Readings In Philippine History PDF

READINGS In Philippine history Chapter 1: Introduction to History Historical Making sense of given primary sources and CHAPTER 1...

READINGS In Philippine history Chapter 1: Introduction to History Historical Making sense of given primary sources and CHAPTER 1 Interpretation historical documents through content and INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY contextual analyses Bias or A disposition brought together by one’s Lesson 1: Meaning and Relevance of History Subjectivity context that influences a historian’s Lesson 2: Historical Sources historical interest and selection of sources Lesson 3: Historical Criticism and methodology This chapter will discuss the meaning of history (etymological development), historical methodology, and historiography. Emphasis will be given to the effort of Filipino scholars to develop a Filipino philosophy as the basis of historical interpretation. Definition of History Lesson 1: Meaning and Luis R. Gottschalk (1969) posited that the term history has evolved from its present connotation. Relevance of History Etymologically, history was taken from the Greek word ἱστορία which means “knowledge acquired by investigation, inquiry, or learning.” At present, the term connotes past events. At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to: History as a discipline existed for around 2,400 years and is as  Define history and trace its development as a field of study old as mathematics and philosophy. This term was then adapted  Examine the issues surrounding the historical discipline to classical Latin where it acquired a new definition (Roxas,  Evaluate the importance of and function of history 2016).  Differentiate history as a profession vis-à-vis other meanings of history Generally, history is concerned with the study of the human past  Examine the historian’s role in the production of historical (Barnes, 1963). Specifically, we can give three attributions of knowledge meanings to the concept. First, it deals with past events; second,  Consider the challenges that confront historians in the the records of past events such as chronicles, annals, and official conduct of their job records like birth certificates, marriage certificates; third, history  Identify how historical interpretation is affected by factors like as an academic discipline (Schaffer, 1974). bias and subjectivity Furthermore, Dr. Zeus Salazar (2000) defined history as “mga pangyayari na may saysay para sa grupo ng taong sinaysayan nito.” He advocated the use of Filipino in historical Term Meaning discourse. Positivism The philosophy that a particular knowledge can only be true if it can be observed in a History as defined by a foreign scholar “is the record of what one sensorial manner age finds worthy of note in another”. For Edward Hallett Carr, Historiography The study of history as a historical discipline history is a study of human achievements. Whatever differences Historicism The belief that history should be studied only historians may make, the term still suggests past events. for its own sake Nationalist History that is focused on the masses and As Medina defines history, it includes not only the past but also Historiography not on the colonizers the present and future. History is a forward projection, a social Pantayong The philosophical anchor of bagong construction of a future reality. For these authors, writing history Pananaw kasaysayan. It emphasizes the need to is a political endeavor. Since history is a foster an internal discourse among the continuous process, it is a good vehicle for masses in writing their history. directing a country's future. For Keith Jenkins, Historian Primary responsible for producing historical history can never be and will never be for knowledge through continuous research oneself. It is always for one person. He added and rethinking of history that history is a form of power wherein the OUR LADY OF GUADALUPE Page 1 COLLEGES Hotline: (632) 8535-5885; (632) 8535-5886  READINGS In Philippine history Chapter 1: Introduction to History direction of the arrangement of the past is discussed. In this case, that do not keep written records. Some were keener on passing the subjects that will be privileged and will be muted are based their history by word of mouth. Others had their historical on the kind of discourse followed by the historians. History as a documents burned or destroyed in the events of war or discourse is a series of tactics of organizing and sequencing colonization. events and past systems according to individual outlooks, interests, objectives, or goals. Restricting historical evidence as exclusively written is also discrimination against other social classes who were not A prominent historian, Dr. Samuel K. Tan recorded in the paper. Nobilities, monarchs, the elite, and even defined history as the dynamic process of the middle class would have their birth, education, marriage, and dealing with the past I which the stages or death as matters of government and historical record. But what aspects of development are interrelated, of peasant families or indigenous groups that were not given brought upon by the understanding of the much thought about being registered to government records? present and the future. Tan added that history Does the absence of written documents about them mean that is a collective interplay of events. His they were people of no history or past? Did they even exist? definition gives us a clue that history is the achievement of different people in a particular time and not just the work of a Below are other definitions provided by various historians: particular group of people in a particular place, thus debunking 1. History is the record of what one age finds worthy of note in Manila-centered history. another - Burckhardt This view of Tan was supported by a prominent nationalist 2. History, in its broadest sense, is everything that ever historian, Renato Constantino who emphasized that history is happened. the achievement of man, not the individual but the collective. - Henry Johnson Therefore, we cannot assume that history is the primary work of 3. The value and interest of history depend largely on the degree an individual leader but a collective effort of the people. With this to which the present illuminated the past. definition, Constantino strengthened history from below. - V.S. Smith Following Marx’s idea of history, Constantino views the masses 4. History is the story of man’s struggle through the ages against as the real mover of history. nature and the elements; against wild beasts and the jungle and some of his own kind who have tried to keep him down and to According to Llewelyn and Thompson (2020), history is the exploit him for their own benefit. study of the past, specifically the people, societies, events, and - Jawaharal problems of the past as well as our attempts to understand them. It is a pursuit common to all human societies. In general, history can refer to two things. First, history relates to everything that has happened in the past. Second, history also History became known as the account of the past of a person or refers to a kind of research or inquiry. History is a discipline or a of a group of people through written documents and historical field of study and investigation that is primarily concerned with evidence. That meaning stuck until the early parts of the human activities done in the past. This meaning can be broken twentieth century. History became an important academic down into three dimensions. discipline. It became the historian's duty to write about the lives of important individuals like monarchs, heroes, saints, and First, history focuses on human activities. This focus makes it nobilities (Delgado, n.d.). different from, say, theology, because theology is concerned with divine and not with human beings. History is also different from History was also focused on writing about wars, revolutions, and myths or legends because these pieces of literature are other important