Router_components .ppt

PPT Disclaimer The PowerPoint presentations of the Module COMP 20015.1 Routing and Switching are created merely to guide me during the delivery of this module in my class. The content included in the slides are only indicative to remind me the sequence which I will be following during the deli...

PPT Disclaimer The PowerPoint presentations of the Module COMP 20015.1 Routing and Switching are created merely to guide me during the delivery of this module in my class. The content included in the slides are only indicative to remind me the sequence which I will be following during the delivery. The content presented in the slides is free from any plagiarism and copyright violations and wherever needed appropriate referencing/citations have been provided. In addition to the content in this PowerPoint presentations, I will also be verbally delivering other important content in the class as well as also writing on the board, some information related to the topic being covered wherever necessary. The student is therefore advised to refer to the text books, reference books and any supplementary materials recommended in the Module Information Guide (MIG) or in the PowerPoint presentations for complete understanding of the topic. Introduction to Router Components & Basic Configuration Introduction to Routing and Packet Forwarding Front and Rear view of the Router 2811 Router  Routers are at the Network Centre Routers forward packets from the original source to the final destination. Connects multiple networks: Separate interfaces on different IP networks (LAN, WAN)  Routers Determine the Best Path ? ? Router’s Primary Responsibilities: Determine the best path to send packets. Forward the packets out the correct interface. Connect LAN to WAN Contain the broadcast  Router CPU and Memory Main internal Components: Central Processing Unit (CPU) Random Access Memory (RAM) Read Only Memory (ROM) Flash Memory (Flash) Nonvolatile Random Access Memory (NVRAM) Interfaces  Router CPU and Memory Central Processing Unit (CPU) Executes the Cisco IOS operating instructions. Random Access Memory (RAM) Stores routing tables. Holds ARP cache. Holds fast-switching cache. Performs packet buffering. Provides temporary memory for the running configuration file of a router while the router is powered on. Loses content when a router is powered down or restarted.  Router CPU and Memory Nonvolatile Random Access Memory (NVRAM) Provides storage for the startup configuration file. Retains content when a router is powered down or restarted. Small in size compared to RAM.  Router CPU and Memory Flash Memory (Flash) Holds the IOS image. Allows software to be updated without removing and replacing chips on the processor. Retains content when a router is powered down or restarted. Can store multiple versions of IOS software.  Router CPU and Memory Read Only Memory (ROM) Maintains instructions for power-on self test (POST) diagnostics. Stores the bootstrap program and the basic operating system software. Requires replacing pluggable chips on the motherboard for software upgrades.  Internetwork Operating System (IOS) Responsible for managing the hardware and software resources of the router. Allocating memory. Managing the file system and processes. Security. There are many different IOS images. An IOS image is a file residing on flash that contains the entire IOS for that router. The image itself will vary depending on the model and the features within the IOS.  Router Bootup Process Four Basic Tasks: POST Bootstrap Cisco IOS Configuration  Router Bootup Process POST 1. Perform POST ROM Step 1: Performing the POST (Power On Self Test) Executes diagnostics from ROM on several hardware components (CPU,RAM, NVRAM). After the POST is successful, the router executes the bootstrap program.  Router Bootup Process Bootstrap 2. Load Bootstrap ROM Step 2: Loading the Bootstrap Program The program is copied from ROM into RAM. Executed by CPU. Its main task is to locate the Cisco IOS and load it into RAM.  Router Bootup Process Cisco IOS 3. Locate IOS Flash TFTP Server Step 3: Locating Cisco IOS Typically stored in flash memory, but it can be stored in other places such as a TFTP server. If a full IOS image cannot be located, a scaled- down version of the IOS is copied from ROM. This version of IOS is used to help diagnose any problems and to try to load a complete version of the IOS into RAM. Step 4: Load Cisco IOS Copy the IOS into RAM for execution.  