Rph Review PDF

Historical Sources Definitions and Classifications: 1. Published Materials: Publicly available materials (e.g., books, journals, travelogues). 2. Manuscripts: Handwritten or typed records not formally published (e.g., diaries, archival materials)....

Historical Sources Definitions and Classifications: 1. Published Materials: Publicly available materials (e.g., books, journals, travelogues). 2. Manuscripts: Handwritten or typed records not formally published (e.g., diaries, archival materials). 3. Non-written Sources: Oral histories, artifacts, artworks, audio/video recordings. Primary Sources Created by direct participants or witnesses. Types: ○ Written sources (letters, documents). ○ Images (photographs, visual media). ○ Artifacts (objects made by participants). ○ Oral testimonies (interviews, speeches). Examples of Primary Sources: Fossil remains, artifacts, maps, personal letters, official reports, court records, and blogs. Repositories of Primary Sources: In the Philippines: ○ National Archives, National Library, Ayala Museum, university libraries (e.g., UP, Ateneo). Outside the Philippines: ○ Library of Congress (USA), Archivo General de Indias (Spain). Secondary Sources Analyze and interpret primary sources (e.g., history books, periodicals). Historical Criticism External Criticism (Authenticity Tests): 1. Document Date: Identify anachronisms (e.g., mobile phones in pre-21st century). 2. Author: Verify handwriting, signatures, and seals. 3. Style: Detect outdated idioms, spelling, or punctuation. 4. Event References: Check timing for accuracy. 5. Provenance: Ensure legitimate custody of documents. 6. Semantics: Analyze word meanings across time. 7. Hermeneutics: Explore multiple interpretations of ambiguous texts. Internal Criticism (Credibility Tests): 1. Author’s Identification: Assess reliability, bias, and knowledge. 2. Date Approximation: Verify timelines for accuracy. 3. Truthfulness: Evaluate witness competence and proximity to events. 4. Corroboration: Cross-check information with independent sources. Applications: Fraud detection, archaeology, journalism, and legal studies. Artifacts, Sociofacts, and Mentifacts 1. Artifact: Physical objects representing culture (e.g., tools, art). 2. Sociofact: Social practices and traditions tied to artifacts. 3. Mentifact: Cultural beliefs or values linked to artifacts. Examples: Artifact: Air-conditioning unit.  Sociofact: Changed living conditions in hot climates. Mentifact: Symbol of comfort or survival against heat. Interconnection: Artifacts, sociofacts, and mentifacts form a culture’s foundation, encompassing beliefs, rituals, tools, and customs. Tejeros Convention (March 1897) Background: Conflict between Magdiwang and Magdalo factions of the Katipunan. Aimed to resolve differences and unify leadership during the revolution. Key Events: 1. Initial Discussions: ○ Magdiwang emphasized strengthening existing Katipunan governance. ○ Magdalo proposed forming a new revolutionary government. 2. Outcome: ○ Emilio Aguinaldo elected President. ○ Andres Bonifacio lost and declared the proceedings void due to alleged irregularities. 3. Aftermath: ○ Magdalo leaders secretly took oaths of office. ○ Increased tensions between factions, ultimately weakening unity. Seeds of Discontent Magdiwang vs. Magdalo Rivalry: Magdiwang claimed priority as initiators of the revolution.  Magdalo emphasized their victories in battle. Mutual distrust led to lack of cooperation and military defeats. Bonifacio’s Role: Invited to mediate but faced resistance from Magdalo leaders. His leadership style and partiality to Magdiwang caused friction. Failed to unify factions, contributing to the collapse of rebel forces. Historical Method Definition: A systematic process of examining historical accounts using criticism. Importance: 1. Solves contemporary problems by learning from the past. 2. Identifies trends and predicts future outcomes. 3. Highlights cultural interactions and their repercussions. 4. Reevaluates historical data for accuracy and relevance. Content vs. Context: Content: Topics or subjects in a document. Context: Surrounding conditions influencing meaning. Notable Historical Figures 1. Santiago Alvarez (Kidlat ng Apoy): ○ Leader of the Katipunan in Cavite. ○ Key figure in the Battle of Dalahican. ○ Co-founder of the Philippine Independent Church. 2. Teodoro Agoncillo: ○ Renowned Filipino historian and author. ○ Advocated for reinterpreting Philippine history with critical analysis. Tejeros Convention in Depth Assembly and Key Figures: Convened on March 25, 1897, presided by Jacinto Lumbreras (Magdiwang). Attendees: Andres Bonifacio, Mariano Alvarez, Baldomero Aguinaldo, Daniel Tirona, etc. Main Topics: 1. Government Type: ○ Magdiwang: Maintain Katipunan structure. ○ Magdalo: Establish a revolutionary government. 2. Elections and Disputes: ○ Emilio Aguinaldo elected as President. ○ Daniel Tirona’s objection to Bonifacio’s election as Director of Interior led to a heated dispute. Aftermath: Bonifacio declared the results null and void. Further divided Magdalo and Magdiwang factions. Additional Context on Seeds of Discontent Internal Conflicts in Cavite: Independent governments set up by Magdiwang and Magdalo. Rivalry escalated into distrust and lack of support during military campaigns. Bonifacio’s Mediation Attempts: Initially resisted involvement but later intervened. Faced hostility and was perceived as biased toward Magdiwang. Military Impacts: Division led to Spanish counter-offensives and loss of rebel-held territory.