breakthroughs. It is thus important to ask: What concerned not with human activities but the lives and counts as history? Traditional historians lived with the mantra of undertakings of mythical creatures like deities and supernatural "no document, no history." It means that unless a written entities. Before the rise of the Ancient Greek civilization, older document can prove a certain historical event, then it cannot be civilizations like the early Mesopotamian and Sumerian considered a historical fact (San Juan, n.d.). civilizations did not have a notion of history as a record of human activities. Instead, their history takes the form of theocratic History progressed and opened to the possibility of valid history. Historians calls this kind of history quasi-history because historical sources, which were not limited to written documents, while these stories tell us of their society’s past, they were like government records, chroniclers' accounts, or personal concerned with the affairs of nonhuman entities like deities and letters. Kelly (2008) explains that giving a premium to written mythical heroes and heroines. It follows that these narratives are documents essentially invalidates the history of other civilizations not records of facts. They are just stories told and passed in a OUR LADY OF GUADALUPE Page 2 COLLEGES Hotline: (632) 8535-5885; (632) 8535-5886  READINGS In Philippine history Chapter 1: Introduction to History particular society from one generation to the next, which may how man has studied to use and control his environment, and serve various purposes like rituals and traditional ceremonies. how the present institutions have grown out the past. They were intended neither to answer hitherto unanswered questions nor to discover previously undiscovered knowledge. 3. History is concerned with man in time It deals with a series of events and each event happens at a This discussion leads us to the second aspect of the definition of given point in time. History dwells on human development in time. history: history as an inquiry. History, a field of inquiry, generally falls in the sciences, particularly to the social sciences. As in 4. History is concerned with man in space other specific disciplines, history seeks to answer questions. It History talks about nations and human activities in the context of aims to find out and make sense of what is previously unknown. their physical and geographical environment. It centers on the The quest for these answers should be done through a interaction of man on his environment and vice-versa. systematic and methodical collection of data and evidence, which in turn would be objectively interpreted by the historian to 5. History provides an objective record of happenings arrive at rational findings and conclusions. Historians are careful about the data they include in their books. Finally, history is concerned with the past. This characteristic They base their data on original sources and make them free makes history different from other social science disciplines, from subjective interpretation. which are concerned with the present, such as political science, economics, and sociology. These disciplines, despite their usual 6. History is multisided references to historical studies, are oriented towards making History is not limited to one certain aspects of man’s life; it covers sense of the society at present and, in some instances, all other aspects as they are all closely interrelated. A change in prescribing answers or solutions to pressing issues and politics could influence other aspects of society. problems of today. Meanwhile, history’s primary object of study is the past. Historians seek to explain past events and processes 7. History is a dialogue between the events of the past and against a particular historical background or context. progressively emerging future ends Past events are interpreted and become predictors of new Contrary to the impression that history is all about listing down objectives. events in the past chronological manner or identifying key figures and personalities in specific periods, this discipline is more 8. History is not only narration, but it is also an analysis concerned with answering the question of why. Why did a History is not confined to narrative accounts. It dissects and particular event take place? Why was Jose Rizal executed? Why explains the occurrence of the event and how it ultimately did Japan invade the Philippines during World War II? Why was changes society over time. Ferdinand Marcos overthrown in 1986? History is storytelling, but more importantly, it seeks to explain and answer questions about 9. Continuity and coherence are the necessary requisites of the past. history History monitors the development of society, from generation to generation, after a series of events, justifying the essence of Nature of History continuity. To better understand history, it is essential to determine its very 10. History is relevant nature. In the study of history, only significant events which have influenced society are covered and essential to understanding 1. History is a study of the present in light of the past. the present life. The present owes its existence to the past. To understand how society has come to its present form, there is a need to know its 11. History is comprehensive past. One cannot just leapfrog and ignore what happened in the History is not limited to one period or to one country alone. It past. Past events need to be unearthed to reveal how the present deals with all aspects of human life – political, social, economic, evolved out of it. religious, literary, aesthetic, and physical, giving a clear picture of global linkage. 2. History is the study of man As one historian said, history deals with man’s struggles through the ages. Past events are riddled with man’s engagement in wars, his struggles to win his independence. History traces the fascinating story of how man has developed through the ages, OUR LADY OF GUADALUPE Page 3 COLLEGES Hotline: (632) 8535-5885; (632) 8535-5886  READINGS In Philippine history Chapter 1: Introduction to History against some of the real complexities individuals have faced in Relevance of History difficult settings. People who have weathered adversity not just in some works of fiction, but in real, historical circumstances can Peter N. Stearns (1998) published an article with inspire. "History teaching by example" is one phrase that the American Historical Association that describes this use of a study of the past - a study not only of enumerated the reasons why we should study certifiable heroes, the great men and women of history who history. Here are some of his justifications why successfully worked through moral dilemmas, but also of more the subject is worth our attention: ordinary people who provide lessons in courage, diligence, or constructive protest. 