History Review Notes PDF

**PODRA, JEZELLE R.** **PETE-1102** **LESSON 1: HISTORY: INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL SOURCES ** **HISTORY** - [study and interpretation by a historian on the data and other source of the past]  the word **[history]** came from the **[Greek word Historia which means inquiry]**. Clearly the...

**PODRA, JEZELLE R.** **PETE-1102** **LESSON 1: HISTORY: INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL SOURCES ** **HISTORY** - [study and interpretation by a historian on the data and other source of the past]  the word **[history]** came from the **[Greek word Historia which means inquiry]**. Clearly the word Historia does not mean past events. It denotes asking question or investigation of the past done by person trained to do so or by persons who are interested in human past. **HISTORIAN** - [Historian is an expert or student of history] - [Historians seek not only historical evidence and facts but also to interpret these facts. ] - [He also gives meaning to these facts and organizes them chronologically. ] - According to [Gottschalk], [historian is many times removed from the events under investigation]. **LESSON 2: HISTORICAL CRITICISMS** **HISTORICAL CRITICISM** - is a branch of criticism [that investigates the origin of text or source] in order to understand the word behind the text. GOAL OF HISTORICAL PRIMARY HISTORICAL CRITICISM - is [to discover the text primitive or original historical context] and its literal sense. SECONDARY HISTORICAL CRITICISM - [establish a reconstruction of historical situation of the] author and recipients of the text.  TWO TYPES OF CRITICISM EXTERNAL CRITICISM [investigates the documents form.] INTERNAL CRITICISM [investigates the content of the documents.] [Traditionally, this has been to try to understand the text's meaning in its original context and to answer questions about the text, such as: ] - [Who wrote it? ] - [When was it written? What else what happening at the time of its writing? ] - [How did it come to be in the form we have it today] - [What did it mean to the people ] - [Who first read or heard it?] **EXTERNAL CRITICISM** This type of criticism tests the [authenticity of the sources]. It is interested in the [writing styles of the eyewitness and his ignorance of the facts.] The historian also analyzes the original manuscript; its [integrity, localization] and the [date it was written]. To ascertain if a particular data is fabricated, forge, fake, corrupted or a hoax, that source must undergo the test of authenticity. Since external criticism is concern with the explicit sign of misrepresentation, it is the first test the historian employ to ascertain [sources validity.] **TEST OF AUTHENTICITY** The **FIRST STEP** to test a source is to **[determine the date of document to see whether it is anachronistic]**. Anachronism means [ **out of time or order**] - Example can be found in Rizal's allegedly first poem " Sa Aking Mga Kabata" where we could find the word **["kalayaan".]** Rizal admitted that he first encountered the word through a Marcelo H. Del Pilar's translation of Rizal's essay " El Amor Patrio". Rizal wrote this essay in **** while the poem supposedly was written by him in the year **[1869.]**  The **SECOND STEP** is to determine the **[author's handwriting, signature or seal].** - Example of this is the handwriting in the alleged **retraction letter of Jose Rizal. ** The **[THIRD STEP]** in determining the authenticity of the source is by **[looking for the anachronistic style. ]** - In this test we will [**examine idiomatic expression or the orthography used in the documents**.] An idiom is an expression, word or phrase that has a figurative meaning conventionally understood by native speakers. The **FOURTH TEST** is the [anachronistic reference to events]. For example if the event cited in the document is prior to the actual event, then the document must be forge or fake. The **FIFTH TEST** of authenticity is the provenance or custody of the document. ***Provenance*** is the [place of origin of earliest known history of documents]. It traces the roots of any source. Other two test of authenticity semantics and hermeneutics. 1. **Semantics** - is the linguistic study of meaning. 2. **Hermeneutics** - is more than interpretation or method used when immediate comprehension fails. **INTERNAL CRITICISM** [looks for deeper or more intense study of sources]. Usually historians first apply external criticism before undergoing the test of credibility because of internal criticisms implicit character. **TEST OF CREDIBILITY** 1. **[The first step is the identification of the author. ]** 2. **[The second step in testing the credibility of the eyewitness is to determine the approximate date.]** 3. **[The third step in testing the credibility of the source is its ability to tell the truth.]** 4. **[The fourth step is the willingness to tell the truth.]** 5. **[The last step is to look for corroboration.]** **BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR/ CREATOR** [**First the researcher must provide brief biographical sketch of the author or creator of the primary source**. Family background, educational attainment, religion and many others shall be given priority in presenting the biography of the author.] **BACKGROUND OF THE  DOCUMENT/PRIMARY SOURCE** **[Basic background of the source like the type of primary source, how many parts or chapter, how long is the document shall be given attention. ]** **CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE IMPORTANT HISTORICAL INFORMATION FOUND IN THE DOCUMENT ** - First look for corroboration between the research you gather [ ] from the internet and the primary source that your instructor has given to you.  - Next, in order to analyze the primary source, look for bias. - Next is to analyze the historical perspective or a point of view a creator describe the event. - Last task is to analyze the historical context of the document. Context is the awareness that sources were created at times which were very different to our own. **CONTRIBUTION AND RELEVANCE OF THE DOCUMENT IN UNDERSTANDING THE GRAND NARRATIVE OF ** **PHILIPPINE HISTORY** - **[look for the cause and consequences of the primary sources.]** **RELEVANCE OF THE DOCUMENTS TO THE PRESENT TIME.** - **Look for the historical significance or what modern people consider to be important from the past.** **QUALITATIVE RESEARCH**