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Introduction: Professional Ethics, CULTURAL SENSITIVITY Jurisprudence and Cultural Sensitivity is a set of skills that enables a person to What is Ethics? learn and understand...

Introduction: Professional Ethics, CULTURAL SENSITIVITY Jurisprudence and Cultural Sensitivity is a set of skills that enables a person to What is Ethics? learn and understand people of different cultures, genders, sexual “ethos”, which means “character” or orientations, languages, or religions, “custom” = way of living. which enable them to provide a better is a branch of philosophy that is service to the community. concerned with human conduct, more recognized as the knowledge, skills, and specifically the behavior of individuals in values that enable people to work well society. and be supportive of people in cross- Ethics examines the rational justification cultural settings. for our moral judgments; it studies what Essential element for patient safety and is morally right or wrong, just or unjust adherence. TYPES OF ETHICS IN RADIOLOGY: Professional Ethics Radiologic Technologist - are principles that govern the - are bona fide holders of a certificate behaviour of a person or group in a for radiologic technology issued by business environment. the Board of Radiologic Technology. - Like values, professional ethics - They are trained professionals who provide rules on how a person are skilled in the use of x-rays, should act towards other people radioactive materials, and/or and institutions in such an ultrasonic waves to produce mages environment. of the human body for the diagnosis Medical Ethics and treatment of diseases. - Health ethics/healthcare ethics - The study of radiologic technology - The study and analysis of moral includes anatomy and physiology, issues (issues of right and wrong) as radiobiology, radiation, protection, applied to the fields of medical patient, positioning, special treatment and research. procedures, imaging techniques, JURISPRUDENCE medical terminology, radiation physics, patient care, radiologic juris prudentia, which means "the study, technology ethics and knowledge, or science of law.“ jurisprudence, and radiologic Law is a set of rules that are created and sciences. enforceable by social or governmental X-ray Technologist institutions to regulate behavior. - are bona fide holders of a certificate - An ordinance of reason for radiologic technology issued by promulgated for the common good. the Board of Radiologic Technology. - Described as sciene and the art of - The study of Radiologic technology justice. is similar to radiologic technology - To be useful and fair, the law has to but without radiologic sciences, be promulgated or proclaimed. which means they are only allowed How is Law Study Beneficial for Medical to practice in the general x-ray Professionals? facility. Radiologist Law studies offer enhanced awareness. - are licensed physicians who Law study is beneficial for a better specialize in the diagnosis or understanding of the legal language of treatment of diseases with the use health care policies and laws. of radiation Law study is beneficial to interpreting Medical Physicist health care policies and laws. - is a physicist who specializes in the The law study offers a better diagnosis or treatment of diseases understanding and addresses ethical with the use of radiation. questions. - Graduate of BS in Physics, Law study is beneficial for maintaining a Mathematics, BS Chemistry, BS in doctor-patient relationship. Engineering with twelve (12) units In Medico-legal cases.  in physics and twenty-one (21) in - The Percivalian code asserted the Mathematics moral authority and independence of physicians in service to others, HISTORY OF MEDICAL ETHICS affirmed the profession's Code of Hammurabi responsibility to care for the sick, - 4,000 years ago - ruler of Babylonia and emphasized individual honor. - the first recorded set of laws in 1930 – Patients are devoid of freedom human history. - Doctors gave advice, and patients - These laws included acceptable were expected to follow along. standards for the practice of Patients did not have many rights. medicine and were specific to their - They could be enrolled in time and culture. experiments without their knowledge. Note: - Such practices have included ❖ successful operation- will be rewarded denying patients the right to with 10 gold informed consent, such as using ❖ failed operation- the arm of the pseudoscientific studies such as physician will be cut race, and science, and torturing people under the guise of research. WORLD WAR II (1939-1945) Greek physician Hippocrates (460-370 - Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany BC) performed brutal experiments on - the Greek physician Hippocrates prisoners and civilians through (460-370 BC) wrote the Hippocratic groups like Unit 731 in Japan or Oath, which defined the ethical individuals like Dr. Joseph Mengele standard for practicing physicians. (Angel of Death). - The Hippocratic Oath is an oath Nuremberg Code historically practiced by physicians - Efforts were made to promote wherein a new physician requires safety and exercise freedom in swearing to healing gods to uphold medical research. ethical standards. - The Nuremberg Code was - Hippocrates is considered the most introduced which also signaled the outstanding figure in the history of beginning of modern medical medicine. ethics. - He is often referred to as the Father - The Nuremberg Code is a set of of Medicine. research ethics principles for human - Hippocrates's teachings addressed study. mental illness, depression, and - The code includes: anxiety. voluntary consent, ❖ Hippocratic Oath the fruitful result for the good of - I will use my power to help the sick society, to the best of my ability and no physical or mental suffering, judgment. I will abstain from no harmful complications, and harming or wrong doing any man by the degree of risk should never it. I will not give a fatal draught to exceed the humanitarian anyone if I am asked, nor will I importance of the problem to be suggest any such thing. Neither will solved. I give a woman means to procure an - For several decades, it became the abortion. accepted norm in medical ethics. 1960s and 1970s Thomas Percival - medical ethics transformed a - 1803 - English health reformer and dramatic shift and was reconfigured medical doctor published a into bioethics. document describing the - The moral foundation of modern qualifications and duties of medical biomedical ethics is based on four professionals. It coined the term factors: "medical ethics" and autonomy - the right or condition "jurisprudence". of self-government.  beneficence - an act of charity, ETHICS,MORALITY, AND LAW mercy, and kindness with a strong - There is some overlap between connotation of doing good to others ethics and the law, but they are not including moral obligation. always in line with one another. Nonmaleficence - the obligation - “An ethical act may not be legal” of a physician not to harm the - “Unethical act may not be illegal” patient. - “An act can be unethical or illegal Justice - just behavior or but still moral” treatment. - Today, the principles and values of ETHICAL THEORIES medical ethics have achieved a great deal of acceptance within the 1. Utilitarianism medical community. The field is an ethical theory that considers an divided into four areas- hospital action as morally right if its outcomes or ethics, ethics at private practices, consequences are good for the greatest clinical research, and public health. number of the population. It determines right from wrong by LANGUAGE OF ETHICS focusing on outcomes. - Morality focuses on the "good" or Believes that the purpose of morality is "right" answer to a conflict involving to make life better by increasing the a problem dilemma arising from number of good things (pleasure & and fundamental human values. happiness) in the world and decreasing - It is the fundamental standard of the number of bad things (such as pain right and wrong that individuals or & happiness). societies learn from their