1. History helps us understand people and societies. In the first place, history offers a storehouse of information about 4. History provides identity. how people and societies behave. Understanding the operations History also helps provide identity, and this is unquestionably one of people and societies is difficult, though several disciplines try. of the reasons all modern nations encourage its teaching in some Exclusive reliance on current data would needlessly handicap form. Historical data include evidence about how families, our efforts. How can we evaluate war if the nation is at peace - groups, institutions, and whole countries were formed and about unless we use historical materials? How can we understand how they have evolved while retaining cohesion. For many genius, the influence of technological innovation, or the role that Filipinos, studying the history of one's own family is the most beliefs play in shaping family life if we do not use what we know obvious use of history, for it provides facts about genealogy and about experiences in the past? Some social scientists attempt to (at a slightly more complex level) a basis for understanding how formulate laws or theories about human behavior. But even these the family has interacted with larger historical change. Family recourses depend on historical information, except for in limited, identity is established and confirmed. often artificial cases in which experiments can be devised to Many institutions, businesses, communities, and social units, determine how people act. Major aspects of a society's such as ethnic groups in the Philippines, use history for similar operation, like mass elections, missionary activities, or military identity purposes. Merely defining the group in the present pales alliances, cannot be set up as precise experiments. against the possibility of forming an identity based on a rich past. Consequently, history must serve, however imperfectly, as our And of course, nations use identity history as well—and laboratory, and data from the past must serve as our most vital sometimes abuse it. Histories that tell the national story, evidence in the unavoidable quest to figure out why our complex emphasizing distinctive features of the national experience, are species behaves as it does in societal settings. This, meant to drive home an understanding of national values and a fundamentally, is why we cannot stay away from history: it offers commitment to national loyalty. the only extensive evidential base for the contemplation and analysis of how societies function, and people need to have 5. Studying History Is Essential for Good Citizenship. some sense of how societies function simply to run their own A study of history is essential for good citizenship. This is the lives. most common justification for the place of history in school curricula. Sometimes advocates of citizenship history hope 2. History helps us understand change and how the society merely to promote national identity and loyalty through a history we live in came to be. spiced by vivid stories and lessons in individual success and The second reason history is inescapable as a subject of serious morality. But the importance of history for citizenship goes study follows closely on the first. The past causes the present, beyond this narrow goal and can even challenge it at some and so the future. Any time we try to know why something points. happened; we must look for factors that took shape earlier. Sometimes recent history will suffice to explain a major History lays the foundation for genuine citizenship returns, in one development, but often we need to look further back to identify sense, to the essential uses of the study of the past. History the causes of change. Only through studying history can we provides data about the emergence of national institutions, grasp how things change; only through history can we begin to problems, and values—it is the only significant storehouse of comprehend the factors that cause change; and only through such data available. It offers evidence also about how nations history can we understand what elements of an institution, or a have interacted with other societies, providing international and society persist despite change. comparative perspectives essential for responsible citizenship. Further, studying history helps us understand how recent, 3. History contributes to moral understanding. current, and prospective changes that affect the lives of citizens History also provides a terrain for moral contemplation. Studying are emerging or may emerge and what causes are involved. the stories of individuals and situations in the past allows a More important, studying history encourages habits of mind that student of history to test his or her own moral sense, to hone it are vital for responsible public behavior, whether as a national or OUR LADY OF GUADALUPE Page 4 COLLEGES Hotline: (632) 8535-5885; (632) 8535-5886  READINGS In Philippine history Chapter 1: Introduction to History community leader, an informed voter, a petitioner, or a simple POSITIVISM observer. According to Bourdeau (2018), positivism is a school of thought that emerged between the eighteenth and nineteenth century. This thought requires evidence before one can claim that a Issues and Questions in particular knowledge is true. Positivism also entails an objective means of concluding. In the discipline of history, the mantra "no document, no history" stems from this very same truth, where History historians were required to show written or historical narrative, History as a discipline had already turned into a complex and primary documents to write a particular historical narrative. dynamic inquiry. This dynamism inevitably produced various Positivist historians are also expected to be objective impart just perspectives on the discipline regarding different questions like: in their arguments but also in their conduct of historical research. What is history? Why study history? And history for whom? These questions can be answered by historiography. In simple terms, historiography is the history of history. History and historiography should not be confused with each other. The former's object of study is the past, the events that happened in the past and the causes of such events. Historiography, the writing of history, especially the writing of history based on the critical examination of sources, the selection of details from the authentic materials in those sources, and the synthesis of those details into a narrative that stands the test of critical examination. Auguste Comte (1798 – 1857) Historiography is the writing of history, especially the writing of Father of Positivism history based on the critical examination of sources, the selection of details from the authentic materials in those sources, and the As a narrative, any history that has been taught and written is synthesis of those details into a narrative that stands the test of always intended for a certain group of audience. When the critical examination. The term historiography also refers to the Ilustrados, like Jose Rizal, Isabelo de los Reyes, and Pedro theory and history of historical writing (Vann, 2020). Paterno wrote history, they intended it for the Spaniards so that they would realize that Filipinos are people of their own intellect Historiography refers to how, what, and why history is written. and culture. It is about the methods and practices used in producing history, the development of history as a discipline, or the philosophy or When American historians depicted the Filipino people as significance of historical writing. uncivilized in their publications, they intended that narrative for their fellow Americans to justify their colonization of the islands. The latter's object of study, on the other hand, is history itself. They wanted the colonization to appear not as a means of How certain was a historical text written? Who wrote it? What undermining the Philippines' sovereignty, but as a civilizing was the context of its publication? What historical method was mission to fulfill what they called the "white man's burden." employed? What were the sources used? Thus, historiography lets the students have a better understanding of history. They do The same is true for nations that prescribe official versions of not only get to learn historical facts but they are also provided their history like North Korea, the Nazi Germany during the war with an understanding of the facts and the historian's contexts. period, and Thailand. The same was attempted by Marcos in the The methods employed by the historian and the theory and Philippines during the 1970s. perspective which guided him will also be analyzed. POST-COLONIALISM Historiography is important for someone who studies history Larena (2018) cited that post-colonialism is the school of thought because it coaches the student to be critical in the lessons of that emerged in the early twentieth century when formerly history presented to him. History has played various roles in the colonized nations grappled with the idea of creating their past. States use history to unite a nation. It can be used as a tool identities and understanding their societies against the shadows to legitimize regimes and forge a sense of collective identity of their colonial past. Postcolonial history looks at two things in through collective memory. Lessons from the past can be used writing history: to make sense of the present. Learning of past mistakes can help 1. To tell the history of their nation that will highlight their identity people to not repeat them. Being reminded of a great past can free from that of colonial discourse and knowledge. inspire people to keep their good practices to move forward. 