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RRES MIDterms ❁ SEMESTER 1 BSMT - 2-A| MIDTERMS| WACKYDOM...

RRES MIDterms ❁ SEMESTER 1 BSMT - 2-A| MIDTERMS| WACKYDOM SY. 2024-2025 rr Primarily an anthology of about a thousand HINDUISM hymns for the Aryan gods (how to worship The word “Hindu” came from ancient Persia as their God). a designation of their eastern neighbors who Also present a creation hymn. inhabited the Indus river. Functions like a manual for a long, healthy, and It was only later during the British Rule that the wealthy life on earth. term “Hindu” was established as a Also makes reference to the reverence for designation of religion. cows that would later make a mark for The prevailing religion of India covers a wide Hinduism. range of beliefs and practices. World’s oldest living major religion but has experienced a constant evolution due to the INDRA influence of other religions. God of thunder and rain. 80% or about 1 billion of people is Hindu. Ruler of space between heaven and earth. The most popular among the deities of the Rig-Veda. ORIGIN AND HISTORY A warrior described as huge, bearded, and hard Began at around 2000 BCE in the Indus Valley. drinking. From the Indus Valley developed a civilization Has a thunderbolt for a weapon. with the two major cities of Harappa and Mojenho-daro. AGNI The real name of Indus Valley civilization still God of fire and sacrifice. remains a mystery up until today. However, some Artifacts found depicted a figure seated with legs crossed, thought to be the earliest VARUNA form of the Hindu deity Shiva. Deity who maintains the order of cosmo. Hindus were a nomadic herding people who He is omniscient and omnispective. identified themselves as Aryans. Portrayed as the enemy of Indra. ARYANS SOMA Means Noble ones. Lord of plants It was said that they came from Central Asia. The most intriguing among Vedic Gods. His name refers to the pressing of a certain plant to concoct an intoxicating drink said to THE VEDAS produce insight and immortality. Tradition of soma was one of the practices of VEDAS using hallucinogenic drugs. Means knowledge. Most valued scriptures in Hinduism OTHER DEITIES Written text that is recited by priests during special occasions as a form of transmission. Yoma - God of dead Written between 2000 BCE and 400 BCE Vishnu - who later became a primary deity in Each book is divided into four parts: mantra, or Hinduism. hymns, brahmanas, or ritual materials, Rudra - God of Destruction. A forerunner to aryankas, and the Upanishads. the Hindu deity Shiva. RIG-VEDA PURUSHNA Means “the veda of verses of praise.” Another creating poem tells of a supreme The most important of the four books. person. In order for Human life to begin. BY WACKY 1  RRES MIDterms ❁ SEMESTER 1 BSMT - 2-A| MIDTERMS| WACKYDOM SY. 2024-2025 rr THE THREE OTHER BOOKS OF THE VEDAS The upanishads defined the atman as something smaller than a grain of rice while at YAJUR-VEDA once larger than all the worlds. A collection of rituals and direction for The atman is not bound by time and space. sacrifice to the Gods. LAW OF KARMA SAMA-VEDA Means “action.” Collection of verses from the Rig-veda arranged It is the law explaining the cause and effect musically. relationship in the cosmos. It is the self that is subjected to karma, and is, therefore, subject to change; the Self, the ATHARVA-VEDA atman, remains eternal and unchanging. A collection of spells, incantations, and charms for home use. MANY GODS, ONE ESSENCES The concept of Hinduism is complex. THE UPANISHADS Hinduism is theistic, but also monistic at the UPANISHADS same time. Complexity is portrayed in the story of a man Crucial to the foundation of Hinduism who traveled through India and documented all The term “Upanishad” means “to sit nearby,” the deities he encountered.At the end of his refers to students sitting at the feet of their journey, the man has listed 330 million deities. spiritual teacher as they receive instructions. However, at the bottom of the list, he wrote The basis for all Hindus religious philosophy. “one.” Hinduism only recognizes one supreme God, BRAHMAN but allows its believer to worship God in many The only principle of unity in the universe. different forms and persons.Theses forms are Finite and eternal. known as the devas, deities. Sat, reality itself, chit, pure