RPH-summarized.docx

The History of the Philippines(CRUZ/Revo) Filipinos are unique in Asia andl in the world due to their predominantly Christian religion, political history, and cultural heritage. The Philippines is the first nation to achieve independence through revolution, led by General Emilio Aguinaldo from 1898...

The History of the Philippines(CRUZ/Revo) Filipinos are unique in Asia andl in the world due to their predominantly Christian religion, political history, and cultural heritage. The Philippines is the first nation to achieve independence through revolution, led by General Emilio Aguinaldo from 1898- 1901. It was the first Southeast Asian nation to secure independence after World War II in 1946 and led the world in waging a \"People Power\" revolution in 1986. Filipinos are also unique for culturally assimilating their heritage, including indigenous Asian, European, Latin, and American heritage. Their history is unique for its variety, intensity, and duration of historical, cultural, and scientific relations with other nations. Filipinos easily accept and adjust to any culture, and their openness to outsiders allows them to easily understand and be understood by other nations.\ \ The Philippine as a Unique Nation The Philippines is a rich country with a diverse mineral wealth, including gold, silver, iron, copper, lead, manganese, zinc, coal, cement, salt, asphalt, asbestos, gypsum, clay, marble, and other non-metallic minerals. The country also has vast reserves of oil and gas, and one of the richest potential seabed mineral modules. Gold mining has been an ancient industry in the Philippines, dating back to pre-Magellanic times. Copper mining is another significant industry, with the oldest and largest mine still in Mankayan. Surigao, the largest iron-bearing area in the Philippines, has an estimated 1 billion-ton iron ore deposit, making it one of the richest underdeveloped deposits in the world. Other rich iron deposits include Angat, Bulacan, Larap, Camarines Norte, Marinduque, and Samar. The Philippines also has the world\'s largest deposit of nickel at Nonoc Isle off the coast of northern Mindanao. The Melting Pot of People and Cultures The Filipino people and culture are a true melting pot, shaped by a unique blend of races and civilizations due to the Philippines\' strategic location. Unlike many other regions that experienced violent clashes between cultures, the Philippines saw a more peaceful integration of diverse peoples and customs. Unlike the brutal colonization experiences of Latin America or the subjugation of indigenous peoples in North America and Southeast Asia, Filipinos generally cooperated with Western colonizers and were treated relatively well in comparison. Filipinos have historically enjoyed a positive self-image, rooted in their reputation for honesty and trustworthiness, as noted by a 14th-century Chinese traveler. Post-World War II, the Philippines was seen as a model Asian republic, admired for its democratic institutions, public health system, and educational advancements. Even before countries like Japan, Korea, and China opened to the West, the Philippines was engaged in international trade through the galleon trade, connecting with both the Americas and the Old World. During the Third Republic era (1946-1972), the country boasted the freest press, best schools, and most progressive business environment in Asia. Language and Population Dynamics The Philippine government has implemented an active family planning policy that successfully reduced the population growth rate from 3.01% in 1970 to 2.4% by 1982. The Philippines is a nation rich in linguistic diversity, with Filipinos known for their linguistic talents, as exemplified by national hero Dr. Jose Rizal, who mastered 22 languages. According to research, there are 55 languages and 142 dialects spoken across the country, with Cebuano and Tagalog being the most widely spoken native languages. The Philippines also stands out as the only Asian nation where both English and Spanish are spoken and have established literature, a legacy of its colonial history under Spain and the United States. The country is proud to be the third largest English-speaking nation globally. However, the prominence of English has been declining in recent years due to government policies promoting bilingual education and the compulsory use of Filipino as the national language. Origin of the Filipinos 1. Spanish colonizers, particularly the friars, played a dual role in the Philippines---they were among the first to document ancient Philippine society but also responsible for the destruction of many pre-Hispanic cultural artifacts. Unlike other Southeast Asian countries colonized by the British, French, or Dutch, who did not enforce their religion, the Philippines experienced aggressive evangelization by Spanish priests. Their mission to spread Christianity led to the systematic destruction of indigenous religious relics and customs, which has significantly hindered our ability to fully understand and study our ancient past. 2. Ancient Filipinos preferred oral communication over written records. When they did write, they used perishable materials like bamboo, tree bark, or leaves, which have not withstood the test of time, unlike the enduring stone or metal records of other ancient civilizations. This has led to the loss of much of our written history. Some ancient inscriptions found in places like Calatagan and Butuan remain undeciphered, for example. Still awaiting their Champollion, the expert who will crack the code of our written past. The only other significant written record, the Code of Kalantiaw, turned out to be a forgery, further complicating efforts to understand our ancient history. 