2. To criticize the methods, effects, and ideas of colonialism. OUR LADY OF GUADALUPE Page 5 COLLEGES Hotline: (632) 8535-5885; (632) 8535-5886  READINGS In Philippine history Chapter 1: Introduction to History Historians only get to access a representation of the past through historical sources and evidence. Therefore, it is the historian's job not just to seek historical evidence and facts but also to interpret these facts. "Facts cannot speak for themselves." It is the job of the historian to give meaning to these facts and organize them into a timeline, establish causes, and write history. Meanwhile, the historian is not a blank paper who mechanically interprets and analyzes present historical facts. He is a person of his own who is influenced by his own context, environment, ideology, education, and influences, among others. Edward Said (1935 – 2003) In that sense, according to McCullagh (2020), his interpretation Father of Post-Colonialism of the historical fact is affected by his context and circumstances. His subjectivity will inevitably influence the process of his Postcolonial history is therefore a reaction and an alternative to historical research: the methodology that he will use, the facts the colonial history that colonial powers created and taught to that he shall select and deem relevant, his interpretation, and their subjects. One of the problems confronted by history is the even the form of his writings. Thus, in one way or another, history accusation that history is always written by victors. This connotes is always subjective. If that is so, can history still be considered that the narrative of the past is always written from the bias of the as an academic and scientific inquiry? powerful and the more dominant player. For instance, the history of the Second World War in the Philippines always depicts the Historical research requires rigor. Even though historians cannot United States as the hero and the Imperial Japanese Army as ascertain absolute objectivity, the study of history remains the oppressors. Filipinos who collaborated with the Japanese scientific because of the rigor of research and methodology that were lumped in the category of traitors or collaborators. However, historians employ. Historical methodology comprises certain a more thorough historical investigation will reveal a more techniques and rules that historians follow to properly utilize nuanced account of the history of that period instead of a sources and historical evidence in writing history (Larena, 2018). simplified narrative as a story of hero versus villain. Certain rules apply in cases of conflicting accounts in different sources, and on how to properly treat eyewitness accounts and oral sources as valid historical evidence. In doing so, historical claims made by historians and the arguments that they forward in their historical writings, while may be influenced by the historian's inclinations, can still be validated by using reliable evidence and employing correct and meticulous historical methodology. Herodotus (485 B.C. – 425 B.C.) Father of History If a historian chooses to use an oral account as his data in studying the ethnic history of the Ifugaos in the Cordilleras during Herodotus "invented" history because he was the first to see the American Occupation, he needs to validate the claims of his these myriad stories from the past as small parts of one much informant by comparing and corroborating them with written bigger story — the story of the known human world. sources. Therefore, while bias is inevitable, the historian can balance this out by relying on evidence that backs up his claim. In this sense, the historian need not let his bias blind his Historian judgment, and such biases are only acceptable if he maintains his rigor as a researcher. Jusserand (n.d.) states that history is written with an agenda or is heavily influenced by the historian, is it possible to come up with an absolute historical truth? Is history an objective discipline? If it is not, is it still worthwhile to study history? These questions have haunted historians for many generations. Indeed, an exact and accurate account of the past is impossible for the very simple reason that we cannot go back to the past. We cannot access the past directly as our subject matter. OUR LADY OF GUADALUPE Page 6 COLLEGES Hotline: (632) 8535-5885; (632) 8535-5886  READINGS In Philippine history Chapter 1: Introduction to History Both primary and secondary sources are useful in writing and Lesson 2: Historical Sources learning history. However, historians and students of history need to thoroughly scrutinize historical sources to avoid deception and to come up with the historical truth. The historian should be able to conduct an external and internal criticism of the source, especially primary sources which can age over centuries. By the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:  Differentiate between primary and secondary sources PRIMARY SOURCES  Distinguish between the importance of both types of sources Primary sources are original records of a certain event by people who have experienced or witnessed it. These may include original works such as letters, legislations, newspaper articles, diaries, interviews, government documents, reports, photographs, literature, and other creative outputs. Term Meaning Primary Historical sources that were produced and Healey Library (2020) states that primary sources are immediate, Sources created in the same period as the historical first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct subject being studied connection. These are sources produced at the same time as the Secondary Historical works that were written and event, period, or subject being studied. Sources produced using primary sources Different Kinds of Primary Sources The prehistory of the Philippines is said to cover the events until Literary or Cultural Sources 21 April 900 (equivalent in the Proleptic Gregorian Calendar), the 1. Novels, plays, and poems (both published and in date indicated on the Laguna Copperplate Inscription (LCI) – the manuscript form) earliest written document known in the Philippines today. 2. Television shows, movies, or videos 3. Paintings or photographs Accounts that describe events, people, or ideas 1. Newspapers 2. Chronicles or historical accounts 3. Essays and speeches 4. Memoirs, diaries, journals, and letters 5. Philosophical treatises or manifestos Information about people 1. Census records The LCI is the first legal document recorded in the Philippines. It 2. Obituaries is said to contain the release of the children of Namwaran, the 3. Newspaper articles bearers, from their obligation. It was originally translated by 4. Biographies and autobiographies Antoon Postma in 1991 of the Old Malay inscriptions in year 822 of the Saka Era, the month of Waisaka, and the fourth day of the Finding information about a place waning moon, which corresponds to Monday, April 21, 900 AD. 1. Maps and atlases In the study of history, historians give interpretations of the past 2. Census information by investigating historical sources. No interpretations, however, 3. Statistics shall be accepted unless it is supported by evidence from the 4. Photographs examined sources. Historical sources may refer to everything, 5. City directories written or not, that may tell something about the past. These 6. Local libraries or historical societies sources are generally classified into primary and secondary sources. Finding information about an organization 1. Archives (sometimes held by libraries, institutions, or historical societies) OUR LADY OF GUADALUPE Page 7 COLLEGES Hotline: (632) 8535-5885; (632) 8535-5886  READINGS In Philippine history Chapter 1: Introduction to History Three Types of Written Sources 1. Deriving the setting wherein the contemporary evidence 1. Narrative sources or literary sources tell a story or will fit in the grand narrative of history. message. These include diaries, films, biographies, 2. Getting leads to other bibliographic data. leading philosophical works, and scientific works. 