consciousness, The vedas and upanishads talk about the and ananda, utter bliss. singular God as only one. Without likeness to Described as an impersonal deity and is not anyone or anything, and cannot be seen by the assigned personal qualities. eye. The divine ground for all matter in the In practice, Hindus worship Brahman in many universe. different forms. He is the supreme force, the absolute reality. ACCORDING TO HINDU ANCIENT TALE The Puranas, Brahman created Shiva. Then, ATMAN Shiva created Vishnu. Then, from the lotus The Upanishads assert that every living being, flower associated with the navel of Vishnu at the core has an Eternal soul which is the came Brahma. atman. One with brahman. TRIMURTI What separates the atman from Brahman is Means Trinity. human ignorance. Overtime, the three deities emerged as the Only when ignorance is overcome that the supreme deity of Hinduism. atman is released from the trap of the cycle of Cosmic function of creation, maintenance, and rebirth, samsara. destruction personified. The true nature of the human person is an eternal and unchanging soul known as the atman. BRAHMA Known as the creator. BY WACKY 2  RRES MIDterms ❁ SEMESTER 1 BSMT - 2-A| MIDTERMS| WACKYDOM SY. 2024-2025 rr Depicted with four heads which are believed to success in bending Shiva's mighty bow at the be the origin of the four vedas. bridegroom tournament of Sita, the daughter of Also has four arms and beard King Janaka, thus winning her for his wife. Less worshiped compared to Vishnu and Shiva because his role as creator is over. Came from the lotus flower associated in the MAHABHARATA navel of vishnu. The greater work of the descendants of Bharata. Longest epic poem to be written, seven times VISHNU longer than the Greek Iliad and Odyssey Known as the preserver. combined. Kind overseer of the universe who entered The story of Mahabharata is about the battle humanity when humanity was threatened by the between two groups of cousins named the forces of evil. Pandavas and the Kauravas to gain supreme Incarnated in the form of Krishna and Rama, power and rule the kingdom. It is also about the respective heroes of Mahabharata and taking right actions and eliminating evil ones Ramayana. from one's life. General role of Vishnu to come to human aid during times of cosmic crisis. CASTE SYSTEM AVATAR Specific groups of people were identified based Manifestation of Vishnu on their specific occupation. A Sanskrit word which means descent. Also founded on the teachings of the Rig-veda and the Laws of Manu, a collection of ethical and religious guidelines for individuals and SHIVA societies. The destroyer. The RIg Veda and Laws of Manu states that Described as violent and powerful in ways classes are based on the order of the cosmos. that are both destructive and creative. Used this power to fight evil in the lives of his followers. CASTE SYSTEM Also expressed as a sexual power. But Came from the Portuguesesword casta, which inasmuch as sexual acts can be violent. means pure. Through his sexual power, brought life to the The term casta implies the necessity of not universe. mixing different groups The Sanskrit word used to refer to this form of stratification is varna, which means color. EPICS But has later evolved into class to refer to the social stratification system’s early stage. Both stories are orally transmitted but later Based on the Rig Veda, society is divided into written in text. four: brahmins (priests and sage), kshatriyas Both stories present a storyline where the (warriors), vaishyas (producers such as world’s order is threatened by a force of evil, bankers, merchants, and farmers), and shudras only to be intervened by Vishnu who sets all (servants). things right at the end. The system carried an inherent religious hierarchy: the higher the class, the closer to RAMAYANA God, the more purposeful the life. The story of Rame, which tells of the tales of exploits of the god and king Rama together JATI with his wife, Sita The poem describes the royal birth of the god After a number of years, numerous birth groups Rama in the kingdom of Ayodhya (Oudh), his or occupational groups began to develop within tutelage under the sage Vishvamitra, and his the varna system. BY WACKY 3  RRES MIDterms ❁ SEMESTER 1 BSMT - 2-A| MIDTERMS| WACKYDOM SY. 2024-2025 rr During Holi, colorful paintings are