Rizal's Life and Works by Zaide PDF

**II. Birth of a National Hero** Born as ***Jose Protacio "Rizal" Mercado Alonzo y Realonda*** on **June 19, 1861** in **Calamba, Laguna**. His mother had difficulty in giving birth to him because, Jose had a big head. The mother vowed to the **Virgin of Antipolo** that she will take him to her san...

**II. Birth of a National Hero** Born as ***Jose Protacio "Rizal" Mercado Alonzo y Realonda*** on **June 19, 1861** in **Calamba, Laguna**. His mother had difficulty in giving birth to him because, Jose had a big head. The mother vowed to the **Virgin of Antipolo** that she will take him to her sanctuary by way of a pilgrimage thus both survived the labor. He was baptized by ***Fr. Rufino Collantes*** with ***Fr. Pedro Casañas*** as his godfather. Lt. Gen. Jose Lemery was the Governor General of the Philippines during the time when Jose Rizal was born (1861-1862). **III. Rizal's Parents married on June 28, 1848** The father is ***Francisco Mercado***, who was born in Biñan, Laguna ( May 11, 1818- Jan. 5 , 1989) He studied Latin and Philosophy at San Jose He became a tenant and was considered to be the Model of all Fathers. The Mother is ***Teodora Alonzo-Realonda*** (November 8, 1826 -- August 16, 1911) She finished her studies in the College of Sta. Rosa **IV. The Rizal Children** 1\. Saturnina (1850-1913) -- married to Manuel T. Hidalgo 2\. Paciano (1851-1930) -- had two children with his mistress (Severina Decena) 3\. Narcissa (1852-1939) -- married to Antonio Lopez, a school teacher 4\. Olympia (1855-1887) -- married to Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph operator from Manila 5\. Lucia (1857- 1919) -- married to Mariano Herbosa, who died of cholera. 6\. Maria (1859- 1945) -- married to Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna 7\. Jose (1861-1896) 8\. Concepcion (1862-1865) -- died of sickness at 3 years old 9\. Josefa (1865-1945) 10\. Trinidad (1868-1951) 11\. Soledad (1871- 1929) -- married to Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba. \` **V. Surname Rizal** A decree was passed in 1849 that immigrants and Filipinos were to adopt a Spanish surname. It was given to the family by a **Spanish Alcalde-Mayor of Laguna** The Rizal name comes from ***RICIAL*** which means green fields/pastures or a field of wheat cut while still green and sprouts again. **VI. Good Middle Class Family** The family belongs to the **Principalia** who rented a Dominican farm and involved in stock raising and farming. Doña Teodora managed a general goods store, small flour mill and a home-made ham press. * The family owned a carriage*, a social symbol of Illustrados. **VII. Childhood Years in Calamba** **A. Hacienda Town** 15 years old, he wrote the poetic piece entitled, ***Un Recuerdo Ami Pueblo* (In Memory of My Town)** expressing his love for his hometown Calamba. **B. Earliest Childhood Memories** He was taught by his mother to pray the Angelus Through his Aya, he would listen to stories like fairytales and folklores. He first saw Spanish Tyranny in a lakeshore incident where a Spanish official beat an ordinary Indio; this was where his heart was awakened as a young boy to fight tyranny. Had a black dog name Usman as his pet. ** On June 6, 1868,** Jose and his father left Calamba to go to a pilgrimage to **Antipolo**. It was his first trip across Laguna de Bay on board a *casco* (barge). ** The Story of the Moth**- told by Doña Teodora made a profound impression on young Jose. Wrote his first poem at age **8,** entitled **"To my Fellow Children" (Sa Aking mga Kababata)** VIII\. Early Education A. First Teachers Doña Teodora was his first teacher when he was still 3 years old. His mother taught him the alphabet and prayers and she was the one who discovered the young Jose's innate talent in poetry. As he grew older, he underwent the tutelage of ***Maestro Celestino, Maestro Lucas Padua, and Leon Monroy*** (a former classmate of Jose's Father, he died 5 months after he started as Jose's tutor): Monroy taught him Spanish and Latin. **C. School in Biñan** Young Jose was accompanied by Paciano to Biñan on June 1869. For the first time, the young Jose was separated from his family to study in Biñan with ***Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz*** as his teacher*.