3. Acquiring quotations or citations from contemporary or 2. Diplomatic sources include charters and other legal other sources. documents which observe a set format. 4. Deriving interpretations with a view of testing and 3. Social documents are records created by improving them but not accepting them as outright truth. organizations, such as registers of births and tax scores. Kinds and Repositories of SECONDARY SOURCES Secondary sources, on the other hand, are records based on primary sources. They explain a certain event of the past through Primary Sources evaluation and interpretation of the records created during a Establishing the reliability of primary sources is vital in studying historical period. These may include research, textbooks, history. As students, it is equally important for one to identify the research journals, commentaries, and criticism or reviews of various kinds of primary sources used in different avenues. This literary and creative works. lesson presents the classification of primary sources and the obtainability of each. Harvard Library (2020) on the other hand explains that secondary sources were created by someone who did not Primary sources may be published or unpublished documents. experience first-hand or participate in the events or conditions. Published documents are those that are intended for public Sources were produced by an author who used primary sources distribution or use. Newspapers, magazines, books, reports, to produce the material. In other words, secondary sources are government documents, laws, court decisions, literary works, historical sources which study a certain historical subject. posters, maps, and advertisements are some examples. The fact that these documents are published does not mean that they are To illustrate, if students wish to study the 1987 Constitution, the reliable, accurate, or truthful. The readers must comprehend not primary sources include the Record of the 1987 Constitutional just the substance of the document but also the background of Commission, proclamations, speeches of the 48 representatives the author, as it may be written based on the author’s who collectively drafted the current Constitution, and the text of perspective. the Constitution itself. Its secondary sources, on the other hand, may include textbooks, annotations, and published opinions Documents such as diaries, journals, letters, wills, and other about the Constitution. personal papers that are not published may be used as primary sources. Unpublished documents, unlike published ones, may Primary and secondary sources are both important in studying be difficult to locate as they are kept private and hence, may not history. However, it is preferred that students use primary be easily accessed by the public. These documents are also sources in their analysis and synthesis of past events. The use confidential and are restricted from public use like personal of primary sources is important because of the following reasons: letters, which are in the possession of the recipients. 1. Direct contact with the original records and artifacts invites students to explore the content with an active and deeper Primary sources may also be unwritten. These may include oral analysis, and to respond thoughtfully. traditions, oral histories, artworks, and artifacts. Traditions and 2. Critical thinking is developed as students probe the context, histories or stories transferred through generations may tell us purpose, meaning, bias, and perspectives in their analysis of something about the past. Accepted as primary sources of this the past. kind are those that come from people who have witnessed or 3. In the interaction with the various sources from the past, a experienced past events. Personal or first-hand knowledge is learn-led inquiry is being fostered. necessary for considering these sources as primary. Although 4. There is a realization that history reflects various some oral traditions (from some cultures) that are still unwritten perspectives of those who interpret past events. up to date may be used in writing history, it is essential that their 5. It brings back the story to history allowing students to share reliability is properly evaluated. the author’s perspectives. Other unwritten sources include artworks and artifacts. These Gottschalk (1969) suggested secondary sources must only be are visual documents that tell us several views of the past from used for: the perspectives of creators. Drawings, paintings, sculptures, photographs, and artifacts are some of the visual documents that OUR LADY OF GUADALUPE Page 8 COLLEGES Hotline: (632) 8535-5885; (632) 8535-5886  READINGS In Philippine history Chapter 1: Introduction to History may have captured historic moments and provided evidence of The National Library of the Philippines (NLP) is the repository of changes that happened over time. the printed and recorded cultural heritage of the country and other intellectual, literary, and Knowing the type of primary source helps in identifying its information sources. It was established repository. Written documents may be found in libraries or by a royal decree on 12 August 1887 and archives while unwritten documents may be stored in museums named the Museo-Biblioteca de Filipinas. and galleries. Its mission is to acquire, organize, conserve, and preserve Filipiniana Primary sources of Philippine history are placed in several materials and provide equitable access repositories around the country. Some of these places are the to library resources through a system of National Archives, National Library, the National Museums, and public libraries throughout the country. other local government repositories. The NLP has one of the largest collections of materials in various forms in the country covering around 1.6 million books, The National Archives of the Philippines manuscripts, newspapers, theses and dissertations, government Organized under Republic Act No. 9470 passed on May 21, publications, maps, and photographs. Some of the valuable 2007, the National Archives of the pieces it holds are Rizal’s novels, including the unfinished novels, Philippines (NAP) was established to and the Philippine Declaration of Independence which are all store, preserve, conserve, and make kept in a special vault. available to the public the records, papers, periodicals, books or other The National Museum of the Philippines items, articles, or materials, that have As an educational, scientific, and cultural institution, the National been selected for permanent reservation. Museum (NM) operates the National These materials may be in the form of Museum of Fine Arts, the National electronic, audio-visual, or print, which by their nature and Museum of Anthropology, the National characteristics have enduring value. Museum of Natural History, the National Planetarium, and other branch museums The NAP is holding about 60,000,000 archival documents with a around the country. Its collection covers fine arts, archeology, Spanish Collection comprising an estimated 13,000,000 ethnography, and natural history. manuscripts from the 16th to 19th Century with 400 titles on various aspects of Philippine history under the: Lesson 3: Historical Criticism a. Spanish rules such as royal decrees of Spanish monarchs, reports of Spanish governors-general, documents on Filipino uprisings, records of different provinces and pueblos, royal titles on lands and landed