Router Bootup Process 5. Locate the NVRAM Configuration Configuration File TFTP Server Console Step 5: Locating the Configuration File The bootstrap program searches for the previously saved configuration commands (startup configuration file), in NVRAM. If there is no startup configuration, the program searches for a TFTP server. If a TFTP server cannot be found, the router will accept input from the Console.  Router Bootup Process 6. Execute the Configuration File or enter “Setup” mode. Step 6: Loading the Startup Configuration or Entering Setup Mode. If a startup configuration file is found in NVRAM, the IOS loads it into RAM as the running-config file and executes the commands. If the startup configuration file cannot be located, the IOS prompts the user to enter setup mode. If setup mode not used, a default running-config file is created and input accepted from the console.  Router Bootup Process POST 1. Perform POST ROM Bootstrap 2. Load Bootstrap ROM Cisco IOS 3. Locate IOS Flash 4. Load IOS TFTP Server 5. Locate the NVRAM Configuration Configuration File TFTP Server 6. Execute the Console Configuration File or enter “Setup” mode.  Verifying the Router Bootup Process The show version command is used to view information about the router during the bootup process.  Router Interfaces Port: Normally means one of the management ports used for administrative access. Interface: Normally refers to interfaces that are capable of sending and receiving user traffic. However, these terms are often used interchangeably in the industry and even with IOS output.  Router Interfaces Console Auxiliary Console Port: Used to connect a terminal or most likely a PC running terminal emulator software, Must be used during initial configuration of the router. Auxiliary (AUX) Port: Not all routers have auxiliary ports. At times, can be used similarly to a console port and can also be used to attach a modem.  Router Interfaces Ethernet Serial An interface on Cisco routers refers to a physical connector on the router whose main purpose is to receive and forward packets. Routers have multiple interfaces used to connect to multiple networks. Various types of networks. Different types of media and connectors. Different types of interfaces.  Router Interfaces Every Interface on a router: - Belongs to a different network - Is a host on a different network - Has an IP address on a different network  Interfaces Belonging to Different Networks LAN Interfaces: Ethernet Fast Ethernet Used to connect the router to the LAN. Similar to the connection to a PC’s Ethernet NIC. Layer 2 MAC address Participates in the Ethernet LAN like any other host. Typically an RJ-45 jack (UTP). Router to Switch: straight-through cable. Router to Router: cross-over cable. PC to Router: cross-over cable.  Interfaces Belonging to Different Networks WAN Interfaces: Serial ISDN Frame Relay Used to connect routers to external networks, usually over a larger geographical distance. The Layer 2 encapsulation can be different types (PPP, Frame Relay, HDLC). Similar to LAN interfaces, each WAN interface has its own IP address and subnet mask, making it a member of a specific network. MAC addresses are used only on Ethernet interfaces and are not on WAN interfaces. Introduction to Routing and Packet Forwarding CLI Configuration and Addressing  Basic Router Configuration When configuring a router, begin with performing certain basic tasks. Naming the router. Setting passwords. Configuring a banner. Configuring interfaces. Verifying basic configuration and router operations. Saving changes on a router. Basic Router Configuration Basic Router Configuration  Basic Router Configuration User and Privileged Modes: Router> user mode Router> enable Router# privilege mode Router# configure terminal Router(config)# exit Router# config t Configure Host Name: Router(config)# hostname [name]  Basic Router Configuration Configure Passwords: Privilege password: Router(config)# enable secret [password] Console password: Router(config)# line console 0 Router(config-line)# password [password] Router(config-line)# login Telnet password: Router(config)# line vty 0 4 Router(config-line)# password [password]  Basic Router Configuration Configure Banner Message of the Day: Router(config)# banner motd [# message #] In the real world, probably a good idea. Scheduled down time, etc. In the lab, not necessary unless specifically instructed to do so.  Basic Router Configuration Configure Interfaces: Router(config)# interface [type][number] Router(config-if)# ip address [address] [mask] Router(config-if)# description [description] Router(config-if)# no shutdown Each interface MUST belong to a different network.  