* His classmates Pedro (the son of Justiniano) and Andres Salandanan were insecure of Jose's innate intelligence and many times he brawled with these two. Pedro was his first brawl; his fight with Andres nearly cracked his head. He underwent painting lessons with Jose Guevarra under Old **Juancho**. **D. Life in Biñan** Methodical and Spartan way of life, and such simplicity strengthened his body and soul. **E. Best Student in Biñan and Family Trials** Surpassed his classmates which created jealousies among them. They discredited Jose for everything through lies but even so, he remained to be an excellent student. He was told by his brother about the execution of the *GOMBURZA* (on February 17, 1872) and the injustices that met these three martyred priests. In 1891, Rizal would dedicate his second novel (El Filibusterismo) to these martyred priests. As he studied in Biñan, Jose's mother was arrested for allegedly poisoning the wife of his brother, Jose Alberto. The wife connived with a Spanish lieutenant who also held a grudge against the Rizal Family. This was even given weight when ***Antonio Vivencio del Rosario***, a Gobernadorcillo helped in worsening the case. Jose's mother was taken and was forced to walk 50 km from **Calamba to Santa Cruz** where she was incarcerated and languished for 2 1⁄2 years. Teodora was defended by famous lawyers, Monsignor Francisco Marcaida and Manuel Marzan. Their efforts paid when Teodora was acquitted by the royal audencia. **IV. Scholastic Triumphs in Ateneo Municipal** **A. First Time in Ateneo** Jose studied in Ateneo Municipal formerly known as ***Escuela Pia*** which finally became Ateneo de Manila at present ** June 10, 1872**, he took the entrance exam at the **College of San Juan de Letran** but his father changed his mind and decided to send him to Ateneo. ** Fr. Magin Ferrando** refused to admit him for his registration was late and he was frail, weak and sickly. It was through the intercession of **Fr. Manuel Xerez Burgos** that he was able to enroll in Ateneo. He registered the surname Rizal for the Mercado surname had come under suspicion. He boarded at Titay's place instead of living within Ateneo's dormitories. **B. Jesuit System of Education** Trained character by rigid discipline and religious instruction Students were divided into 2 groups ~ ~ ***Roman Empire (Internos)*** ~ ~ ***Carthaginian Empire (Externos)*** Each empire have its own ranks ; *. a) Emperor* *. b) Tribune* *. c) Decurion* *. d) Centurion* *. e) Standard Bearer* Within the empire, students fought for positions and any student can challenge any officer, if one commits three mistakes he loses his position to the student that challenged him. **C. First year in Ateneo (1872-1873)** ** Fr. Jose Bech** served as his teacher He was an externo but won the position of emperor and a religious picture. To improve his Spanish, he took private lessons in **Santa Isabel College** during noon recesses and paid 3 pesos. **D. Second Year in Ateneo (1873-1874)** He became emperor; received excellent grades in all subjects and a got a gold medal. Teenage Interests: Favorite Novel- **The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas** Persuaded his father to buy **Universal History by Cesar Cantu.** He made a prophecy that his mother would be released from prison. He read ***Travels in the Philippines*** by **Dr. Andreas Feodor Jagor**, who traveled around the Philippines where he keenly observed the defects of Spanish Colonization and predicted *that Spain will lose the Philippines to America (U.S.A)* **E. Third Year (1874-1875)** Excellent in all fields with one medal in Latin This was the year that his mother was acquitted and freed from prison **F. Fourth Year (1875-1876)** Rizal became an *Interno* on June 16, 1875 Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez inspired Jose to write poetry whom Rizal considered as the best professor. Finished his fourth year with five medals and excellent ratings. **G. Last Year in Ateneo (1876-1877)** His study in Ateneo commenced on March 23, 1877. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree. **H. Extra-Curricular Activities** He was an active member of the Marian Congregation Cultivated his Literary talent with Fr. Sanchez Fr. Jose Vila Clara advised him to pay attention to practical studies Studied painting with Agustin Saez and sculpture with Romualdo de Jesus -Sculptural Works Virgin Mary of Batikuling Sacred Heart of Jesus -- was carve by Jose to comply with Father Lleonart's request. **I. Poems written in Ateneo** * Mi Primera Inspiracion* (My First Inspiration) -- dedicated to Teodora Alonzo The Intimate Alliance of Good Education and Religion * Al Niño Jesus* * Ala Virgen Maria* **J. Dramatic Works** St. Eustace the Martyr- was a poetic religious drama written by Jose to comply with the request from his favorite teacher in Ateneo, **Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez**. (It was finished on June 2, 1876) **IV. First Romance** ** Segunda Katigbak** yet she was engaged to **Manuel Luz** \* When Jose was only fifteen years old. He had his first love interest in **Julia**, which he also referred to as **Minang** Points to Consider: Jose Rizal finished his academic studies in Ateneo Municipal with *sobresaliente* grades, and did graduate as top student. However, Jose was only part of the 12 that graduated with *sobresaliente* marks; therefore it is a misconception that he graduated as the only top student of their class. **Medical Studies in UST** At almost the age of 16 in April 1877, Jose enrolled at UST taking Philosophy and Letters for two reasons. o First, his father liked it o Second he did not know what course to take. Fr. Pablo Ramon, Rector of Ateneo Municipal advised him to take up medicine. While in UST, he took and finished surveying in Ateneo He excelled in all his subjects and obtained gold medals in agriculture and topography At 17, he passed the final exams but got his title (perito agrimensor) on November 25, 1881 because he was under aged. **Romances with other girls** Miss L, Leonor Valenzuela, Leonor Rivera **Victim of Spanish Officer Brutality** In 1878, Rizal was not able to salute or give his salutations to the Lieutenant of the Guardia Civil, because it was too dark. The Lieutenant whipped his sword and slashed Rizal at the back..**To the Filipino Youth (A La Juventud Filipina)** Submitted A la Juventud Filipina to Liceo Austistico Literario in 1879 which won the first prize consisting of a silver pen which is feather shaped with a gold ribbon design. **The Council of the Gods (El Consejo de los Dioses)** Submitted to the Artistic Literary Lyceum, it was a contest to commemorate the death of Miguel de Cervantes. Rizal won first prize which earned him a gold ring where the name of Cervantes was engraved. **Other Literary Works** He also made Junta al Pasig and AI M.R.P. **Champion of Filipino Students** Compañerismo (Comradeship) - members were called Companions of Jehu **Unhappy Days in UST** He was not happy while studying in UST because of the following reasons: o He was not happy because the Dominican Professors were hostile o The Indios were racially discriminated o Method of instruction was obsolete **In Sunny Spain (1882-1885)** ^ ^ His secret mission was *to keenly observe the life, culture, government, laws, industries, commerce, customs and language of European Nations so that he will be ready for the task of liberating his own country.* ^ ^ His secret departure was only known to Paciano, Antonio Rivera, Saturnina, Lucia, The Valenzuela family, Pedro Paterno, Mateo Evangelista, Ateneo Jesuit fathers, and Chengoy (Jose Cecilio). ^ ^ The priests gave him letters of recommendation to the members of society of Barcelona. ^ ^ He used the name **Jose Mercado** in his passport, which was also the name of his cousin from Biñan ^ ^ Before he left he wrote farewell letters to his parents and Leonor Rivera. ^ ^ May1, 1882-he went to Manila on a carromata & attended mass at Santo Domingo Church ^ ^ **Paciano gave him 700 pesetas & Saturnina gave him a diamond ring** ^ ^ May 3.He boarded the Spanish Steamer **Salvadora** that was bound for **Singapore** ^ ^ Salvadora had 16 passengers and was captained by Donato Lecha from Asturias, Spain ^ ^ May 9 -- arrived in