estates, pastoral letters of the clergy, papers on churches and convents, maps and architectural plans of By the end of this lesson, the students will be able to: buildings and houses, civil records like birth, marriages, and  Demonstrate the ability to conduct external and internal death. criticisms  Relate methods of external and internal criticism to the goal b. American and Japanese occupation records including of identifying historical truth and avoiding false historical Philippine National Guard records, civil service rosters, war trials. claims c. recent records composed of notarial documents, registers, civil service records, and 1,000 cubic meters of inactive records of national/local governments, including those of abolished, transferred, or merged offices. Term Meaning Historical It evaluates the ancient text to assess its The National Library of the Philippines Criticism credibility and authenticity of its content through external and internal criticisms. External The kind of criticism done to establish the Criticism authenticity of a primary source Internal The kind of criticism employed in analyzing Criticism the content of a primary source OUR LADY OF GUADALUPE Page 9 COLLEGES Hotline: (632) 8535-5885; (632) 8535-5886  READINGS In Philippine history Chapter 1: Introduction to History Historical It seeks the truth and light of the historical Revisionism records and aims to have new facts and One of the most scandalous cases of deception in Philippine interpretations of events of the past. history is the hoax Code of Kalantiaw. The code was a set of Historical It changes and falsifies the historical records rules contained in an epic. Maragtas, which was allegedly written Distortion for a personal pursuit. by a certain Datu Kalantiaw. The document was sold to the National Library and was regarded as an important pre-colonial document until 1968 when American historian William Henry Scott debunked the authenticity of the code According to Gilbert J. Garraghan and Jean Delanglez in 1946, due to anachronism and lack of evidence to source criticism asks the following questions: prove that the code existed in the pre-colonial a. Date – When was it produced? Philippine society. b. Location – Where did it originate? c. Authorship - Who wrote it? Ferdinand Marcos also claimed that he was a decorated World d. Analysis – What pre-existing material served as the basis for War II soldier who led a guerilla unit called Ang Maharlika. This its production? was widely believed by students of history and Marcos had war e. Integrity – What was its original form? medals to show. This claim, however, was disproved when f. Credibility – What is the evidential value of its content? historians counter-checked Marcos's claims with the war records of the United States. These cases prove how deceptions can EXTERNAL CRITICISM propagate without rigorous historical research. The first five questions are part of external criticism. Historians determine the authenticity of sources by examining the date, Martha Howell and Walter Prevenier (2001) stated that before locale, creator, analysis, and integrity of the historical sources. any source can be considered evidence in a historical argument, This information must be consistent with each other. Examples it must satisfy three preconditions: of the things that will be examined when conducting external 1. It must be comprehensible at the most basic level of criticism of a document include the quality of the paper, the type vocabulary, language, and handwriting. of ink, and the language and words used in the material, among It sets the ground for the contentions on the acceptability of the others. source and for all the aspects of the debate. INTERNAL CRITICISM 2. The source must be carefully located in accordance with The last question is treated as internal criticism as it helps place and time. historians determine the credibility of the source. It studies the Its author, composer, or writer, and the location where it was content of the source to know its truthfulness. Internal criticism produced or published should be noted for the checking of looks at the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by looking authenticity and accuracy. One example is a personal letter at the author of the sources; its context; the agenda behind its which usually indicates when (date) and where (place) it was creation; the knowledge which informed it; and its intended written. This information can assist in corroborating the details of purpose, among others. For example, Japanese reports and the source given the whereabouts of its author as stated in a declarations during the period of the war should not be taken as letter. a historical fact hastily. Internal criticism entails that the historian acknowledges and analyzes how such reports can be 3. The authenticity of the source must always be checked manipulated to be used as war propaganda. Validating historical and counterchecked before being accepted as a credible sources can lead to equally false conclusions. Without enough source in any historical findings. criticisms of historical evidence, historical deceptions and lies will Subtle details such as the quality of paper used, the ink or the be highly probable. watermark of the parchment used, the way it was encoded using a typeface or the way the tape was electronically coded should be carefully scrutinized to check if it was forged or mislabeled by archivists. Cases of forgery and mislabeling are common in Philippine historiography. One example of the latter is Ambeth Ocampo’s discovery of the alleged draft of Jose Rizal’s third novel, the Makamisa. The stack of writings was labeled “Borrador del Noli Me Tangere”. However, upon reading the draft, it is clear that it OUR LADY OF GUADALUPE Page 10 COLLEGES Hotline: (632) 8535-5885; (632) 8535-5886  READINGS In Philippine history Chapter 1: Introduction to History is not connected to Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. This is a clear case of mislabeling for the discovered draft seems Chapter Summary misplaced in the stack where it was taken from. A closer look at the characters in the novel, however, reveals a different setting History is the study of human activities in the past. This and story. This falsifies the alleged third novel of Rizal. definition makes history a unique discipline. The meaning and characteristics of history changed from the An example of forgery in historical documents is the story of the ancient period to the present. These changes were great forger, Roman Roque, who allegedly forged the signature dependent on the purposes that history served. of Gen. Urbano Lacuna that led to the captivity of Gen. Emilio History is a scientific discipline that relies on different Aguinaldo. Roque also forged the signature of Jose Rizal in the sources. great retraction controversy. Another example, the claim that the Several issues revolve around the meaning and function of supposed autobiography of Josephine Bracken written on history as a discipline. These issues relate to different February 27, 1897, which asserts her marriage to Rizal under aspects of the discipline, such as meaning, method, and use. Catholic rites, was badly forged. The penmanship on the Despite the inherent subjectivity of the historian, historical document varies significantly when compared to the other letters knowledge can still be scientific by adhering to rigorous written by Bracken. historical methodology and through collaboration with peers in the discipline. Given the possibility of forgery and mislabeling, historians not Primary and secondary sources serve different functions, and only evaluate the sources in terms of external characteristics that both are important for historians and students of history. focus on the questions of where, when, and by whom. They also Primary sources are important representations of the past evaluate in terms of internal criteria which include seven factors that are analyzed and interpreted by historians. For a source identified by Howell and Prevenier (2001): to be classified as primary, it should be produced in the same period as related texts to their research. 