thrown at Cows are left wandering around the cities, one another as men sing widely after drinking villages, and towns. While, they are being thandai, a sweet, creamy milk drink. recognized as a deity, with a wreath of Marked by bonfires, symbolic of the burning flowers placed on their neck. away of self-conceit, selfishness, and all other Believed to be representation of all no-human undesirable thoughts and traits. life Respect for cows, means respect and recognition of human existence’s MAHASIVARATRI dependence on the nonhuman world. A solemn ritual marked by fasting and other Cow dung function as fuel, fertilizer, and austerities, following the example of Shiva. disinfectant. Most Indians believe that killing a cow will feed RAMA NAVAMI a few months, but allowing cows to roam free will give access to produce such as Celebration of birth of Rama, an incarnation of milk, butter, and dung. Vishnu. Cows are also protected by the Indian spirituality GANESH CHATURTHI of associations to the mother goddess, A summer festival in honor of Ganesh, Kamadhenu. remover of obstacles, by carrying a large image of Ganesh, the elephant-headed God, in JNANA YOGA the sea of other bodies of water. The path of knowledge. Engage in a strict process of physical, JANMASHTAMI spiritual, mental, and moral discipline, Celebrated in autumn in honor of the birth of leading to a final point of preparation. Krishna. A meaningful experience requires the guidance of a spiritual teacher called a guru. DIWALI GURU The festival of lights. Celebrated in autumn with fireworks in honor of Show incomparable spiritual awareness and Lakshmi, goddess of wealth. outstanding skills to lead others towards the same end. Shown devotion in kissing their feet, GANGES RIVER prostration in their presence, and the offering Most popular pilgrim site for Hindus. of gifts. First among the seven sacred rivers in India. Believed to gain spiritual merit from the guru Believed to be a goddess herself. as the yogi in being led in meditation. Hindus take joy bathing in the life giving and cleansing water of the ganges. MANTRA Also an honor for one’s ashes to be spread in the same river. A sacred word or sound that aids concentration and invokes the spiritual, One of the most famous mantras is the Sanskrit KUMBH Om, or Aum. Yamuna, and Sarasvati river. In the upanishads, om is representation of Attracts more than a million worshipers to bathe brahma through sound. in the sacred river, making it the largest festival in the world. SPIRITUALITY COWS DHARMA Veneration of cows is also part of Bhakti yoga. The proper order of the cosmos and the principles of conduct applied by the cosmos. BY WACKY 5  RRES MIDterms ❁ SEMESTER 1 BSMT - 2-A| MIDTERMS| WACKYDOM SY. 2024-2025 rr The idea of Jati is to keep a specific The most common path for hindus. occupation to a particular family or clan. Duty based Emphasizing the hereditary nature of labor. Involves living in accordance with the dharma Basis for the multi-level caste and sub-caste as determined by age, gender, caste, and state system that is dominant in rural parts of India of life. today. For Hindu traditionalists, karma yoga is At some point thought to be polluting to following the Laws of Manu, which dictate the society. ritual needed to perform, the occupation that For example: Jati, who works in cremation are one may enter, and the way of interaction polluted by their dealings with human corpses. with other people. Based on Hindu traditions, touching dead Believed to be the easiest way for members of bodies causes a kind of pollutants that is the lower caste to improve their status. severely punishable or require spiritual cleansing. BHAKTI YOGA Believe that they were so polluted that they were classified outside the four classes. The path of devotion to a personal deity. They were later known as untouchables, or Became prominent with the Bhagavad Gita and today known as dalits, oppressed, or harijan, the popular emergence of the principles deities which means children of God. of Shiva and Vishnu. Bhakti yoga practitioners recognized their specific God as the supreme deity. BRAHMINS Hindus honor the people’s right to choose The scholars formulated laws in the specific deities for personal devotion. implementation of the elaborate caste system. Hinduism doesn’t have a specific set of days in a Touching