culture 2. Deontology and traditions. is an ethical theory that uses rules to - Ethics – moral philosophy- is the distinguish right from wrong. It branch of philosophy concerned considers the way that things are done with how we ought to live. rather than focusing just on the - It refers to the study and analysis of outcomes. morality. For instance, shooting the intruder to - The study of ethics is the study of protect your family; killing is wrong but moral values, which values are most protecting your family is right. This important, and which standards of means protecting your family is the morality we should require one rational thing to do even if it's not the another to adhere to. morally best thing to do. - Morality focuses on what should be ETHICAL PRINCIPLES done in a particular situation while ethics focuses on why a particular Modern biomedical ethics is based on course of action is the right one. four factors: respect and justice, for autonomy, and beneficence, however, truthfulness and confidentiality are included as it is basic to a relationship built on trust and respect. Ethical or conduct in principles are established rules for action relationships with others. These principles are set as the accepted standard in terms of medical research. 1. Truthfulness and Confidentiality Truthfulness is about telling the truth to someone who has the right to know the truth. Confidentiality is about privacy and respecting someone's wishes. It means that healthcare professionals shouldn't share personal health details with others unless that person has said they can or it's necessary.  Based on loyalty and trust. distributed equally among all groups in Maintain the confidentiality of all society. personal, medical, and treatment Healthcare professionals must be fair to information. all. Information to be revealed for the There are two categories of justice: benefit of the patient and when distributive and social justice. ethically and legally required. ❖ Distributive justice means that This includes the need to tell the truth individuals have the right to be treated (veracity) and to be faithful to one’s equally regardless of appearance, race, commitments (fidelity). ethnicity, origin, religion, social, and 2. Autonomy financial standing. Autonomy is Latin for "self-rule". ❖ Social justice is the right to access and Autonomy refers to every individual's participate in all aspects of goods or right to governance, independence, and services provided in society, regardless freedom to make their decision. of their social status. Autonomy must be respected even as Principle: To be fair and treat each case healthcare professionals do not agree alike. with the patient's decision. HEALTH ETHICS AND MEDICAL RESEARCH This is also called the principle of human dignity. HEALTH ETHICS It includes the duty not to interfere with is the branch of ethics that deals with the decisions of competent adults, and ethical issues in healthcare, medicine, the duty to empower others for whom and science. At its simplest, health we are responsible. ethics is a set of moral principles, 3. Beneficence beliefs, and values that guide an Beneficence is defined as an act of individual in making choices about doing good to others like charity, mercy, medical care. and kindness. It involves discussions about treatment The practitioner should act in “the best choices and care options that interest” of the patient - the procedure individuals, families, and health be provided with the intent of doing professionals must face. good to the patient. Moreover, it is based on a set of values The patient’s welfare is the first that healthcare professionals can refer consideration. to in case of confusion or conflict. It tells about 'doing good' for the It involves the application of the core patient, for instance providing principles of bioethics: autonomy, immunization to prevent infectious beneficence, nonmaleficence, and diseases or giving the least radiation justice. dose to the patient. = ALARA PRINCIPLE It also involves discussions about 4. Nonmaleficence treatment choices and care options that Latin phrase “primum non nocere” = individuals, families, and healthcare First, Do no Harm professionals must face. Nonmaleficence is the obligation of a physician not to harm the patient. MEDICAL RESEARCH This simply stated principle supports Medical research or biomedical several moral rules − do not kill, do not research is also known as experimental cause pain or suffering, do not research which involves scientific incapacitate, do not cause offense, and principles. do not deprive others of the goods of It involves humans and animals as life. subjects of a certain study. Make sure that the procedure does not Among the benefits of medical research harm the patient or others in society. have been vaccines for measles and 5. Justice polio, insulin treatment for diabetes, Fair and equal distribution of scarce antibiotics, medication for blood health resources, and the decision of pressure, successful treatment for who gets what treatment. cancer and tuberculosis, microsurgery, The burdens and benefits of new or and improved treatment for AIDS. experimental treatments must be ORGANIZATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES This document is referred to as RESPONSIBLE FOR MEDICAL ETHICS AND informed consent. RESEARCH 1. The Department of Health (DOH) is the principal health agency in the Philippines. It is responsible for ensuring access to basic public health services to the Filipinos through the provision of quality healthcare 2. The Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD) is the primary organization for health research activities in the Philippines. 3. The Department of Science and Technology (DOST) is responsible for IMPORTANCE OF INFORMED CONSENT coordinating and monitoring research activities in the country. Informed consent allows a person to 4. To monitor research activities at the weigh the risks and benefits of regional level, the Regional Health participation in research or Research and Development intervention. Consortium (RHRDC) was instituted It empowers them to make a careful 5. The PCHRD and the Department of decision about their life, helps protect Health jointly established the Philippine them from harm, and helps enhance National Health Research System trust between the researcher and the (PNHRS) in 2003. participant. The Philippine National Health Research Informed consent has both ethical and System (PNHRS) is a system which legal obligations. assures quality health care for Filipinos The failure to secure informed consent by ensuring that health research is may result in legal actions. linked to the needs of our health system Informed consent is a process, an on- 6. PNHRS launched a working group on going and open dialogue between the ethics, which evolved into the researcher and the participant Philippine Health Research Ethics Board (PHREB). The following are the key questions relevant to any informed consent process: PHREB published the national ethics guidelines to protect the rights, welfare, 1. What is the exact nature of the integrity, and well-being of the human service being provided? participants 2. Does the participant have the right DECLARATION OF HELSINKI: WORLDWIDE to decline participation? GUIDELINES FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH 3. What are the alternatives to the service recommended? The World Medical Association (WMA) 4. Are there any limits to confidentiality has developed the Declaration of or could there be a time when the Helsinki as a statement of ethical researcher might disclose information principles to guide physicians and other from participants without their researchers in medical research consent? involving human participants. 5. Are there any emergency procedures The Helsinki Declaration requires that or avenues for contacting the biomedical research involving human participants that they should know subjects undergo ethical review before about? implementation. 