3. Poverty and a lack of cultural investment have left many of the Philippines social scientists, museums, libraries, and collections in a dire state. Once a regional leader in history and antiquity, the Philippines now trails behind neighbors like Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand. Many ancient relics and Filipiniana have been lost to foreign collections, either taken during the colonial era or sold by locals to wealthy foreigners. For instance, the ancient gold image of Agusan, a pre-Hispanic artifact, now resides in the Chicago Museum of Natural History. To study our past, Filipino scholars often have to go abroad, where many of the nation\'s brightest minds have chosen to stay due to better opportunities. This \"brain drain\" further hinders our ability to preserve and study our heritage. 4\. Finally, Wars, fires, and other calamities have devastated Filipiniana treasures in our local museums, libraries, and private collections. World War II dealt a particularly severe blow, wiping out nearly all of the country\'s rich depositories of ancient materials. The destruction in the Philippines was as catastrophic as in the fire-bombed city of Warsaw and the atomic-bombed cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In Manila, key institutions like the National Library, the religious archives in Intramuros, the University of the Philippines Library, and the renowned Tabacalera Collection were tragically lost. It\'s time for the country to acknowledge this painful loss and renew efforts to restore, preserve, and study our distant past. As the saying goes, \"Those who do not look where they have been cannot go where they are going.\" The Sri Vijaya and the Majahapit Empires The Sri Vijaya (683-1377) and Majapahit (1293-1528) empires were two significant Indo-Malayan maritime powers that emerged from the Indianized kingdoms of Southeast Asia. The Sri Vijaya Empire, with its capital in Palembang, Sumatra, was Malayan by nationality, Indianized in culture, and followed Mahayana Buddhism. The Majapahit Empire, which succeeded Sri Vijaya, was also Malayan and Indianized, but it adhered to Hinduism, with its capital in the city-kingdom of Majapahit in Southeastern Java. Contrary to a theory proposed by Professor Beyer in 1921, which suggested that the Philippines was under the political influence of these empires, there is no substantial evidence to support this claim. Despite its popularity in some historical accounts, the idea that the Philippines was ruled by the Sri Vijaya or Majapahit Empires has not been proven. The Asian Heritage of the Filipino(PEREZ/MINA) The Indian influence in the Philippines Archaeological relics excavated in the Philippines further verify the flowing of Indian influences to the archipelago during the Sri Vijaya and Majapahit periods. These relics, aside from the ceramics from Annam (Vietnam), Cambodia, and Siam, are the following: 1\. Gold Image of Agusan - It was excavated on the left bank of Wawa River near the town of Ezperanza, Agusan Province, 1917. According to Professor Beyer, it is the image of a Sivaite goddess. In the opinion of Dr. Juan R. Francisco, it is \"a Buddhist Tara with Tantric connections, probably made during the 14th century A.D. towards the end of the Sri Vijaya Empire.\" This image is now Preserved at the Gem Room of the Chicago Museum of Natural History. 2\. Bronze Image of Mactan - Found in the island of Mactan near Cebu in 1843. According to Beyer, it is an image of the Hindu god Siva, but Francisco claims it to be a Lokesvara image belonging to the Buddhist Siamese art of the 12th or 13th century A.D. 3\. Copper Image of Ganesha, Elephant God of the Hindus Also found in Mactan in 1843.According to Beyer, it belongs to the Majapahit period. Unfortunately, it perished in the Intramuros fires of August 13, 1932. The Museum of the Ateneo de Manila, which housed it was reduced, to ashes. 4\. Clay Medallion of Calatagan - Excavated at Calatagan, Batangas Province, in 1958. According to Francisco, \"this artifact belongs to the 12th or 13th century A.D. Buddho-Siamese art.\" 5\. God Garuda Pendant of Palawan - Found at Brooke\'s Point, Palawan Province, in 1961. Francisco asserts that it belongs to the Majapahit period. The garuda is a mythical bird which served as the vehicle of the Hindu god Vishnu. 6\. Ceramics from Cambodia, Annam, and Siam, dating from the 12th to the 15th century A.D., excavated in Rizal Province, Batangas, Laguna, Mindoro, Sorsogon, Palawan, and other places in the Philippines.\ \ \ Indian influences have profoundly shaped Filipino life and culture through centuries of indirect contact via Southeast Asia. Dr. Alfred L. Kroeber highlights that traces of Indian origin are present in every Filipino tribe, regardless of how remote or primitive. These influences are evident in various aspects of ancient Filipino civilization. Religious beliefs included the worship of Vedic deities like Indra (sky god), Agni (fire god), Surya (sun god), and Vayu (god of the winds). The pre-Christian Tagalogs revered Bathala, their chief god, who is linked to the Hindu god Indra. The term \"Bathala\" itself derives from the Sanskrit word \"Bhattara,\" meaning \"Great Lord.