a member of a lower caste, means week for worshiping their Gods. ritual impurity. Created law that states any attempt to change PUJA one’s caste will result in bad karma and possibly rebirth into an even worse life. An expression of devotion, considered as the daily activity. RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCES FESTIVALS YOGA Hindus calendar sets specific dates each year Perhaps the most known concept outside for festivals where in deities are worshiped in Hinduism. different, special ways The Sanskrit term yoga means “to yoke or to join”, refers to the unisom of the atman, the JAGANNATH individual soul, to the brahman, the ultimate A temple in Puri, Indian which preserves an soul and attain liberation from the cycle of image of Vishnu in the form of the god rebirth. Jaghannath. The most common means of attaining moksha. Once a year, the image is brought out in a Can be mainly spoken as karma yoga, the way parade in a special vehicle called an English of action, bhakti yoga, the way of devotion, juggernaut. jnana yoga, the way of knowledge. Instead of yoga, the word marga, which means path, is sometimes used. HOLI Marks the end of the winter and the beginning of YOGI spring, commemorating the myth of Prahlad, son of a demon king, who was saved from fire A practitioner of yoga. after seeking refuge in Vishnu. KARMA YOGA BY WACKY 4  RRES MIDterms ❁ SEMESTER 1 BSMT - 2-A| MIDTERMS| WACKYDOM SY. 2024-2025 rr The duty implicit in the structure of existence desire, and moksha. This means that hinduism is not which means duty, is a person’s role in life and a religion that denies sexual pleasure. Hinduism in society. recognizes the human need for material gain and Defined by birth and by caste. sexual pleasure. The proper time for material gain When the individual and communal dharma is and sexual pleasure is when a person is married and not observed, chaos ensues. has familial responsibilities. KARMA THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN HINDUISM This law of causation says that a human Women adhered to the religion and had the person is determined in this future action opportunity to experience freedom, equality, based on the effects of his past actions. and liberty. The journey of the atman is the unending cycle Due to the arrival of writings like epics, Smritis, of rebirth will go until the inescapable restraint Sastras, vernacular writing, and oral of karma is broken. traditions that redefined an ideal woman and The mistake atman makes will lead toward a led to practices that were subservient to particular effect which will be realized either in men. the present life or in the next. For example, a person who is led by instinctive HINDUISM DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC action may experience rebirth as an animal. The arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the way Hindus practice their religion. SAMSARA Celebrations and prayers are held at home, Samara which means “flowing on.” while group worship is livestream through The Upanishads, describe the atman with the various platforms. Brahman, it also contains the core doctrine of Religious leaders encourage followers to reincarnation. follow social distancing, insisting that it A person’s physical death, the atman’s remains every believer’s moral duty to follow re-enters the life cycle by being born again in such orders. another body. The body will depend on the atman’s karma. BUDDHISM A highly diverse religion of about 400 million MOKSHA people. Buddhists are followers of the dharma, The atman’s release from the endless cycle of or dhamma. rebirth. Began in India in the 6th century BCE. The culmination of life, but not merely a state Time in India, which was dominated by of existence after death. Hinduism, Buddhism, introduced itself and attaining moksha is made possible by going believed that material comforts, nor the denial around the laws of karma in the sense that a of such, does not protect a person from human person lives, preventing the suffering and death. accumulation of any karma, whether good or bad. With the atman, karma, and samsara in place. SIDDHARTHA GAUTAMA The upanishads propose the idea of a goal: A prince who was born around 563 BCE. moksha, which means liberation. Belong to a warrior caste that is present day in To attain moksha, hindu must