6. What is the standard of practice in Before any clinical trials are to be the profession, and does this standard applied to human subjects a document ensure that participants have and should be signed by the participants to understanding of the service? show their voluntary participation. This serves as evidence of their consent to participate in the study.  3. Malpractice and Negligence breach of duty or negligence occurs when the radiologic technologist fails to meet the standard of care. Article 1 section 2 of the Radiologic Technology Code of Ethics states that "they shall observe the highest standards of competence and ethics in ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES IN HEALTHCARE the practice of the profession." Ethics in the 21st century has evolved A patient who is harmed by defective into a complex set of standards. It is equipment or products, injured in the governed by a confusing array of rules, course of medical treatment, or placed regulations, laws, and ethical standards. in danger because of medication errors Even with the best intentions, issues can sue to recover their losses. that involve informed consent, Patients can also sue when healthcare confidentiality. and patient relationship professionals fail to provide critically can appear out of nowhere. What's needed treatment or service. legal today might not be considered Ethical conflicts in malpractice and ethical, and there is the threat of being negligence are beneficence and sued for negligence and malpractice. nonmaleficence, wherein wherein 1. Patient Confidentiality nonmaleficence requires a healthcare Patients' medical condition is professional to "do no harm" and considered private. The sharing of beneficence is the "act of doing good." information about a patient condition Harming one's patient is not good violates the right of the patient to 4. Informed Consent confidentiality. Informed consent means that the Violating the patient's right to patients fully understands the benefits confidentiality has legal and ethical and risks of the medical procedure and consequences for the healthcare voluntarily agrees to undergo such. professional. Informed consent also means that Protecting the privacy of the patients is patients are informed about other an obligation for all those who are options as well as about the option of involved in their care. doing nothing. The keeping of patient confidentiality is Article 2 section 6 of the Radiologic considered important because it is basic Technology Code of Ethics states "they to a relationship built on trust and shall uphold the principle of informed respect consent.“ 2. Patient Relationship Important aspects of informed consent Healthcare professionals, especially include ethical obligations to promote physicians ethically prohibited from autonomy, provide information, and engaging in personal relationships with avoid unethical forms of bias. patients in the course of providing Patients have the right to refuse medical treatment. therapies, whether on religious or other Violating this policy, especially if it grounds if they are competent to do so involves a sexual relationship, can result 5. Access to Quality Healthcare in losing one's license to practice when Important aspects of access to convicted, which means he or she is healthcare include the ethical obligation prohibited to practice ones' profession to promote justice. anywhere in the country. Every person has the right to equal The Republic Act No. 2382 or otherwise access to healthcare, but equal access called the "Medical Act of 1959" to healthcare is prevented by financial governs the laws and standardization of constraints. the medical practice. Physicians Only people who belong to the middle entering a relationship with patients is and higher class can afford quality categorize as 'immoral or dishonorable healthcare. conduct' (section 24, no. 2, RA No. The World Health Organization (WHO) 2382) which is one of the grounds for refers to the Philippine Healthcare reprimand, suspension, or revocation of System as "fragmented" which means the registration certificate. that healthcare access is unfair and  unequal and significantly affects the serious infections like polio and poor measles. 6. Human Experimentation vaccinations have also been the subject The chief role of human participants in of various ethical controversies. research is to serve as sources of The four ethical principles: autonomy, needed data. beneficence, nonmaleficence, and Clinical trials can provide important justice are applied to vaccine trials are information about the efficacy and all woven into the conduct of vaccine adverse effects of medical interventions trials by controlling the variables that could impact the results of the study. Moreover, clinical trials have led to Professional Ethics significant discoveries, the development occupation , profession, professional of new therapies, and a remarkable improvement in health care and public Occupation is one's principal activity health and means support. An occupation is 7. Issues Related to Physician-Assisted different from the profession in earning Suicide a living, while a profession is the formal Physicians are broadening the concept training that a ways. of "Do no harm" to include providing relief for those who are dying and A profession requires specialized suffering as a result of a fatal illness. knowledge and training Professionals Euthanasia is the practice of have more authority and responsibility intentionally ending a life to relieve pain than nonprofessionals do, and they & suffering. adhere to a code of ethics. The Philippine culture values life but not Professional refers to anyone who earns of intentionally ending a life to relieve their living from performing an activity pain and suffering. that requires a certain level of Ethical conflicts in euthanasia are education, skill, or training. There is beneficence and nonmaleficence, typically a required standard of wherein nonmaleficence requires a competency, knowledge, or education physician to "do no harm” and that must be demonstrated usually in a beneficence is the "act of doing good," form of a licensure exam or board exam, and ending one's life is not good. as well as adhering to codes of conduct ❖ Article 253 (Giving Assistance to and ethical standards. Suicide) in the Revised Penal Code states that any person who shall assist Professional Regulation Commission another to commit suicide shall suffer The Professional Regulation the penalty of prision mayor1, if such Commission functions to conduct and person lends his assistance to another administer licensure examination to to the extent of doing the killing himself, aspiring professionals and to regulate he shall suffer the penalty of reclusion and supervise the practice of the temporal2. However, if the suicide is not respective professions. consummated, the penalty of arresto mayor3 in its medium and maximum In the case of radiologic and x-ray periods shall be imposed. technology, licensure examinations are - prision mayor – imprisonment of six conducted once a year. years and one day to twelve years Professional Ethics - reclusion temporal - imprisonment of twelve years and one day to Professional ethics are principles that twenty years govern the behavior of a person or - arresto mayor - imprisonment of group in a business environment. one month and one day to six Like values, professional ethics rules months how a person should act towards others 8. Vaccination and institutions in such an environment. Vaccines are responsible for many global public health successes, such as the eradication of smallpox and other Etiquette Radiologic technologists should be conscious when communicating with is a set of customs and rules for polite patients. behaviour, especially among a particular They must explain the medical class of people or in a particular procedure clearly and understandably profession. to ensure that the procedure and Proper etiquette is showing respect for appropriate communication will help self and others, writing a thank you their safety. note and offering a seat are examples of 4. Meeting Etiquette etiquette. Meeting etiquette is a set of rules that create polite and respectful