1. The Genealogy of the Document Secondary sources are historical texts read by students to This refers to the development of the document. The document gain historical knowledge and by historians as related texts may be original, a copy, or a copy of the copy. to their research. These sources are products of historians’ work using primary sources. 2. The Genesis of the Document Historians should employ internal and external criticism to This includes the situations and the authorities during the debunk false historical claims such as the Code of Kalantiaw document’s production. and Marcos’ fake war medals. Philippine historiography transformed from one historical 3. The Originality of the Document period to another. These changes reflect the dominant This includes the nature of the document whether it is an discourse of the time. eyewitness or earwitness account or merely passing of existing The Spanish colonizers viewed Philippine history as divided information. into two parts: the period of darkness and the period of light. They considered the period before the arrival as dark 4. The Interpretation of the Document because of the lack of civilization, while marking their This pertains to deducting meaning from the document. appearance as the dawn of light because they brought in the Christian faith and culture. The Americans also used history 5. The Authorial Authority of the Document to justify what they called their “benevolent assimilation.” This refers to the relationship between the document’s subject Nationalist historiography emerged as a reaction to the matter and its author. colonial interpretation of history. Nationalist historians aimed to place the masses at the center of history. 6. The Competence of the Observer Pantayong Pananaw is the philosophical guide of bagong This refers to the author’s capabilities and qualifications to kasaysayan. It underscores the importance of fostering critically comprehend and report information. internal dialogue among the people in writing and teaching history. It adheres to the use of Filipino to reach wider 7. The Trustworthiness of the Observer audiences among non-English speaking people. This refers to the author’s integrity – whether he or she fabricates or reports truthfully. OUR LADY OF GUADALUPE Page 11 COLLEGES Hotline: (632) 8535-5885; (632) 8535-5886  READINGS In Philippine history Chapter 1: Introduction to History pinagpaguran naming pinapanaw na tauong Anac ni Eva, icao Dasalan at Tocsohan nga ang ipinagbubuntong hininga naming sa aming pagtangis dito sa bayang pinacahapishapis. Ay aba pinacahanaphanap by Marcelo H. del Pilar naming para sa aming manga anac, ilingon mo sa aming ang Ang Dasalan at Tocsohan (orihinal na baybay) o Dasalan at cara- i cruz mo man lamang at saca bago matapos ang Tuksuhan (kasalukyang baybay), ay isang akdang isinulat nina pagpanaw mo sa amin ay iparinig mo sa amin ang iyong calasing Marcelo H. del Pilar, Pedro Serrano Laktaw, at Rafael Enriquez Santa Baria ina nang deretsos, malacas at maalam, matunog na noong 1888. Sa pagsulat nito ay ginamit ni del Pilar ang sagisag- guinto cami ipanalangin mong huag magpatuloy sa aming ang panulat na Dolores Manaksak. manga banta nang Fraile. Amen. Mga sipi Ang Manga Utos Nang Fraile Nasa orihinal na pagbabaybay noong kapanahunan ni M. H. del Ang manga utos nang Fraile ay sampo: Pilar ang mga sumusunod na sipi: Ang nauna: Sambahin mo ang Fraile na lalo sa lahat. Ang icalaua: Huag cang mag papahamac manuba nang ngalang Ang Tanda deretsos. Ang tanda nang cara-i-cruz ang ipangadya mo sa amin, Ang icatlo: Manalanguin ca sa Fraile Domingo man at fiesta. Panginoon naming Fraile, sa manga bangcay namin, sa ngalan Ang icapat: Isangla mo ang catauan mo sa pagpapalibing sa nang Salapi at nang Maputing binti, at nang Espiritung Bugao. ama’t ina, Siya naua. Ang icalima: Huag cang mamamatay cung uala pang salaping pang libing. Pagsisisi Ang icanim: Huag cang maquiapid sa kanyang asaua. Panginoon cong Fraile, Dios na hindi totoo at labis nang Ang icapito: Huag cang maquinacao. pagcatauo gumaga at sumalacay sa aquin: pinagsisihan cong Ang icaualo: Huag mo silang pagbibintangan, cahit ca masaquit sa tanang loobang dilang pag-asa co sa iyo, icao nga masinungalingan. ang berdugo co. Panginoon co at caauay co na inihihibic cong Ang icasiyam: Huag mong ipag cait ang iyong asaua. lalo sa lahat, nagtitica acong matibay na matibay na dina muli- Ang icapulo: Huag mong itangui ang iyong ari. muling mabubuyo sa iyo: at lalayuan co na at pangingilagan ang Itong sampong utos nang Fraile’I dalaua ang quinaoouian. balanang macababacla nang loob co sa pag-asa sa iyo, Ang isa: Sambahin mo ang Fraile lalo sa lahat. macalilibat nang dating saquit nang manga bulsa co, at nagtitica Ang icalaua: Ihayin mo naman sa caniya ang puri mo’t naman acong maglalathala nang dilang pagcadaya co umaasa cayamanan. Siya naua. acong babambuhin ca rin, alang-alang sa mahal na pasyion at pangangalacal mo nang Cruz, sa pagulol sa aquin. Siya naua. Ang Cabohongang Asal Ang manga cabohongang asal, ang pangala’i tontogales ay tatlo: Igalang mo …………… Ang Amain Namin Catacutan mo………… Ang Fraile Amain naming sumasaconvento ca, sumpain ang ngalan mo, At Pag Manuhan mo … malayo sa amin ang casaquiman mo, quitlin ang liig mo dito sa lupa para nang sa langit. Saulan mo cami ngayon nang aming Apat ang mga Kaholiholihang Darating sa Fraile caning iyong inaraoarao at patauanin mo cami sa iyong pagungal Ang una'i ang camatayan nang paniniuala sa canila para nang pag papataua mo cung cami'y nacucualtahan; at huag Ang icalaua'i ang paghohocom sa madlang guinauang cadayaan mo caming ipahintulot sa iyong manu-nucso at iadya mo cami sa Ang icatlo'i ang madlang lait nang bayan masama mong dila. Amen. Ang icaapat ang sila'y palalayasin Ang Aba Guinoong Baria Ang Aco'i Macasalanan Aba guinoong Baria nacapupuno ca nang alcancia ang Fraile' Aco raw ay macasalanan ay aco'i mangompisal sa ca-auay cong sumasainyo bucod ca niyang pinagpala't pinahiguit sa lahat, Fraile na nacapagpabitay sa lahat, sa cay Padre Burgos, sa cay pinagpala naman ang caban mong ma-pasoc. Santa Baria Ina Padre Zamora, sa cay Padre Gomez at sa manga ipinadeportar; nang Deretsos, ipanalangin mo caming huag anitan ngayon at nagcasala baga aco sa paninimdim co, sa paguiuica co at sa cami ipapatay. Siya naua. pagpapalayas sa iniyo; aco baga'i sala o sala kapang lubha caya nga yata na nganganib aco cay Santa Bariang tanso cay San Ang Aba Po Santa Baria Pisong pilac, at sa manga caban niniyo at aco'i ipahamac nila; at Aba po Santa Bariang Hari, inagao nang Fraile, icao ang icao naman Fraile aco'i ipahahamac mo sapagca't nag didios cabuhayan at catamisan. Aba bunga nang aming pauis, icao ang OUR LADY OF GUADALUPE Page 12 COLLEGES Hotline: (632) 8535-5885; (632) 8535-5886  READINGS In Philippine history Chapter 1: Introduction to History diosan ca dito sa lupa; ay pararatangan mo aco ng aco'i Tanong: Ang Agustino't Franciscano ba ay Fraile? maparusahan. Amen. Sagot: Oo, Fraile rin. Tanong: Ang Capuchino ay Fraile? Ang mga Biyaya nang Fraile Sagot: Oo, Fraile rin naman. Ang mga Biyaya nang Fraile sa manga Oolol ay Apat: Tanong: Iba baga ang pagca-Fraile nang isa sa pagca-Fraile Ang nauna'i sila’y pag utusan. nang iba? Ang icalaua'i gauing tauong simbahan. Sagot: Dili cun di iisa rin ang pagca-Fraile nila, ang pag dadaya Ang icatlo'i anac ay ligauan. lamang ang iba't iba. Ang icaapat'i gamitin sa capanganyayaan. Tanong: May mahal na asal caya ang Fraile na para baga nang camahalan man lamang nating manga minamasama nila. Ang Hampas nang Cagalitan nang Fraile Sagot: Uala rin ngani at ang sila'y pinanginginlagang tunay na Ang Hampas nang Cagalitan nang Fraile ay Tatlo: tunay. Ipabitay cung maa-ari na gaya nang tatlong Pare. Tanong: Nasaan ang mga Fraile? Tauaging filibustero at ipadala sa Jolo. Sagot: Ualang di quinadoroonan halos dito sa Filipinas at pauang Pormahan caya nang causa’t bilangoin man lamang siya. nacapang-yayari