renounce artha Nepal. and karma by distancing themselves from the Subjected to a prophecy which said that he was human world in order to be near the divine either going to be a great political leader or a world. homeless monk. To avoid the fulfillment of this prophecy, his 💡 According to Hinduism, life has four aims: dharma, artha, which is material gain, karma, which is sexual father raised him in luxury; he provided everything he needed to protect him from asking unpleasant questions about his life. Poor BY WACKY 6  RRES MIDterms ❁ SEMESTER 1 BSMT - 2-A| MIDTERMS| WACKYDOM SY. 2024-2025 rr and suffering were put away from the sight In principle, anyone has the potential to of Siddhartha. become the Buddha, as long as they can follow Got married and had a son. the part of developing perfection. He felt an inner longing for something, and he He has now faced another decision to make. felt emptiness which cannot be fulfilled by any Should he tell the others that he had discovered pleasure in life. the dharma? Or should he keep it to himself? He journeyed to a depressed area where he His choice was to communicate and share his experienced the four passing sights: a experiences with others. distressed old man, a man afflicted by Five ascetics as his first student. illness, a dead man being carried to a funeral, and a monk calmly walking alone in a yellow robe. THE DEATH OF SIDDHARTHA GAUTAMA He realizes that life is not all about happiness BUDDHA and pleasure, but also about misery, For 45 more years, the Buddha preached the problems, and death. middle way. He also realized that no matter how wealthy he Died at the age of 80 years old. was, he was destined to become old and ill, His last words to his followers were, “work out eventually die. your own liberation with diligence.” THE GREAT RENUNCIATION PARANIRVANA Realizing comfort will not protect him from According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha harsh realities. entered the state beyond the cycle of rebirth. He decided to search for the origin of suffering and end it. Shaved off his head, wore a robe of a monk, SPREAD OF BUDDHISM went out of the palace, and set off to KING ASHOKA discover the way to escape suffering. Open his mind about the Hindu brahmins. Major turning point of Buddhism was when King Mastered a meditative approach for six years. Ashoka, of the Mauryan Empire, renounced his He also tried to deny himself for five years. He violent ways and accepted the teachings of also only ate a single grain of rice in a day. Buddha. Found out practicing severe asceticism, or In 270 BCE, he became the monarch of depriving oneself of worldly pleasure, would not northern India and stayed in power for about lead to spiritual fulfillment. 35 years. Commanded his subjects to follow the Buddha’s teaching as far as the Middle East and Mediterranean. THE EXPERIENCE OF ENLIGHTENMENT Started in Sri Lanka, then later extended One night in a place named Bodh Gaya. throughout Myanmar, THailand, Cambodia, Siddhartha sat down under a Bodhi tree, and Laos, Malaysia, and VietnaM. told himself that he won’t raise until he reaches the state of spiritual enlightenment. Mara, the god of desire and death, appeared to SPREAD OF BUDDHISM him and tempted him to go back to the palace to his life of pressure. THERAVADA BUDDHISM Suddenly he “awakened” this experience and Buddhism spread throughout Sri Lanka and gave him the answer that he was looking for, an other neighboring countries. answer to the problem of suffering, aging, and Means “the way of the elders” death. Sometimes referred to as “southern buddhism” He was now the Buddha, the enlightened one. because of the places where it is practiced, was His state was marked by a lack of craving - one of the schools that developed from a series NIrvana. of debates and splits concerning the authenticity of the Budhha. BY WACKY 7  RRES MIDterms ❁ SEMESTER 1 BSMT - 2-A| MIDTERMS| WACKYDOM SY. 2024-2025 rr Considered as the conservative school of The spiritual journey begins with the Buddhism. acceptance that suffering in life is inevitable. Follows the purest form of the true message As long as one is blinded by riches, one cannot of the Buddha. start on a spiritual journey. As long as one leads Generally close to ancient buddhism, in terms a life of material lavishness. One is suffering. of practice