behavior. Etiquette helps us to know how to treat Meeting etiquette includes being on others respectfully and appropriately in time, not interrupting when someone is any context. speaking, being accommodating, and By knowing how to read social cues and refraining from looking at one's watch. communicating effectively, we put The schedule of meetings depends on others at ease, foster meaningful the agreement between the chief relationships and create a comfortable radiologist/radiologic technologist and and relaxed atmosphere wherever we the staff in the imaging department. go. 5. Professionalism Professionalism is the conduct, There are five types of etiquette behavior, and attitude of a person in the 1. Workplace etiquette workplace. Professional etiquette is an unwritten Workplace etiquette is essential to code of conduct regarding interactions foster a professional and civilized in the work setting. environment for anyone who interacts Professionalism includes a variety of within the institution. personal qualities and behaviors that Workplace etiquette includes arriving demonstrate a commitment to effective early, creating a proper email address, performance in a certain practice. The completing a task before or on the qualities of professionals are: almand dressing deadline, being flexible (1) Commitment and confidence appropriately. (2) responsibility and dependability (3) honesty and ethics, and Radiologic technologists often wear (4) appearance and professional scrub suits radiologic technologists must presence maintain clean and ironed scrubs. To exercise professionalism, radiologic 2. Table Manners and Meal Etiquette technologists be able to project Table manners are rules while eating confidence, commitment, must appear which may also include proper use of must with dignity, and have a respectful utensils. relationship with his colleagues Different cultures observe rules for superiors, and other healthcare table manners and the use of utensils. professionals. Western culture uses spoon and fork, Patient Attitude: while several parts of the Asian countries use chopsticks Hospitalization usually involves pain and 3. Communication Etiquette fear caused by injury or illness which Communication etiquette is required in may cause an emotional burden of every working environment. patients. Communication in the workplace Each patient is entitled to the highest includes direct correspondence, degree of care and concern that through phone, or email. healthcare professionals can provide. While speaking, meeting the eyes of the person who is talking signifies respect. Radiologic serve patients with equal When corresponding to email, it is care and dedication regardless of their important to use a professional email attitude, religion, beliefs, sexual address. technologists should orientation and socioeconomic status. Effective Communication in Healthcare Protecting a patient's confidence stands at the very heart of the fiduciary Effective communication can be defined relationship. as verbal speech or other methods of relaying information to get a point Professional Image across. The dress and grooming of the Effective communication within a radiologic technologists and the healthcare setting is critically important. appearance of the imaging department Without it, the quality of healthcare will create an immediate opinion. would be impaired. The total image should be of cleanliness One of the vital responsibilities of and orderliness if the patient is to feel radiologic technologists is to any confidence in the type of medical communicate with the patient in a procedure that is to be performed. professional manner that is respectful The hospital often establishes dress and and courteous. grooming procedures appropriate to a Patient Modesty hospital environment and healthcare professionals are expected to adhere to Each person values their bodies as a these codes regardless of personal major aspect of their total being and preferences. deserves to have them handled respectfully. In this way, it establishes a good rapport between the patient and the healthcare It is the duty of healthcare professionals professionals. to regard and preserve the patient's modesty. Radiologic technologists should observe Radiologic Technology Professional Ethics the rules in draping and covering the Objectives: patient to the greatest extent possible. At the end of the topic, the student should be The radiologic technologist must able to do the following: exercise proper draping procedures most especially in special radiologic 1. Recite the professional ethics of radiologic procedures which exposes a patient's technologists and x-ray technologists. private part like barium enema, cystography, etc. 2. Discuss the importance of the study of radiologic technology professional ethics. Patient's Privacy and Confidentiality 3. Discuss the importance of continuing Healthcare professionals have professional education. fundamental obligations to protect confidential information disclosed to 4. Discuss the role importance of the radiologic them in the course of their work. technologist to patients, colleagues, other healthcare professionals, society, and self. Maintaining confidentiality is central to professionalism and inextricably linked Nature and Scope of Radiologic Technology to trust and respect. Professional Radiologic technologists must have a As a member of the healthcare team, fiduciary relationship with their the radiologic technologist is burdened patients. with duties and responsibilities. This is a type of relationship that holds a The radiologic technologist is expected legal and ethical relationship of trust. to maintain not only his proficiency in medical imaging but also a high This means that radiologic technologists standard of morality, honesty, and function as trustees for patients. integrity. A fiduciary relationship presumes a In so doing, the patients' faith and relationship characterized by trust, confidence in the healthcare institution confidence, and responsibility. are ensured. He must at all times faithfully perform his duties to the community.  Membership in the radiologic In 2014, the new code of ethics for the technology profession is a privilege and radiologic technologists and x-ray it demands a high degree of good moral technologists took effect, entitled, the character and a continuing requirement "Revised Code of Professional Ethics for for practicing radiologic technology. Radiologic Technologists and X-ray Technologists". Hence, at all times the radiologic technologist bound by ethical principles "Revised Code of Professional Ethics for in his public and private life. Radiologic Technologists and X-ray Technologists" The rules which govern the ethical behavior of radiologic technologists are the following: Article 1 - Responsibility to the Public Article 1. The Philippine Constitution, particularly the Bill of Rights Article 2 - Responsibility to Patients Article 2. The Civil Code of the Philippines Article 3- Responsibility to Colleagues, 3. Republic Act No. 7431 also known as Allied Health Professionals, and Health the Radiologic Technology Act of 1992 Institutions Article 4. The Radiologic Technology Code of Article 4 - Responsibility to Self Ethics Article 1. Responsibility to the Public 5. Supreme Court Decisions Section 1. Radiologic Technologists and Four-Fold Duties of Radiologic Technologies: X-ray Technologists shall acknowledge Radiologic technologists must perform the supreme authority of the Philippine their four-fold duties to society; Government and shall adhere to the Patients; colleagues; allied health Philippine Constitution, Republic Act professionals; and health institutions; No. 8981, otherwise known as the PRC and to oneself. Modernization Act of 2000, Republic Act No. 7431, or the Radiologic Technology The Code of Professional Ethics: Act of 1992, other pertinent laws as Adheres to the moral and ethical well as the implementing rules and standards to which every radiologic regulations promulgated pursuant to technologist and x-ray technologist such laws. must follow. Section 2. They shall promote public