sa lahat, caya hindi umalis cahit pina-a-alis man. Ang Cabanalang Asal Pangala'i Virtuades Cardinales Tanong: Paano ang pagiguing tauo nang canilang manga anac? Ang cabanalang asal pangala'i virtuades cardinales ay apat: Sagot: Ipinaglilihi, sa lalang nila, sa tiyan nang manga Ang calihiman sa ano mang gagauin confensada at dili man confesada cung sacaling maganda, na Talino sa sasabihin ito'y pauang virgen cung di pa nanganganac, virgen din yata sa Manga deretsos ay piguilin panganganac at virgen din, dao, cung macapanganac na. Pagpapa alis ay pilitin Tanong: Alin caya ang punong dahilan nang ayaw pa nila tayong iuan nang Fraile? Ang Cahatolan nang Fraile sa Lihis na Evangelio Sagot: Cung ayaw nila tayong iuan ay dahil sa cayamana't sa Ang Cahatolan nang Fraile sa Lihis na Evangelio ay tatlo: dati nila tayong naaalipin. Ang pagbabayad ng deretsos. Tanong: At ano pa caya ang titiguisin nila sa atin? Calme't sintas ay lumimos. Sagot: Cung hindi na tayo macucualtahan ay ang ating dugo Sa candilang pagtutulos. hanggang sa mamatay. Maguing dukha kang lubos. Tanong: Nasaan ang Fraile? Una ito't ang icalaua. Sagot: Nacalocloc sa silyon ng convento sa tabi nang caniang Cahalaya'i mag ingat ca. mga caban. Cung hihicayat ay iba. Tanong: Diyata ano ang cahologan nitong uicang nalolocloc ang Ngunit at huwag kung sila. Fraile sa tabi nang caban cung ang Fraile ay may voto de Icatlo at cauacasan. pobreza? Ang lubos na casunuran. Sagot: Ang cahologan ay ito, na ang Fraile ang nagiingat nang Sacaling icao'i utusan. manga bagay na sagrado na di mumunti ang halaga na siyang Nang Fraileng sino't alinman. ipinagbibili sa atin, at itinutumbas naman natin sa manga bagay na yaon ang boó nating yaman sa pagasang maiaacyat tayo sa Tocsohan langit. Tanong: Ano caya ang Fraile? Tanong: Diyata alin inaala-ala nang Fraile? Sagot: Isang panginoong di cailangan; di iquinagagaling nang Sagot: Isa lamang; cung sa pag-aral niya nang lihis sa utos nang bayan; pumipiguil nang carunungan; puno nang dilang Dios ay uala, at nacicita nating hinahamac ang lahat; at baca nga casamaan at siyang qinaoouian nang lahat nang ating sila palayasin, ito lamang ang pangamba nila. cayamanan. Tanong: Ilan ang Fraile? Sagot: Isa lamang. Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa Tanong: Ang orden ay ilan? by Andres Bonifacio Sagot: Lima. Ang Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa ay isang tula na sinulat ni Tanong: Turuan mo cun alin alin? Andres Bonifacio na kanyang ginamit para himukin ang mga Sagot: Dominico, Agustino, Recoletano, Franciscano at Pilipinong maging makabayan. Si Bonifacio ay mas magaling na Capuchino. mandirigma kaysa sa isang manunulat ngunit pinatunayan niya Tanong: Ang Dominico't Recoletano ba ay Fraile? na kaya niyang gumawa ng isang tula para sa kanyang Sagot: Oo, Fraile nga. minamahal na bayan. OUR LADY OF GUADALUPE Page 13 COLLEGES Hotline: (632) 8535-5885; (632) 8535-5886  READINGS In Philippine history Chapter 1: Introduction to History sukat ang makita’t sasa-ala-ala Aling pag-ibig pa ang hihigit kaya ang ina’t ang giliw lampas sa saya. sa pagka-dalisay at pagka-dakila gaya ng pag-ibig sa tinubuang lupa? Tubig niyang malinaw sa anak’y bulog Alin pag-ibig pa? Wala na nga, wala. bukal sa batisang nagkalat sa bundok malambot na huni ng matuling agos Ulit-ulitin mang basahin ng isip na nakaa-aliw sa pusong may lungkot. at isa-isahing talastasing pilit ang salita’t buhay na limbag at titik Sa kaba ng abang mawalay sa Bayan! ng isang katauhan ito’y namamasid. gunita ma’y laging sakbibi ng lumbay walang ala-ala’t inaasam-asam Banal na pag-ibig pag ikaw ang nukal kundi ang makita’ng lupang tinubuan. sa tapat na puso ng sino’t alinman, imbit taong gubat, maralita’t mangmang Pati na’ng magdusa’t sampung kamatayan nagiging dakila at iginagalang. waring masarap kung dahil sa Bayan at lalong maghirap, O! himalang bagay, Pagpuring lubos ang nagiging hangad lalong pag-irog pa ang sa kanya’y alay. sa bayan ng taong may dangal na ingat, umawit, tumula, kumatha’t sumulat, Kung ang bayang ito’y nasa panganib kalakhan din nila’y isinisiwalat. at siya ay dapat na ipagtangkilik ang anak, asawa, magulang, kapatid Walang mahalagang hindi inihandog isang tawag niya’y tatalikdang pilit. ng pusong mahal sa Bayang nagkupkop, dugo, yaman, dunong, tiisa’t pagod, Datapwa kung bayan ng ka-Tagalogan buhay ma’y abuting magkalagot-lagot. ay nilalapastangan at niyuyurakan katwiran, puri niya’t kamahalan Bakit? Ano itong sakdal nang laki ng sama ng lilong ibang bayan. na hinahandugan ng buong pag kasi na sa lalong mahal kapangyayari Di gaano kaya ang paghinagpis at ginugugulan ng buhay na iwi. ng pusong Tagalog sa puring nalait at aling kaluoban na lalong tahimik Ay! Ito’y ang Inang Bayang tinubuan, ang di pupukawin sa paghihimagsik? siya’y ina’t tangi na kinamulatan ng kawili-wiling liwanag ng araw Saan magbubuhat ang paghihinay na nagbibigay init sa lunong katawan. sa paghihiganti’t gumugol ng buhay kung wala ring ibang kasasadlakan Sa kanya’y utang ang unang pagtanggol kundi ang lugami sa ka-alipinan? ng simoy ng hanging nagbigay lunas, sa inis na puso na sisinghap-singhap, Kung ang pagka-baon niya’t pagka-busabos sa balong malalim ng siphayo’t hirap. sa lusak ng daya’t tunay na pag-ayop supil ng pang-hampas tanikalang gapos Kalakip din nito’y pag-ibig sa Bayan at luha na lamang ang pinaa-agos ang lahat ng lalong sa gunita’y mahal mula sa masaya’t gasong kasanggulan. Sa kanyang anyo’y sino ang tutunghay hanggang sa katawan ay mapasa-libingan. na di-aakayin sa gawang magdamdam pusong naglilipak sa pagka-sukaban Ang na nga kapanahon ng aliw, na hindi gumagalang dugo at buhay. ang inaasahang araw na darating ng pagka-timawa ng mga alipin, Mangyari kayang ito’y masulyap liban pa ba sa bayan tatanghalin? ng mga Tagalog at hindi lumingap sa naghihingalong Inang nasa yapak At ang balang kahoy at ang balang sanga ng kasuklam-suklam na Castilang hamak. na parang niya’t gubat na kaaya-aya OUR LADY OF GUADALUPE Page 14 COLLEGES Hotline: (632) 8535-5885; (632) 8535-5886  READINGS In Philippine history Chapter 1: Introduction to History Nasaan ang dangal ng mga Tagalog, PERFORMANCE TASK 1 nasaan ang dugong dapat na ibuhos? Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa of Andres Bonifacio conveys the bayan ay inaapi, bakit di kumikilos? sentiments of a hero at a time when the country was subjected at natitilihang ito’y mapanuod. to abuse and cruelty. Any Filipino who reads this poem will feel the strong emotion of love for his country. Thus, he will think of Hayo na nga kayo, kayong ngang buhay ways to give the best service to the land of his birth. He will do sa pag-asang lubos na kaginhawahan everything possible not to make Mother Country shed tears at walang tinamo kundi kapaitan, again. Based on your evaluation of the text, create a slogan, kaya nga’t ibigin ang naaabang bayan. tagline, or poem (English or Filipino) in a short bond paper. Be guided by the scoring rubric in making your output. Kayong antayan na sa kapapasakit ng dakilang hangad sa batis ng dibdib muling pabalungit tunay na pag-ibig kusang ibulalas sa bayang piniit. Kayong nalagasan ng bunga’t bulaklak kahoy niyaring buhay na nilant sukat ng bala-balakit makapal na hirap muling manariwa’t sa baya’y lumiyag. Kayong mga pusong kusang inuusal ng dagat at bagsik ng ganid na asal, ngayon magbangon’t baya’y itanghal agawin sa kuko ng mga sukaban. Kayong mga dukhang walang tanging sikap kundi ang mabuhay sa dalita’t hirap, ampunin ang bayan kung nasa ay lunas sapagkat ang ginhawa niya ay sa lahat. Ipaghandog-handog ang buong pag-ibig hanggang sa mga dugo’y ubusang itigis kung sa pagtatanggol, buhay ay mapatid ito’y kapalaran at tunay na langit. References Agoncillo, T. (1990). History of the Filipino people (8th ed.). Garotech Publishing Inc. Candelaria, J. & Alporha, V. (2018). Readings in Philippine History. Rex Book Store. Prepared by: MR. MIKE GENUEL SALAZAR, LPT, MATc Course Instructor Our Lady of Guadalupe Colleges Mandaluyong City OUR LADY OF GUADALUPE Page 15 COLLEGES Hotline: (632) 8535-5885; (632) 8535-5886