S1 M1 Notes_TV_UT2 PDF

1.4. Marine Pollution Dead zone Figure 1.4a shows changes in the area of dead zones (i.e. areas where most forms of life cannot survive) in the Gulf of Mexico between 1985 and 2013. Figure 1.4b shows the sources of two chemicals – phosphorus and nitrogen discharged to the Gulf of Mexico in 2012. Sou...

1.4. Marine Pollution Dead zone Figure 1.4a shows changes in the area of dead zones (i.e. areas where most forms of life cannot survive) in the Gulf of Mexico between 1985 and 2013. Figure 1.4b shows the sources of two chemicals – phosphorus and nitrogen discharged to the Gulf of Mexico in 2012. Source 1.4c shows the QR code leading to the formation process of the dead zone. Photograph 1.4d shows the coral reef in a dead zone. Figure 1.4a Figure 1.4b Source 1.4c Photograph 1.4d (Link) (00:58-03:59) 18 (a) Refer to Figure 1.4a. (i) Calculate the percentage change in the area of dead zones between 1985 and 2013. Percentage change = [(14250 - 10000) / 10000] × 100% = 42.5% (±2.5%) / increased by about 40% (ii) Some people say that the problem of dead zones is getting serious in the Gulf of Mexico. Quote a piece of evidence to support this. The size of the dead zones in 2013 was almost twice as that in 2012. The size of the dead zones in 2013 was higher than the 5-year average. The area of the dead zones was above the target level for many years. (b) Refer to Figure 1.4b and Source 1.4c. (i) Conclude the common source of phosphorus and nitrogen in the Gulf of Mexico. Intensive farming (ii) Explain the formation of dead zones in the region with reference to the answer in (b)(i) by drawing on the following figure. (c) Refer to Photograph 1.4d. Explain TWO possible adverse socio-economic impacts of dead zones. Evidence from Photograph 1.4d The possible adverse socio-economic impacts decline in the number of tourists and hence the tourism coral bleaching industry a decrease in income of the fishing industry/ No fish in the photo worsening the livelihood of fishermen (d) Brainstorm: How can the problem of dead zones be alleviated? Treat the sewage before discharging it into rivers/seas. Raise the sewage charges to encourage farmers to produce less sewage. Adopt sustainable farming such as intercropping / green manure to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. 19 Oil spill Figure 1.4e show a QR code leading to the video showing the effects of water and oil on feathers. Source 1.4e (e) Refer to Source 1.4e. Record the result of the experiment in the table below. Water (Liquid in Green) Oil Absorbed by feathers? No Yes Repelled by feathers? Yes No (Link) (f) How would oil on the sea harm the sea birds? Deduce the impact of oil spill by answering the following questions. Questions Answers Deduce the impact of oil spills on sea birds How does the weight of the Harder for birds to fly or float in water Increase feather change with oil? starvation without food What is the role of feathers to Regulating role Vulnerable to temperature fluctuation sea birds’ body temperature? How do sea birds clean their They may ingest the oil causing health By preening bodies? problems, or even death. (g) Below are the steps in geographical enquiry, a process on how we can study a Geographical issue. Arrange them in order. Data Planning and Data processing Data collection interpretation Evaluation hypothesis and presentation and conclusion setting 2 4 3 5 1 (h) In the coming lesson activity, you want to study the question – what is the best way to clean the ocean from oil spills? (i) How can you collect data? Do experiment + Observation (ii) What is your group’s hypothesis? The best way to clean the ocean from oil spills is by: Absorption Removal Dissolving (Cotton pads) (Spoon) (Dish soap) 20  (iii) Is your group’s hypothesis justified by the data you collected? (Free answer) Round-up – How are the seas polluted? Cause + Elaboration Diagrams (1) Improper disposal of sewage Untreated or poorly-treated sewage from homes and farms. The excessive nutrients in sewage may cause algal blooms in coastal regions. They turn to dead zones where most forms of life cannot survive based on the following process: 21  Cause + Elaboration Diagrams (2) Oil spill Oil tanker crashes and oil drilling accidents cause large oil spills. Oil from land is washed into the seas through sewers and rivers. (3) Disposal of Solid waste Different types of solid waste are brought from the land to the oceans by sewers and rivers. Plastics are one of the major solid wastes found in the oceans. (4) Improper disposal of Radioactive materials The dumping of radioactive waste and conduction of nuclear tests in the oceans increase the risk of radiation pollution. Accidents of coastal nuclear power stations may cause disastrous damage. Impacts of marine pollution Ecological impacts Impact + Elaboration Diagram (1) Threatening marine life Solid waste, especially plastics, may trap or choke marine animals. Seawater polluted with heavy metals, oil and other chemicals can poison marine life and destroy marine habitats. (2) Food web contamination Heavy metals and toxic chemicals are absorbed by marine life and build up along the food chain, and spread to food web. When people consume the contaminated seafood, they may become sick. 22  Socio-economic impacts Impact + Elaboration Diagram Refer to Question (c) on P.19. 1. Economic loss 2. Health risk Marine pollution increases the risk of food poisoning. The government expenditure on medical services will increase. 3. Loss of recreational resources Recreational activities will be suspended when the coastal areas are polluted. Practice Corner 1. Which of the following is the correct sequence leading to the formation of a dead zone? (1) More bacteria consume more dissolved oxygen in the sea when the algae die. (2) Excessive use of chemical fertilizers is brought to the sea. (3) When the dissolved oxygen decreases to a very low level, most marine life cannot survive. (4) Algal bloom occurs when more nutrients are available for algae. A. (2) (4) (1) (3) B. (4) (2) (1) (3) C. (3) (1) (4) (2) D. (2) (3) (4) (1) 2. Which of the following are the ecological impacts of marine pollution? (1) Seawater polluted with heavy metals, oil, and other chemicals poison marine life and destroy marine habitats. (2) The government needs to spend more expenditure on medical services as the risk of food poisoning increases. (3) Heavy metals and toxic chemicals are absorbed by marine life, which will build up along the food chain and hence spread to food web. A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3) 23 Glossary list adequate 充足 ocean currents 洋流 biodiversity 生物多樣性 nitrogen 氮 bleaching 褪色 ocean currents 洋流 bottom trawling 拖網捕魚 organisms 生物 boundary 界限 Overfishing 過度捕魚 condensation 凝結 pesticides 滅蟲劑 conflicts 衝突 phosphorus 磷 consumers 消費者 Phytoplankton 浮游植物 continental shelf 大陸架 precipitation 降水 coral reefs 珊瑚礁 prevailing winds 盛行風 depleted 消耗 producers 生產者 destructive 破壞性 quota 配額 eutrophication 富營養化 radiation 輻射 evaporation 蒸發 recreation 休閒 exploitation 開採 replenish 補充 food web 食物網 seabed 海床 habitats 生態 sewage 污水 infiltration 滲入 surface runoff 地表逕流 intercropping 間作 sustainable 可持續 latitudes 緯度 trophic level 食性層次 marine 海洋 turbines 渦輪發動機 Maritime climate 海洋氣候 water cycle 水循環 nitrogen 氮 Zooplankton 浮游動物 Reading Tasks Reading Article Google Form 1. Why is the Mediterranean One of the Saltiest Seas in the World? (Link) (Link) 2. Sustainable Fishing (Link) (Link) 33