The code of ethics identifies what interest and welfare at all times. colleagues should expect of each other Section 3. They shall observe the within a profession and the public highest standards of competence and should expect from the professional. ethics in the practice of the profession. The existing Professional Ethics for the Section 4. They shall be involved in civic Radiologic Technologists and X-ray affairs by participating in the activities technologists was released to the public of relevant organizations to enhance in 1993. their well- being and that of their In section 9 of Republic Act No. 7431 or community. the Radiologic Act of 1992, it mandates Section 5. They shall commit to serving the Professional Regulatory Board to their fellow men, with justice, good look into the conditions affecting the faith, and respect for human rights. practice and adopt measures to maintain the standards and ethics of the *** The first and foremost duty of profession. radiologic technologist is to uphold the Constitution, obey the laws of the land, An update was made to the professional and promote respect for the law, and code because of the advancement in implementing rules and regulations. medical imaging technology including technological change, a growing society Article II. Responsibility to Patients consensus on a belief or value, or a Section 1. Radiologic Technologists and cultural shift in society. X-ray Technologists shall provide patient  care in accordance with the accepted and therapeutic management of professional and ethical standards. patients. Section 2. They shall respect the dignity, Section 5. They shall recognize that the privacy, and right to self-determination interpretation and diagnosis of of the patients. radiologic procedures are beyond the scope of their professional practice. Section 3. They shall provide patient care, without discrimination, by reason Section 6. They shall NOT, directly or of age, race, creed, sex, socioeconomic indirectly, assist, tolerate, aid, or abet status, religious or political belief, or any unauthorized practice of the nature of disease/illness. profession. Section 4. They shall possess such a Section 7. They shall report to the degree of technical knowledge and Professional Regulatory Board of skills, reflective of their competence in Radiologic Technology or other the field. appropriate authorities, any violation of Republic Act No. 8981, Republic Act No. Section 5. They shall advocate the best 7431, their implementing rules and interests and safety of the patients as regulations, and this Code of well as of the entire health care team by Professional ethics. ensuring that the radiation exposure is kept at a minimum. Section 8. They shall keep their reputation above reproach and shall Section 6. They shall uphold the maintain proper decorum in all their principle of informed consent. actuations to gain public esteem and Section 7. They shall hold in confidence respect for the profession. all information obtained in the course of Section 9. They shall NOT debase or their professional practice and shall only demean the reputation, competence, disclose such information in accordance and capability of a colleague to with the law and principles of medical aggrandize themselves. ethics. Article IV. Responsibility to Self Section 8. They shall only provide services for which they are qualified by Section 1. Radiologic Technologists and virtue of their education, training, and X-ray Technologists shall endeavor to experience. undertake activities that will foster their professional development, which shall Article III. Responsibility to Colleagues, include pursuing Continuing Allied Health Professionals, and Health Professional Education and Institutions Development (CPE/CPD), to upgrade the Section 1. Radiologic Technologists and standard of their practice as radiologic X-ray Technologists shall take diligent technologists and x-ray technologists. care of the radiologic Section 2. They shall take an active part equipment/modalities that are assigned in relevant activities organized by to them and shall make appropriately professional organizations/societies. and effectively according to the accepted standards of practice. Section 3. They shall share acquired knowledge and skills on the latest Section 2. They shall show respect and practices and procedures related to support to their colleagues and other radiologic technology or x-ray members of the healthcare team. technology to their colleagues and Section 3. They shall apply sound other health professionals. judgment in the exercise of their Section 4. They shall not render their profession and assume responsibility for professional service under the influence their decisions(s). of alcohol, drugs, other similar Section 4. They shall assist the substance, or under any condition that radiologist and the referring old might compromise the effective delivery physician in the administration of of health care service to the patient. radiologic procedures for the diagnostic Section 5. They shall avoid conflict of  interest or any action that might Radiologic Technology Jurisprudence discredit the profession. Radiologic Technology Act of 1992 Section 6. They shall be entitled to just Republic Act No. 7431 entitled, "An Act and fair compensation for services Regulating the Practice of Radiologic rendered. Technology in the Philippines, Creating Section 7. They shall not allow their the Board of Radiologic Technology, names or Certificates Registration to be Defining Its Powers and Functions and advertised or used by any person for Other Purposes", otherwise known organization, unless with their written as the "Radiologic Technology Act of consent. 1992" was signed into law on April 22, 1992. Professional Association PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 223 (PD 223) The Philippine Association of Radiologic Technologists (PART) is the accredited CORAZON AQUINO - President national professional organization of RAMON MITRA - Speaker of the House radiologic technologists in the Philippines by the Professional board NEPTALI GONZALES - Senate President Regulation Commission Commission (PRC). CATAILO L. SABIO - Secretary General of House of Representative After passing the examination for radiologic technologists, during the ANALECTO D. BADOY JR. - Secretary of oath-taking ceremony, all board passers the Senate are required to take oath as members of HERMOGENES POBRE - Commissioner; PART. Chairman when R.A. 7431 signed into PART was established in 1954 as an law integrated association of three societies NORBERTO PALOMO - Father of to unite x-ray technologists from the Radiologic Technology Education private and government healthcare institutions. GILBERTO PALOMIQUE - First President of PART Master Sergeant Gilberto Palomique in 1954 became the first president of FIRST BOARD OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY PART. He became the officer-in-charge Appointed in 1993 of the second school of radiologic technology in the Philippines, Emilio Fortunato C. Gabon (001) - 1st Aguinaldo (formerly Marian College). Chairman / Radiologic Technologist From 1989 to 2000, Mr. Jack Lappay Dexter Rodelas (002) - Radiologic from St. Jude College was elected as Technologist the president of PART. It was in his term Editha C. Mora (003) - Radiologic that radiologic technology became a Technologist profession under R.A 7431 which was signed by former President Corazon C. Jose T. Gaffud - Radiologist Aquino into law. Eulinia M. Valdezco - Physicist In the following years, several radiologic PRESENT BOARD OF RADIOLOGIC technologists , The Philippine Society of TECHNOLOGY Radiologic Technologists(PSRT), The Philippine Society of Medical Radiologic Hon. Reynaldo S. Tisado - Chairman Technologists (PHISMERT), the Philippine Institute of Radiologic Hon. Jesette Canales Technologists (PIRT), and the Philippine Hon. Roland P. Conanan Association for Radiation Protection (PARP), among others. Hon. Bayani San Jyan Hon. Orestes P. Monzon - Radiologist  COMPUTERIZED LICENSURE EXAMINATION - d) "Radiologic Technologist“-is a bona fide December 