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# Biochemistry: Chapter 2 ## Review Cladograms * Bacteria * Archaea * Eukarya ## Subatomic Particles | Particle | Charge | Location | |---|---|---| | Neutrons | neutral | nucleus | | Protons | positive | nucleus | | Electrons | negative | surrounding the nucleus | ## Nitrogen Valence Electrons...

# Biochemistry: Chapter 2 ## Review Cladograms * Bacteria * Archaea * Eukarya ## Subatomic Particles | Particle | Charge | Location | |---|---|---| | Neutrons | neutral | nucleus | | Protons | positive | nucleus | | Electrons | negative | surrounding the nucleus | ## Nitrogen Valence Electrons Nitrogen has 5 valence electrons. ## Chemical Compound A chemical compound is a substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded together. ## Ionic vs. Covalent Bonds * **Ionic bonds:** involve the transfer of electrons between atoms, creating oppositely charged ions that attract. * **Covalent bonds:** involve the sharing of electrons between atoms. ## Sulfur Properties * **Mass number:** 32.07 * **Atomic number:** 16 * **Number of protons:** 16 * **Number of electrons:** 16 ## Hydrogen Bonds and Water Water ($H_2O$) is a chemical compound that uses hydrogen bonds. It is the universal solvent. ## Cations and Anions * **Cation:** A positive ion. * **Anion:** A negative ion. ## Chemical Bonding Atoms bond to achieve a more stable electron configuration by filling their outer electron shells. ## Adhesion and Cohesion * **Adhesion:** The attraction between water molecules and other substances. * **Cohesion:** The attraction between water molecules. ## Solutions In a solution, the solvent dissolves the solute.