Singapore and registered at Hotel de la Paz ^ ^ Visited the botanical gardens and the statue of Sir Thomas Raffles (founder of Singapore) ^ ^ May 11, transferred to Djemnah (French steamer) which carried 50 passengers among them were 4 filipinos ( Mr. & Mrs Salazar, Vicente Pardo and Jose Rizal) ^ ^ May 17 -- arrived in Point Galle, Ceylon and reached its capital Colombo, a day later ^ ^ His next stopovers were Aden-Suez (the Red Sea terminal of the Suez Canal) -- Port Said (Mediterranean terminal of Suez Canal) ^ ^ It took the Djemnah 5 days to traverse the Suez Canal -- which was built by Ferdinand de Lesseps and was inaugurated on Nov. 17, 1869. ^ ^ June 11 --reached Naples, Italy and visited Castle of St. Telmo and mount Vesuvius ^ ^ June 12 reached Marseilles, France and visited Chateau D'if ^ ^ June 15- his train stopped in Port Bou ^ ^ June 16 reached Barcelona and was able to visit its most famous street -- Las Ramblas ^ ^ Rizal's first impression of Barcelona was unfavorable because he happened to stay in the town's ugly side. ^ ^ Rizal received news from home that cholera was rampaging in Manila and that from Chengoy's chatty letter he knew that Leonor was unhappy and was getting thinner. ^ ^ *Wrote a nationalistic essay --**Amor Patrio (Love of Country)**- the first article he wrote in Spain.* ^ ^ *He sent the article to* Basilio Teodoro Moran- publisher of **Diaryong Tagalog** --the first Manila bilingual newspaper ^ ^ *He used his pen name Laong Laan and the article first appeared in print on August 20, 1882* ^ ^ ***Los Viajes (Travels)** and **Revista de Madrid (Review of Madrid)**- his other articles for Diaryong Tagalog* ^ ^ Nov. 3, 1882 -He enrolled in the ***Unibersidad Central de Madrid*** and took up *Philosophy and Letters* and *Medicine*. ^ ^ He studied painting & sculpture in the Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando. ^ ^ Practiced shooting and fencing in the Hall of Arms f Sanz y Carbonell ^ ^ Rizal was romantically involved with **Consuelo Ortiga y Perez (Rey)** and even wrote a poem entitled *A la Señorita C.O.y.P* but later backed out because Jose was engaged to Leonor and ***Eduardo de Lete*** was in love with Consuelo. ^ ^ He wrote **They Ask Me for Verses** (Me Piden Versos) for the **Circulo Hispano Filipino** upon the request of its members that Rizal contribute a piece for their publication. ^ ^ Jose then read the books entitled **Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher-Stowe and the Wandering Jew by Eugene Sue** which aroused his sympathy for his oppressed people. ^ ^ Sojourned in Paris from June 17- August 20, 1883- stayed in Hotel de Paris on 37 Rue de Maubange, later, he moved to 124 Rue de Rennes in the latin quarter. Rizal as a Mason ^ ^ He was influenced by Professor Miguel Morayta to join the masonry under the **Acacia Masonic Lodge**. ^ ^ His purpose in joining the masonry was to secure the organizations aid in his fight against the friars and intended to utilize freemason as his shield to combat his enemies. ^ ^ He transferred to **Lodge Solidaridad**, where he became a master mason on Nov. 15, 1890. Was awarded the diploma of Master mason by LE GRAND ORIENT DE FRANCE in Paris on Feb. 15, 1892. ^ ^ **Science, Virtue and Labor** -- his only masonic lecture Financial Worries ^ ^ Rizal could not receive his regular allowance on time because there was an increase in land rentals (owned by the Dominican friars) cultivated by the Rizal family in Calamba. ^ ^ The reason for the increase was that the manager of the land was enraged when Don Francisco denied his request for a turkey for Don Francisco needs the turkey for breeding. ^ ^ Though Jose was broke (meaning penniless) still he was made a speaker in honor of **Juan Luna and Felix Ressureccion** Hidalgo for participating in the Madrid Exposition of 1884. Luna's ***Spolarium*** received a gold token and Hidalgo's ***Christian Virgins exposed to the Populace*** received a silver token. Completed Studies ^ ^ After studying he was conferred with a **[Licentiate in Medicine]** by the Universidad Central de Madrid. ^ ^ Passed all subject leading to him graduating in Doctor of Medicine but *was not able to be awarded with a diploma because he failed to pay tuition fees and in presenting his thesis.