\" The Pagan Mandayas of Mindanao also recognized a divine trinity, including Mansilatan, the creator of the universe. Sanskrits page 12 part 1 Our Early Ancestor (CARRITATIVO/DIMAYUGA) Long before the arrival of the Spanish, the Filipino ancestors had a rich and diverse culture encompassing customs, society, government, laws, writing, language, literature, music, religion, superstitions, economy, and the arts and sciences. This vibrant cultural heritage laid the foundation for the Filipino identity. The Barangays - When the Spaniards arrived in the 16th century, they encountered a sophisticated civilization. The early Filipinos lived in organized communities known as barangays, a term derived from \"balangay,\" the Malay word for sailboat, reflecting their seafaring roots. A barangay was a self-sufficient unit typically governed by a datu and comprised between 30 to 100 families, though some were much larger, with populations exceeding 2,000. Notable barangays included Sugbu (Cebu), Maynilad (Manila), Bigan (Vigan), and Maktan (Mactan).\ \ Housing and Dwelling - Ancient Filipinos lived in houses made from wood and bamboo, with nipa palm leaf roofs, known as **bahay kubo** or nipa huts. These homes featured bamboo ladders that could be pulled up for security at night or when the family was away. Each house had a **batalan**, a space for large water jars used for bathing and washing, and storage underneath for rice, firewood, and small animals like dogs, cats, and chickens. Some ancestors also lived in treehouses, elevated for protection against enemies. The Bagobos and Kalingas still use these treehouses today. Additionally, the Badjaos, or Sea-Gypsies, of the Sulu Sea continue to live in traditional boat-houses, preserving the ancient maritime lifestyle of their ancestors.\ \ Food and Drinks - Early Filipinos primarily ate rice, complemented by carabao meat, pork, chicken, sea turtles, fish, and a variety of fruits and vegetables. They cooked their meals in earthen pots or bamboo tubes and ate with their fingers, using banana leaves as plates and coconut shells as cups. Fire was made by rubbing two pieces of dry wood together to create a flame. They stored water in large earthen jars or bamboo tubes. Their favorite drink was **tuba**, a wine made from coconut sap. Dr. Antonio de Morga noted that other popular local beverages included **sugarcane wine (locano)**, **Visayan rice wine (pangasi)**, **coconut palm wine (lambanog)**, and **rice wine (tapuy)** from the Igorots. Mode of Dressing - Before Spanish colonization, early Filipinos were already dressing in distinctive clothing. Men wore a short-sleeved jacket called a **kangan**, which reached just below the waist, paired with a **bahag**, a cloth wrapped around the waist and between the legs. The kangan was typically dyed blue or black, with the chief\'s being red. Instead of hats, men used a **putong**, a cloth wrapped around the head. They went barefoot but adorned themselves with jewelry such as gold necklaces, armlets (kalombigas), and anklets inlaid with agates and colored glass. Women wore a wide-sleeved jacket known as a **baro** and a **patadyong**, a cotton skirt wrapped around the waist and flowing to the feet. Their jewelry included gold necklaces, bracelets, large earrings, and rings, often set with agates, carnelians, pearls, and other gems. Women styled their long, black hair in a knot at the back of their heads and, like men, went barefoot. Both men and women decorated their teeth with gold ornaments. Tattooes - Early Filipinos adorned their bodies with tattoos featuring designs of animals, birds, flowers, and geometric patterns. Tattoos served two main purposes: enhancing personal beauty and marking achievements in battle. Warriors, in particular, displayed their success by accumulating more tattoos for each enemy they had defeated. Women had fewer tattoos compared to men, and children typically did not have tattoos at all.\ \ (ZAFRA/BALITO)\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- Society and Social Classes - In pre-Spanish Filipino society, there were three main social classes: nobles, freemen, and slaves. 1. 2. 3. Emancipation of Slaves - In pre-Spanish Philippines, slaves had several ways to gain freedom and become freemen: 1\. Marriage: A slave woman who married a freeman or noble would automatically be freed. 2\. Purchase: A slave could buy their own freedom by paying their master a specified amount of gold. 3\. Master's Decision: A master might grant freedom to a slave who saved their life in battle or served the family loyally for many years. Kinds of Slaves - In ancient Tagalog society, there were two main types of slaves: 1. 2. Woman's position in Early Society - Women occupied a high position in ancient Philippines. Tribal laws and customs recognized them as the equal of men. They could own and inherit property. Barangay Government - In pre-Spanish Philippines, barangays functioned like independent village-kingdoms, each led by a chieftain known as a datu. Larger barangays were ruled by figures with titles like raha, hari, or lakan. The datu held significant power, serving as the chief executive, legislator, and judge during peace, and as the commander in times of war. This position was typically inherited, but if a datu died without an heir, the barangay would select a new datu based on strength, wealth, or wisdom. Despite their authority, datu were not absolute rulers. They needed the approval of barangay elders for major decisions, such as declaring war, arranging royal marriages, or forming alliances. Elders also played a role in judicial matters and law-making. If a datu died without an heir, the freemen and maharlikas of the barangay would come together to elect a new leader.