27, 1993 & releases its holder of a certificate of registration for results on April 9, 1994 radiologic technology issued by the Board of Radiologic Technology in accordance with this RESOLUTION #1 Act; May 12, 1993 e) "Radiology“-is a branch of medical science Adaptation of seal/logo for Board of RT which deals with the use of radiation in the diagnosis, treatment and research of diseases; RESOLUTION #2 f) "Radiologist“- is a licensed physician who May 12, 1993 specializes in the diagnosis or treatment of Registration as RT of 3 members of the disease with the use of radiation; Board g) "Medical physicist“-is a physicist who RESOLUTION #3 specializes in the application of the principles and techniques of physics in medicine; May 12, 1993 h) "Board“-refers to the Board of Radiologic Reschedule of XT & RT Licensure Technology; and Examinations from December 1993 to June 26 & 27 1993 (First Exam) i) "Commission“-refers to the Professional Regulation Commission created under Presidential Decree Numbered Two hundred RESOLUTION #4 and twenty-three. May 28, 1993 Sec. 4. Practice X-ray Technology. Promulgation of the Code of The practice of x-ray technology shall Professional Ethics for XT & RT include any and all acts by which one renders, furnishes, or contracts to Section 1. Title render or furnished professional service as an x-ray technologist. This Act shall be known and cited as the Sec. 5. Practice of Radiology Technology. "Radiologic Technology Act of 1992." The practice of radiologic technology shall Sec. 2. Statement of Policy. include any and all acts by which one renders, It is the policy of the State to upgrade the furnishes, or contracts to render or furnish practice of radiologic technology in the professional service as a radiologic technologist. Philippines to protect the public from the Sec. 6. Creation of the Board of Radiologic hazards posed by radiation as well as to ensure Technology. safe and proper diagnosis, treatment, and research through the application of machines There is hereby created a board of and/or equipment using radiation. radiologic technology which shall be composed of a chairman and (4) Sec. 3. Definition of Terms members all of whom shall be a) "X-ray technology“-is an auxiliary branch of appointed by the president of the radiology which deals with the technical Philippines upon the recommendation application of x-rays as aid in the diagnosis of of the professional regulation diseases and injuries; commission. b) "Radiologic technology“-is an auxiliary The commission shall recommend: branch of radiology which deals with the 3) Radiologic Technologist; technical application of radiation, such as x-rays, beta rays, gamma rays, ultrasound and radio (1) Radiologist; frequency rays, in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases; (1) Medical Physicist c) "X-ray technologist" -is a bona fide holder of Presidential Decree Numbered 223 a certificate of registration for x-ray technology Sec. 7. Qualifications of Board Members. issued by the Board of Radiologic Technology in accordance with this Act; (a) Each member of the Board shall at the time of his appointment: 1.Be a citizen and resident of the Philippines; Sec. 9. Duties and functions of the Boards. 2. Be of good moral character; The Board shall have the following duties and functions: 3. Be at least thirty (30) years of age; and (a) To enforce the provisions of this Act; 4. Is neither a member of the faculty, whether full time, part time or lecturer, of any school, (b) To administer oaths in accordance with the college or university where a regular course in provisions of this Act; radiologic technology is taught, nor has any (c) To issue and, after due investigation, suspend pecuniary interest, directly or indirectly, in or revoke certificates of registration for the such institution during his term of office as a practice of radiologic technology and x-ray Board member. technology; (b) Three (3) members of the Board, including (d) To investigate any violation of this Act of the the Chairman, shall at the time of their rules and regulations issued there under, as may appointment: come to the knowledge of the Board and, for 1. Be radiologic technologist; and this purpose, to issue subpoena and subpoena duces tecum to alleged violators or witnesses to 2. Have at least ten (10) years practice as secure their attendance in investigations or radiologic technologists prior to their hearings, and the production of books, papers appointment; Provided, that and documents in connection therewith and the three (3) radiologic technologists appointed compel their attendance by the power to cite as members of the first Board shall be deemed and punish for contempt; automatically registered as radiologic (e) To conduct yearly board examinations to technologists upon assumption of their duties radiologic technology and x-ray technology as members. examinees under the supervision of the (c) One (1) member of the Board shall at the Professional Regulation Commission; time of his appointment: (f) To look, from time to time, into the condition 1.Be a radiologist; and affecting the practice of radiologic technology and x-ray technology in the Philippines, and 2. Has at least ten (10) years practice as a adopt such measures as may be deemed radiologist prior to his appointment. necessary for the maintenance of the standards (d) One (1) member of the Board shall at the and ethics of the profession; time of his appointment: (g) To promulgate such rules and regulations as 1. Be a medical physicist; and may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act: Provided, That the same shall be issued 2. Has at least ten (10) years practice as a only after the approval thereof by the medical physicist. Commission; and Sec.8 Term of office. (h) To adopt a seal to authenticate its official The member of the board shall hold office for a documents. The Board shall exercise these term of (3) powers and duties in accordance with Presidential Decree Numbered Two Hundred years from the date of their appointment until and twenty-three. their Sec. 10. Compensation of the Board. successors shall have been appointed and duly qualified. The members of the Board shall each receive the same compensation as members of other The 1st appointees shall hold office for the ff. Boards under the supervision of the terms: Commission as provided for in the General Appropriations Act. Chairman for 3 years; Sec. 11. Removal of Board Members. Two members for 2 years; Any member of the Board may be removed Two members for 1 year. from office by the President upon the recommendation of the Commission for neglect of duty, incompetence or (a)The first members of the Board of Radiologic unprofessional, Technology as provided in Section 7(b) hereof; and immoral, or dishonorable conduct, or commission or (b) Those who, prior to the approval of this Act, have passed the Civil Service examination for x- toleration of irregularities in the conduct of the ray technicians, or the examination for the examinations, private sector x-ray technicians, or the after having been given the opportunity to examination for chest x-ray technicians, or the defend himself in a proficiency examination for medical radiation technicians administered by the Department of proper administrative investigation conducted by the Health through its Radiation Health Office, Radiological Health Service, of Radiation Health Commission. Service. Sec. 12. Supervision of the Board and Custody Sec. 17. Exemption from examination in of its Records. Radiologic Technology. The members of the Board shall be under the (a)The first members of the Board of Radiologic general supervision of the Commission. No Technology as provided in Section 7(b) hereof, record shall be removed, altered or examined without the prior authorization of the Board. All (b)Radiologic technologists are legally qualified records, including examination papers, to practice as such in their own state or examination results, minutes of deliberation, country: Provided, further, That they shall first records of administrative cases and secure a special permit from the