* ^ ^ Finished Philosophy and Letters and was awarded Licentiate with ratings excellent which qualifies him for professorship in any Spanish University. **Paris to Berlin** ^ ^ In Barcelona, Jose befriended [Señor Eusebio Corominas] editor of [La Publicidad ] ^ ^ He was able to draw a crayon sketch of *Miguel Morayta*. ^ ^ November 1885, He went to Paris *to acquire more knowledge in ophthalmology* and worked as an assistant of **Dr. Louis de Weckert** in an ophthalmic clinic. ^ ^ Visited the Pardo de Tavera family- modeled in Juan Luna's painting ^ ^ Juan Luna -- the great master of brush; Rizal helped him by posing as model in several paintings: 1\. "the Death of Cleopatra", Rizal posed as an Egyptian priest 2\. 'the Blood Compact", Rizal posed as Sikatuna ^ ^ Luna studios was enliven with the playing of kundimans and other philippine melodies ^ ^ learned to play the flute and composed (Alin Mang Lahi- Any race) ^ ^ He then left Paris and went to Heidelberg and worked at the University Eye hospital under **Dr. Otto Becker,** a distinguished German ophthalmologist and **Prof. Wilhelm Kuehne.** To the Flowers of Heidelberg ^ ^ He saw the blooming flowers along the banks of Neckar River which were light blue ***Forget-Me-Not*.** Amazed by the flowers a he wrote the poetic piece *To the Flowers of Heidelberg.* **Rizal spent a 3-month vacation at Wilhelmsfeld** First Letter to Blumentritt ^ ^ July 31, 1886 - Rizal wrote his first letter in German to Prof. **Ferdinand Blumentritt**, Director of the Ateneo of Leitmeritz, Austria ^ ^ **Aritmetica (Arithmetic) by Rufino Baltazar Hernandez** -- the book that he recommended to Prof. Blumentritt which was published by the UST press in 1868 Fifth Centenary of Heidelberg University -August 6, 1886 Leipzig and Dresden ^ ^ August 14, 1886 he attended lectures on history and psychology. ^ ^ He translated William Tell from German to Tagalog and Hans Christian Anderson's fairytales. ^ ^ Worked as a PROOF READER in a publishing firm. Rizal Welcomed in Berlin's Scientific Circle ❖ Dr. Feodor Jagor - author of Travels in the Philippines ❖ Dr. Hans Virchow professor of Descriptive Anatomy ❖ Dr. Rudolf Virchow -- German Anthropologist ❖ Dr. W. Joest - noted German geographer Dr. Karl Ernest Schweigger - famous German ophthalmologist where Jose worked in his clinic ❖ Rizal became a member of the Anthropological Society Ethnological Society Geographical Society of Berlin ❖ He became the first asian to be recognized by Europe's scientists 䡧 Wrote a scholarly paper in german -- Tagalishche Verkunst (Tagalog Metrical Art) Life in Berlin ^ ^ He went to Berlin for the following reasons 1\. To gain further knowledge of ophthalmology 2\. To gain further studies of sciences and languages. 3\. To observe economic and political conditions of German Nation. 4\. To associate with famous German scientists and scholars 5\. To publish his novel the Noli Me Tangere. ^ ^ He observed that German women are serious, diligent, educated, and friendly. ^ ^ German Customs - observed xmas celebration of the germans Darkest winter in Germany (1886) ^ ^ He lived in poverty because he had no money; he even pawned the gold ring which was given to him by **Saturnina**. ^ ^ Paciano could not send him his allowance because their crops were ravaged by locusts and the sugar market collapsed. ^ ^ As a result Jose starved and his health broke down. **[Noli Me Tangere Published ]** The writing of the NOLI ME TANGERE half (1/2) of the novel was finished in **MADRID** - near the end of **1884** He finished half of the second half (1/4) in **PARIS** in **1885.** He finished the last part (1/4) in **WILHELMSFELD, GERMANY** in **April to June of 1886.** ** February 1887** made the final revisions to the novel - to save printing expenses ,he deleted certain passages in his manuscript, including the whole chapter - **ELIAS AND SALOME.