Unraveling the Code of Life - Student Project 2024-2025 PDF

Unraveling the code of life By :Roqaya Ahmed Qusay Elaf Anour Sura Ali Fatima Ahmed Tiya Ibrahim Noor fatima Hussein Zahra Amar Supervised by: Teacher Noor Al kawthar for the distinguished girl...

Unraveling the code of life By :Roqaya Ahmed Qusay Elaf Anour Sura Ali Fatima Ahmed Tiya Ibrahim Noor fatima Hussein Zahra Amar Supervised by: Teacher Noor Al kawthar for the distinguished girls 2024 - 2025  Introduction DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development, functioning, and reproduction of all living organisms. Here’s an overview of DNA, supported by reliable scientific sources: 1- Structure of DNA DNA consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix. Each nucleotide contains a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G). The two strands of DNA are complementary, with A pairing with T, and C pairing with G. 2- Function of DNA DNA carries genetic information in the form of genes, which are specific sequences of nucleotides. These genes provide the instructions for building proteins, which perform most of the functions within a cell. DNA is also involved in replication, ensuring that genetic material is passed on during cell division. 2 Recombinant DNA technology benefits humans in several ways: Medicine: Production of insulin, growth hormones, and other therapeutic proteins, as well as gene therapy to treat genetic disorders. Agriculture: Development of genetically modified (GM) crops with improved resistance to pests, diseases, and environmental stress, or with enhanced nutritional content. Industry: Production of enzymes, biofuels, and biodegradable plastics using genetically engineered microorganisms. Research: Study of gene function, regulation, and interactions, which helps in understanding diseases and developing new treatments. 3 What is the dna technology or recombinant? Recombinant DNA technique combine DNA from different sources to produce microorganisms (factories)that produce interferon's ,hormones ,enzymes, drugs and vaccines on an industrial scale. Recombinant DNA technology is one o f the recent advances in biotechnology, which was developed by two scientists named reyBo and Cohen in1973. The red flags of dna technology 1. Privacy Issues : Personal genetic information might be misused by employers or insurance companies. 2. Discrimination People might be treated unfairly because of their genetic traits. 3. Ethical Concerns : Changing genes raises questions about what is right, like creating "designer babies" with chosen traits. 4. Environmental Risks : Genetically modified plants or animals can harm nature and reduce biodiversity. 5. Short-Term Focus : Jumping into DNA technology without long-term studies can cause future problems. 6. Emotional and Psychological Impact : Genetic testing can create stress if it uncovers unexpected information. 7. Access and Inequalities :Not everyone has access to DNA technology, which can increase health inequalities. 4 Application of dna technology RECOMBINANT VACCINE A recombinant vaccine is a vaccine is produced by DNA technology. This involves inserting the DNA encoding an antigen that stimulates an immune response into mammalian cells or bacterial cells ;expressing the antigen in these cells and purifying it from them. First recombinant vaccine –Hepatitis B vaccine Types of Recombinant vaccines: 1.Subunit recombinant vaccines – includes proteins, peptides and dna 2.Attenuated recombinant vaccines these genetically modified pathogenic organism(bact. , virus) that are made of non pathogenic and use as vaccines. 3.Vector recombinant vaccines- these are genetically modified viral vectors that van be used as vaccines against certain pathogens Advantages of the recombinant vaccine 1.Produced more quickly 2.In larger quantities 5 3.Free from infectious viral particles. 4.They can safely be given to immunosuppressed animal. 5.They are less likely to induce side effects 6 7 Source:  Watson, J. D., & Crick, F. H. C. (1953).  Nature, 171(4356), 737–738.  Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Walter, P. (2002).  Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. Garland Science.  ck-12 foundation  almustinsiryah unversity  aristotle university 8