Board which investigations of the Board shall be kept by the shall be valid as the Board may determine: Commission. Provided, finally, That the privilege granted in this subsection shall be given only to radiologic Sec. 13. Rules and Regulations. technologists from countries giving similar Subject to the approval of the Commission, the privilege to their Filipino counterparts; Board shall set ethical and professional (c) Those who, prior to the approval of this Act, standards for the practice of radiologic have passed the proficiency examination for technology and x-ray technology and adopt such medical radiation technologists administered by rules and regulations as may be necessary to the Department of Health through its Radiation carry out the provisions of this Act. Such Health Office, Radiological Health Service, or standards, rules and regulations shall take effect Radiation Health Service; and one (1) month after publication in any newspaper of general circulation. (d) Those who prior to the approval of this Act, have passed the Civil Service examination for x- Sec. 14. Annual Report. ray technicians, or the examination for private The Board shall, at the end of each calendar sector x-ray technicians, or the proficiency year, submit to the Commission an annual examination for medical radiation technicians report of its activities and proceedings during administered by the Department of Health the year. Other information or data may be through its Radiation Health Office, Radiological requested by the Commission as often as may Health Service or Radiation Health Service, with be necessary and practicable. ten (10) years continuous practice of radiologic technology after passing one of these Sec. 15. Requirement for the Practice of aforementioned examinations. Those falling Radiologic Technology and X-ray Technology. under categories (a), (c) and (d) shall register No person shall practice or offer to practice as a with the Board after they shall have complied radiologic and/or x-ray technologist in the with the requirements for registration as Philippines without having obtained the proper radiologic technologists. certificate of registration from the Board. Sec. 18. Examination Required Sec. 16. Exemption from Examination in X-ray Except as otherwise specifically allowed under Technology. the provisions of this Act and other exiting laws, Examination shall not be required of the all applicants. For registration as radiologic following persons: technologists and x-ray technologists shall be required to undergo an examination which shall be given once a year by the Board, through the Commission, according to its rules and Radiobiology and Radiation regulations and at such time and place as may Protection 10 % be determined by the Commission. b) Radiographic Positioning 10 % Sec. 19. Qualifications for Examination. Radiographic Technique 10 % Every applicant for examination under this Act shall, prior to admission for examination Special Procedures 10 % establish to the satisfaction of the Board that he: c) Anatomy, Physiology and Medical Terminology 10 % (a) Is a Filipino citizen; d) Photochemistry and Film Analysis 0 % (b) Is of good moral character and has not been convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude; e) Nursing and Department Procedures in and Radiology and Professional Ethics 5 % (c) Is a holder of a baccalaureate degree in f) Ultrasound 5 % radiologic technology from a school, college or g) Radiation Therapy 5 % university Recognized by the Government if he applies for the radiologic technology h) Nuclear Medicine 5 % examination or is a holder of an associate in i) Radiologic Pathology 5 % radiologic technology diploma from a school, college or university recognized by the j) Computed Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Government if he applies for the x-ray Imaging 5 % technology examination. Sec. 22. Report of Ratings Sec. 20. Scope of Examination in X-ray The Board shall, within one hundred Technology. twenty (120) days after the date of Unless changed or modified by the Board, the completion of the examination, report examination in x-ray technology shall cover the the rating obtained by each candidate following subjects with the corresponding to the Commission which shall submit weights as follows: such report to the President of the Philippines for approval. a) Radiation Physics 10% In order to pass the examination, a Radiology and Radiation Protection 10% candidate must obtain a weighted Equipment Maintenance 10% average of at least 75% with no rating below 60% in any subject. b) Radiographic Positioning 10% An examinee who obtains an average Radiographic Technique 10% rating of 75% or higher but gets a rating Special Procedures 10% below 60% in any subject shall be allowed to take a reexamination in only c) Anatomy, Physiology and Medical those subjects in which he obtained a Terminology 15 % rating below 60%. d) Photochemistry and Darkroom Procedures Such examination shall, as far as 10% practicable, be taken in the next scheduled examination. e) Film Analysis 5% In order to pass the second f) Nursing and Departmental Procedures in examination, the examinee must obtain Radiology 5% a rating of 75% in each of the subjects Sec. 21. Scope of Examination in Radiologic repeated. If the candidate still fails the Technology. reexamination, he shall as far as practicable, be required to repeat said Unless changed or modified by the Board, the subjects during the succeeding examination in radiologic technology shall cover examination. When an applicant fails to the following subject with the corresponding qualify after the third examination, he weights as follows: shall be required to take the entire a) Radiation Physics and Equipment examination. Maintenance 10 % Sec. 23. Oath-taking. All successful examinees shall be required to b) Presenting or using as his own the take a professional oath before the Board or certificate of registration of another person; before any person authorized by the Board c) Using an expired license, or suspended or to administer oaths prior to the practice of revoked certificate of registration; their profession as radiologic technologists and/or x-ray technologists. d) Giving any false or forged evidence to the Board of Radiologic Technology in order to Sec. 24. Issuance of Certificates of obtain a certificate of registration; Registration e) Posing or advertising as a registered Every applicant who has satisfactorily radiologic and/or x-ray technologist or using passed the required examination shall, any other means tending to convey the upon payment of the registration fee as impression that he is a registered radiologic provided in Section 25, be issued a and/or x-ray technologist; and certificate of registration as radiologic technologist and/or x-ray technologist. f) Violation of any of the provision or provisions of this Act The Board shall, subject to review by the Commission, issue the Sec. 27. Appropriations. corresponding certificates to persons who apply for the same who are The amount necessary for the exempt from the examinations provided compensation of the members of the Board under Sections 16 and 17 hereof. shall be included in the General Appropriations Act of the year following All certificates of registration shall the approval of this Act and thereafter. contain the full name of the registrant, serial number, signature of the Sec. 28. Repealing Clause Commissioner, date of issuance, and All laws, decrees, orders, and other the official seal of the Board duly affixed issuances, rules and regulations, or parts thereto. thereof, inconsistent herewith are hereby Sec. 25. Fees repealed or Modified accordingly. a) For application for examination P350.00 Sec. 29 b) For registration after passing the board Sec. 30. Effectivity Clause examinations P250.00 This Act shall take effect one (1) month after c) For registration without examination its publication in any newspaper of general P250.00 circulation. d) For replacement of lost or destroyed Radiologic Technology Creed certificate of registration P100.00 May 28, 1993 e) For reissuance of