Basic Router Configuration Verifying the Configuration: Router# show running-config Router# show ip route Router# show ip interface brief Router# show interfaces Saving the Configuration: Router# copy running-config startup-config  Basic Router Configuration Default Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask Gateway Fa0/0 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 N/A R1 S0/0/0 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 N/A Fa0/0 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0 N/A R2 S0/0/0 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0 N/A PC1 N/A 192.168.1.10 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1 PC2 N/A 192.168.3.10 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.1  Basic Router Configuration – R1 Configure Host Name: Router> Router>enable Router# Router#configure terminal Router(config)#hostname R1 R1(config#)  Basic Router Configuration – R1 Configure Privilege Password: R1(config#)enable secret class  Basic Router Configuration – R1 Configure Passwords: R1(config)#line console 0 R1(config-line)#password cisco R1(config-line)#login R1(config)#line vty 0 4 R1(config-line)#password cisco R1(config-line)#login R1(config-line)#exit  Basic Router Configuration – R1 Configure Banner Message of the Day: Enter a text message. End with the character ‘#’. R1(config)#banner motd # ****************************************** WARNING!! Unauthorized Access Prohibited!! ****************************************** # R1(config)#  Basic Router Configuration – R1 WAN Interface Configuration: R1(config)#interface Serial0/0/0 R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 R1(config-if)#description Link to R2 R1(config-if)#clockrate 64000 (DCE Only) R1(config-if)#no shutdown  Basic Router Configuration – R1 LAN Interface Configuration: R1(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0 R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 R1(config-if)#description R1 LAN R1(config-if)#no shutdown  Basic Router Configuration – R1 Each Interface Belongs to a Separate Network: R1(config)#interface FastEthernet0/1 R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.0 overlaps with FastEthernet0/0 R1(config-if)#no shutdown 192.168.1.0 overlaps with FastEthernet0/0 FastEthernet0/1: incorrect IP address assignment  Basic Router Configuration – R1 Verifying Basic Router Configuration: R1#show running-config ! version 12.3 ! hostname R1 ! interface FastEthernet0/0 description R1 LAN ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 ! interface Serial0/0  Basic Router Configuration – R1 Saving the Configuration: R1#copy running-config startup-config R1#show startup-config ! version 12.3 ! hostname R1 ! interface FastEthernet0/0 description R1 LAN ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 !  Basic Router Configuration – R1 Show the Routing Table: R1# show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static.. (Output Omitted). Gateway of last resort is not set C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0  Switch 1.A switch is a device that can recognize the destination address. 2.The switch receives a frame from an incoming link, finds the address and routes the frame to the appropriate outgoing link. 3.A network device that filters, forwards, and floods frames based on the destination address of each frame. 4.The switch operates at the data link layer of the Open system Interconnection (OSI) model. 5.Switch is a multi-port Bridge (Bridge with many ports) Router 1. It is a layer 3 device (Operates at network layer of the OSI Model). A router is used to connect the networks that may or may not be similar. 2. It takes decision based on the IP Address 3. It contains the broadcast (stops broadcast) 4. It has all the capabilities of the network device (Routers can regenerate signals, concentrate multiple connections, convert data transmission formats, and manage data transfers) 5. It is used to connect LAN to the WAN 6. It is used to connect two different LANs separated by great distance 7. It is like a special purpose computer. Difference between Hub and Switch Hub Switch 1) Hubs operate using a broadcast 1) Switches operate using a virtual model. circuit model. 2) When four computers are 2) Switches, on the other hand, are connected to a hub, for example, capable of determining the and two of those computers destination of each individual traffic communicate with each other, element (such as an Ethernet frame) hubs simply pass through all and selectively forwarding data to network traffic to each of the the one computer that actually four computers. needs it. 3) Hub generates more traffic. 3) Switch generates always less traffic. 4) Poor performance can be 4) Better performance can be noticed noticed in the busy network. in the busy network. 5) Less cost. 5) More cost. Source CISCO Network Academy materials