality by studying living organisms in the water: Certain organisms are susceptible to environmental change, they will show us the health or a water source. Typically the bigger the organisms the better. 11. Bioindicator species are organisms that are sensitive to the change of their environment. They determine the health of an ecosystem. 12. Water management is the process of: Control and movement of water resources to minimize damage to life and property and to maximize efficient beneficial use. 13. People who do not live near rivers or lakes can get their water by Pumps, reserves, or groundwater. 14. How does the water cycle purify water? Evaporation of water separates water from dissolved solids and toxic materials because they have a different evaporation temperature. 15. Sewage is wastewater/dirty water that we can’t use. 16. In urban areas sewage is garbage and other pollution we put into the sewer system. In rural areas sewage is septic tanks, runoff from agriculture. 17. To desalinate water using distillation you use a heat source to evaporate the water, once it evaporates it is separated into another compartment in which the water is cooled and condensed. We can then collect this water. 18. To desalinate water using reverse osmosis you push water through the opposite direction of a semi permeable membrane so that salt cannot follow the flow. Very similar to filtration. 10