and doctrine. The teachings are Theravada Buddhism, looks into the inevitable based on the earliest evidence of Buddhist fact that any relationship will come to end and all traditions. aspects of life and human experience has the innate seed of suffering that is only waiting to germinate. MAHAYANA Literally means “large vehicle” sometimes referred to as “East Asian Buddhism.” SECOND NOBLE TRUTH: TANHA, DESIRE Founded after the death of King Ashoka. The main cause of suffering is the desire for The cycle of rebirth is portrayed as a river, with sensual pleasure, the desire to be born again, the bank on the other side represent liberation the desire for life to end. Carry a person from his river bank to the other In simpler words, the cause of suffering is desire side of the riverbank of human liberation, hence, or tanha. Mahayana as a large vehicle. Humans desire friendship and then become In Mahayana terms, Theravada Buddhism is attached to the person. Eventually a dispute will Hinayana or small vehicle. happen, and then suffering. Suffering will be impossible without attachment, and attachment VAJRAYANA will be impossible without desire. Means “thunderbolt” or “diamond vehicle” Theravada Buddhism teaches that even Recognized as a sub-branch of Mahayana spiritual desire leads to attachment and Buddhism. eventually suffering. To desire for existence to Considered as the esoteric school and is today end will only lead to existence never coming to known as Tibetan Buddhism or Zen end. Buddhism. The more essential step to leading an authentic life is to let go of all desires, no matter how beneficial they may seem. NON GOD Buddhism is usually considered as an atheistic THIRD NOBLE TRUTH: NIRVANA, THE END OF religion as it does not recognize the centrality of DESIRE AND SUFFERING the roles of a personal God or Gods. The objective of Theravada Buddhism is to be Under Theravada Buddhism, they are agnostic liberated from samsara, the cycle of rebirth. about god or gods as they claim no knowledge The idea is that human experience is lit with of the existence of such and god does not play desire both physical and spiritual, and nirvana is any kind of role for the liberation of human achieved when the flame of these desires are person. extinguished. To Buddha it was the middle way that led him to the attainment of the truth, or enlightenment. Discourse with his followers has come to be known as the four noble truth which form the SELF-IMMOLATION very core of the teachings in Buddhism. In Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism, self-immolation, a phase used to describe acetic buddhist practice such as devoting one’s body FOUR NOBLE TRUTH as an offering or voluntary giving up one’s own life. FIRST NOBLE TRUTH: DUKKHA, SUFFERING Buddha identified the most fundamental Self-immolation was not accepted in early Indian problem to human existence. Buddhism for the following reason: To live is to suffer. BY WACKY 8  RRES MIDterms ❁ SEMESTER 1 BSMT - 2-A| MIDTERMS| WACKYDOM SY. 2024-2025 rr It ends the person’s ability to achieve freedom Disallow followers to engage in four types of before they fully utilize their life. occupation: those involve killing, those that Self-immolation results in excruciating physical involve commerce or service for hire, those agony and may result in death, extreme that involve trickery and deception, and asceticism. anything that is related to astrology. Self-immolation stems from the Right means of livelihood is earning in ways “personality-view” or “ego-view”, and is an act consistent with Buddhist teaching. driven by a desire for non-existence; and idea of “self-love” and “self-affection,” which is regarded as a vital prerequisite for expressing “loving CONCENTRATION kindness” towards other creature, is at odd with self-immolation. RIGHT EFFORT Also known as the right endeavor. NIRVANA Avoiding any action that will cause a negative karmic influence, and instead pursuing “Blowing out, extinguishing” beneficial action. The end of desire and suffering. Not a post-death state, but a phenomenon experienced by someone who has freed RIGHT MINDFULNESS himself from any form of desire and Also known as right alertness suffering. Giving oneself diligently focused observation of Common image is lotus flower. oneself and others. The lotus grows in muddy water, white