\ \ Religion - Before Spanish colonization, most Filipinos practiced a form of paganism, with the exception of Muslims in Mindanao and Sulu. Their supreme deity was Bathal, the creator of heaven, earth, and mankind. Below Bathal, there were numerous gods and goddesses, each overseeing different aspects of life and nature. Notable deities included: - - - - - - - - - The early Filipinos also revered ancestral spirits, known as *anitos* (Tagalog) or *diwatas* (Visayan), and offered sacrifices to them through rituals performed by priests or priestesses called *katalona* or *babaylan*. Nature was worshipped as well, with rivers, mountains, and old trees believed to house spirits. They held beliefs in an afterlife where the soul, consisting of an ethereal body and an eternal soul, would journey to the next world to receive its reward or punishment. The virtuous soul would enter heaven (*kalwalhatian* for Tagalogs, *ologan* for Visayans), while the wicked would descend to hell (*kasamaan* for Tagalogs, *solad* for Visayans). Burial and Mourning Customs - Early Filipinos deeply believed in an afterlife, which led them to treat their burial practices with great care. They embalmed their dead, similar to ancient Egyptian customs, and placed the body in a grave near the home, in a cave, or on a headland overlooking the sea. Along with the corpse, they often buried clothes, food, weapons, and occasionally slaves to accompany the deceased into the next world. History of the Republic of the Philippines(PEREZ/DEOGRADES) On March 25, 1521, Ferdinand Magellan\'s fleet departed from Homonhon but was forced to seek shelter in Butuan Bay due to a storm. By March 28, they landed in Masao, Butuan, in the kingdom of Raha Kolambu. On Good Friday, March 29, Magellan and Kolambu, who was hunting with his brother Raha Siagu, performed the first recorded blood compact in the Philippines to cement their friendship. This event marked a significant moment in the country's early history.\ \ On Easter Sunday, March 31, 1521, the first Catholic Mass in the Philippines was celebrated on the shores of Masao, Butuan. This historic event was led by the fleet chaplain and attended by Ferdinand Magellan, Kings Kolambu and Siagu, along with Spanish voyagers and local Filipinos.  The Battle of Mactan On April 27, 1521, Magellan led an attack on Mactan Island, bringing 60 armed Spaniards and 1,000 Cebuano warriors. While many local leaders were open to the Spaniards, Lapu-Lapu, the chief of Mactan, resisted their intrusion. Magellan, confident in his force\'s superiority, underestimated Lapu-Lapu's determination and fighting skill. The battle was intense and brutal. Magellan's troops were driven back, and he was fatally wounded by a poisoned arrow, struck by mactan bamboo spear, and eventually killed by Lapu-Lapu\'s warriors. This defeat marked a significant stand of Filipino resistance against colonial aggression. Result of Magellan's Voyage Magellan\'s voyage stands out as a monumental maritime achievement. It confirmed the Earth\'s roundness by circumnavigating the globe and revealed the vast Pacific Ocean separating the New World from Asia. This groundbreaking expedition significantly boosted European geographical knowledge and spurred further exploration and colonization efforts in the Pacific. Though Magellan\'s journey set the stage for Spanish colonization and the spread of Christianity in the Philippines, the ultimate recognition and rewards went to Sebastian de Elcano, who completed the voyage after Magellan's death. Spanish Conquest Magellan\'s historic voyage opened the door for Spain\'s expansion into the East. Following his journey, five more expeditions led by Loaisa, Cabot, Saavedra, Villalobos, and Legazpi were sent to explore and conquer the Philippines and the Moluccas. Despite strong resistance from the Filipinos, the Spanish eventually succeeded in establishing their rule and spreading Christianity throughout the archipelago. Rivalry Between Spain and Portugal In the 16th century, Spain and Portugal were fierce rivals for colonial dominance. In 1493, Pope Alexander VI, a Spaniard, issued papal bulls dividing the world between the two powers. The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 adjusted this division, but disputes continued. In 1529, following Magellan\'s circumnavigation, the Treaty of Zaragoza was signed, with Spain ceding its claims to the Moluccas to Portugal. Portugal, however, was unaware that the Moluccas and the Philippines were actually within its territory due to limited scientific knowledge at the time. This oversight meant that Portugal effectively bought what it already owned. Despite early Portuguese explorations and the knowledge of these islands, Portugal never colonized the Philippines. Had they done so, the Dutch might have taken over later, as they did with the Spice Islands, bringing harsher colonial rule and less interest in local welfare. Following Magellan\'s voyage, Spain financed five more expeditions to explore and establish colonies in the East. Driven by adventure and the promise of riches, these expeditions faced numerous challenges and varied outcomes: 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3.