revoked certificate Atty. Oscar Romero - Author of P100.00 Radiologic Technology Creed Sec. 26. Penal Provisions. I solemnly pledge myself before God and to the presence of this assembly, that we may serve Any person who shall practice radiologic humanity with fidelity, honor technology and/or x-ray technology in the and objective of the Radiologic Technology Philippines, within the meaning of this Act, profession to the best of one’s with any of the following attending ability and render service without any circumstances shall, upon conviction by final mental reservations to the practice of Radiologic judgment, be punished with a fine of not Technology. less than Ten thousand pesos (P10,000) nor more than Forty thousand pesos (P4,000), SUMMARY: or by imprisonment of not less than one (1) SECTION 1: Title year nor more than six (6) years, or both, at the discretion of the court: SECTION 2: Statement of Policy a) Without a certificate of registration in SECTION 3: Definition of Terms accordance with the provisions of this Act; SECTION 4: Practice of X-ray Technology SECTION 5: Practice of Radiologic Technology SECTION 6: Creation of the Board of Radiologic SECTION 23: Oath Taking Technology SECTION 24: Issuance of Certificate of -4 members; 1 chairman Registration -Appointed by the President SECTION 25: Fees SECTION 7: Qualification of Board Members SECTION 26: Penal Provisions · Be a citizen and resident of Philippines SECTION 27: Appropriations · Be of good moral character SECTION 28: Repealing Clause: · Be at least 30 years of age SECTION 29: (Missing) · Neither a member of the faculty. SECTION 30: Effectivity Clause SECTION 8: Term of Office February 27, 1992/April 22, 1992 · Chairman – 3 years · 2 Members – 2 years Philippine Patients’ Bill of Rights · Other 2 members – 1 year (1) Right to Appropriate Medical Care and Humane Treatment · Reynaldo Tisado – Incumbent Chairman of the Every person has a right to health and Board medical care corresponding to his state SECTION 9: Duties & Functions of the of health, without any discrimination Board and within the limits of the resources, manpower and competence available · Subpoena duces tecum – certain documents for health and medical care at the · Subpoena Ad testificandum – ordinary relevant time. documents The patient has the right to appropriate health and medical care of good quality. SECTION 10: Compensation of the Board In the course of such care, his human SECTION 11: Removal of the Board dignity, convictions, integrity, individual needs and culture shall be respected. SECTION 12: Supervision of the Board & Custody (2) Right to Informed Consent SECTION 13: Rules and Regulation The patient has a right to a clear, truthful and substantial explanation, in SECTION 14: Annual Report a manner and language understandable SECTION 15: Requirement for the Practice of RT to the patient, of all proposed & XT procedures, whether diagnostic, preventive, curative, rehabilitative or · Certification of Registration from the Board therapeutic, wherein the person who will perform the said procedure shall SECTION 16: Exemption from Examination in XT provide his name and credentials to the SECTION 17: Exemption from Examination in RT patient, possibilities of any risk of mortality or serious side effects. SECTION 18: Examination Requirements Informed consent shall be obtained SECTION 19: Qualification for the Examination from a patient concerned if he is of legal age and of sound mind. In case the · Filipino citizen patient is incapable of giving consent · Good moral character and a third party consent is required, the following persons, in the order of · Has not been convicted of a crime involving priority stated hereunder, may give moral turpitude consent: · Holder of baccalaureate degree in RT i. spouse; ii. son or daughter of legal age; SECTION 20: Scope of Examination in XT iii. either parent; SECTION 21: Scope of Examination in RT iv. brother or sister of legal age, or v. guardian SECTION 22: Report of Ratings  If a patient is a minor, consent shall be obtained from his parents or legal (6) Right to Self-Determination guardian. The patient has the right to avail himself/herself of any recommended (3) Right To Privacy and Confidentiality. diagnostic and treatment procedures. The privacy of the patients must be Any person of legal age and sound assured at all stages of his treatment. mind may make an advance written The patient has the right to be free from directive for physicians to administer unwarranted public exposure, except in terminal care when he/she suffers from the following cases: the terminal phase of a terminal illness a) when his mental or physical condition is in controversy and the appropriate (7) Right to Religious Belief court, in its discretion, orders him to The patient has the right to refuse submit to a physical or mental medical. examination by a physician; Treatment or procedures that may be b) when the public health and safety so contrary to his religious beliefs, subject demand; and to the limitations described in the c) when the patient waives this right. preceding subsection d) when such disclosure will benefit public health and safety; (8) Right to Medical Records e) when it is in the interest of justice The patient is entitled to a summary of and upon the order of a competent his medical history and condition, He court; and has the right to view the contents of his f) when the patient waives in writing medical records, except psychiatric the confidential nature of such notes and other incriminatory information; information obtained about third g) when it is needed for continued parties, with the attending physician medical treatment or advancement of explaining the contents thereof medical science (9) Right to Leave (4) Right to Information - The patient has the right to leave a In the course of his/her treatment and hospital or any other health care hospital care, the patient or his/her institution regardless of his physical legal guardian has a right to be condition: Provided, That informed of the result of the evaluation a) he/she is aware of the medical of the nature and extent of his/her consequences of his/her decision; disease. b) he/she releases those involved in The patient or his legal guardian has the his/her care from any obligation relative right to examine and be given an to the consequences of his decision; itemized bill of the hospital and medical c) his/her decision will not prejudice services rendered in the facility or by public health and safety. his/her physician and other health care providers, regardless of the manner and (10)Right to Refuse Participation in Medical source of payment. He is entitled to a Research thorough explanation of such a bill. The patient has the right to be advised if the health care provider plans to involve (5) The Right To Choose Health Care him in medical research, including but Provider and Facility not limited to human experimentation The patient is free to choose the health which may be performed only with the care provider to serve him as well as the written informed consent of the patient. facility except when s/he is under the care of a service facility or when public (11)Right to Correspondence and to Receive health and safety so demands or when Visitors the patient expressly or impliedly The patient has the right to waives this right. communicate with relatives and other He also has the right to seek for a persons and to receive visitors subject second opinion and subsequent to reasonable limits prescribed by the opinions, if appropriate, from another rules and regulations of the health care health care provider/practitioner. institution.  (12)Right to Express Grievances The patient has the right to express complaints and grievances about the care and services received without fear of discrimination or reprisal and to know about the disposition of such complaints. IMPORTANCE OF LAW: (13)Right to be Informed of His Rights and Obligations as a Patient Laws are rules that bind all people living Every person has the right to be in a community. informed of his rights and obligations as Laws protect our gen