flower Contemplation begins by focusing on the symbolizes purity in the midst of muddy water. breathing, becoming aware of the body and its Like a lotus flower, a person in the state of impermanence. nirvana is not tainted by the stains of life. Followed by focusing on the ebb and flow of emotions, mental activities, and the object of the mind. FOURTH NOBLE TRUTH: THE EIGHTFOLD PATH The last noble teaches about the means to RIGHT MEDITATION attain liberation from attachments, from desire, Also known as right concentration. from suffering, and from the cycle of rebirth. The proper focusing of one’s mind. These are not steps to be followed in sequence, Marked by the stage of calmness and peace as but are principles that need to be applied in the human person enters the state of spiritual particular situations. or samadhi. State where all attachments have been MORALITY destroyed, in this stage, nirvana is at hand. RIGHT SPEECH Not bearing false witness to other persons, not WISDOM spreading gossip, not using harsh words, not speaking vulgar words or injurious talk, and RIGHT BELIEF not falling into the habit of useless Also known as the right understanding or right conversation. view. Means having a proper perspective of the nature RIGHT ACTION of reality. Also known as conduct. Includes belief in the dharma, the acceptance Not killing other living beings, not stealing, of the four noble and the recognition of the avoiding illegal sexual relations, and avoiding three marks of existence. gambling. Three mark of existence: Anatta - no permanent identity RIGHT MEANS OF LIVELIHOOD Annica - impermanence BY WACKY 9  RRES MIDterms ❁ SEMESTER 1 BSMT - 2-A| MIDTERMS| WACKYDOM SY. 2024-2025 rr Dukhha - suffering HIs mother was the one who provided for him since his father died when he was three years old. RIGHT ASPIRATION At the age of fifty, he was appointed to high Also known as right purpose or right though. office under the administration of the Duke Liberating one’s mind from the desire of the of Lu. However, he resigned since his political senses such as malice and greed. doctrines were not turned into practice Adopting thoughts of nonviolence and In 497 BCE, left his home at Lu and moved compassion. from state to state hoping that his words and Replace with the value of genteless, doctrines would spread. benevolence, and good will. In the fourth month of 479 BCE, he died. The titles Perfect sage and Ancient teacher were given to him. CONFUCIANISM AS A JIAO BUDDHISM DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC CONFUCIANISM Many leaders, including the Dalai Lama, Was commonly agreed to be formed under emphasizes that the pandemic demands Confucius. meditation, compassion, generosity, and Considered to be a school of thought. gratitude. Guided by the principle of its founder. Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism, used The writing of Confucius or even compilation of talismans and sacred objects which are his dictums are important. believed to protect the people from contracting the virus. EMPEROR WU Vajrayana Buddhism followers have been encouraged to chant mantras and practice a During his reign was when Confucianism unique form of visualization, where a person became a dominant school and an orthodox produces a mental image of a deity and ideology. interact with them. JIAO CONFUCIANISM The name that was given to Confucius. A system of observance of rituals, discipline, ORIGIN AND HISTORY of behavior, and faith in the teachings of the founder of tradition. CONFUCIUS It became one of the other Jiaos, Taoism and The name “Confucius” was given by catholic Buddhism. missionaries in the 16th century. It was a latin translation of the Chinese “Kong Fuzi” or KANG YOUWIE OF THE LATE QING DYNASTY Master Kong During his reign, Confucian tradition was “Fu” was an honorary addition, while “zi” transformed into a state religion. meant master or teacher. “Kong Fuzi” was just a reverent title for “Kong Qui”, Confucius' original name. Zhou dynasty in China saw many important CONFUCIAN TRADITION religious figure, Confucius was one of them After Confucius’ death, understanding the Came from the Kong family Confucian tradition developed on the Five First name was Qiu Classic (Wujing) and Four Books (Si Shu). Born in 551 BCE in what is known as Shantung. FIVE CLASSICS (WUJING) BY WACKY 10