** Winter of 1886 was memorable simply because he was so broke that he had nothing to eat and almost burned the manuscript of his first Novel. However, it brought him great joy when **Maximo Viola (who came from a rich family in San Miguel, Bulacan)** loaned him money (**300 pesos**) for the publication of the Noli Me Tangere. It was finally published on **March 21, 1887** with **2,000** copies produced. He came to write the Noli after reading **[Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin]** which portrays the brutalities of Americans to the African Slaves. The printing of the Novel was started on **Feb. 21, 1887** in ***Berlinier Buchdrukre; Action Gesselschaft**.* The first copies of the Noli were given by Jose to Ferdinand Blumentritt, Regidor, Jaena, Ponce and Felix Hidalgo. ** March 29, 1887** - Rizal, in token of his appreciation and gratitude, gave Viola the galley proofs of the Noli Me Tangier carefully around the pen that he used in writing it and a complementary copy. ** ** NOLI ME TANGERE - latin phrase which means **"TOUCH ME NOT"** Rizal wrote the that "Noli Me Tangere was taken from the Gospel of Saint Luke but made a mistake because it was taken from the **Gospel of St. John.** Rizal dedicated the novel to the PHILIPPINES **[First Homecoming (1887-1888) ]** He then decided to return home for the following reasons: 1\. **Operate on his mother's eyes** **2. Serve his people who had long been oppressed by Spanish tyrants** **3. Find out how the Noli were affecting the Filipinos and the Spaniards in the Philippines.** **4. Inquire why Leonor Rivera remained silent.** The following warned Rizal not to return to the Philippines: - [Paciano, Silvestre Ubaldo (his brother-in-law), Jose Ma. Cecilio (Chengoy) and other friends.] He boarded the **[Djemnah]** on July 3 via Suez Canal and transferred to **[Haiphong (n]ow known as [Ho Chi Minh City)]** on July 30 and arrived in Manila on August 5, 1887. He arrived in Calamba on August 8, 1887 and was able to do the following: 1\. Established a clinic and he was called **Doctor Uliman** 2\. Opened a gymnasium ~ ~ By February of 1888 he earned a total of **5000** pesos in medical fees Even if he returned he failed to see Leonor Rivera (his fiancée) His happy days in Calamba were hampered when **Olympia** died and the news that spreading that he was a **German spy, a protestant and a Mason (*the Mason membership was true*)**. Storm over the Noli Received letter from ***Governor General Emilio Terrero*** requesting him to come the Malacañan Palace due to hearsay that the Noli contained subversive ideas. Because the Friars did not like the Noli and fearing that it might threaten Jose's life Terrero immediately assigned **Jose Taviel de Andrade** to be [Jose's bodyguard. ] The Governor General found that nothing was wrong with the book, it even convinced him to investigate the lands in Calamba (December 30, 1887) and found out that the whole of Calamba Laguna was owned by the Friars. Below are the results of the said investigation: 1. Dominican Friars not only owned lands in Calamba, but Calamba itself. 2\. There was a continued increase in profit due to continued increase in rentals 3\. Hacienda owners did not contribute any amount for community development and projects 4\. There were rampant confiscation of tools, carabaos, and houses when rentals are not paid. *** Attackers of the Noli*** -- people who discredited the novel for it is subversive/rebellious/anti-Spanish contents 1\. Father Salvador Font 2\. Father Jose Rodriguez - wrote an anti-rizal pamphlet 3\. Vicente Barrantes 4\. Gen. Jose Salamanca 5\. Gen. Luis M. de Pando 6\. Sr. Fernando Vida ***Defenders of the Noli***- people who supported the contents of the book and that it wasn't subversive. 1\. Marcelo H. del Pilar 2\. Dr. Antonio Regidor 3\. Graciano Lopez Jaena 4\. Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez *5. Reverend Vicente Garcia* 6\. Miguel Morayta 7\. Ferdinand Blumentritt 8\. Don Segismundo Moret Farewell to Calamba Jose was compelled to leave Calamba because of the following reasons: 1\. His presence in Calamba jeopardizes the safety of his love ones 2\. He can fight the enemies better in foreign countries than in the Philippines. A Poem for Lipa In1888 his friend from Lipa requested him to write a poem in commemoration to the town's elevation to a villa (city) by virtue of Becerra Law of 1888. He dedicated **"Himno Al Trabajo" (Hymn to Labor)** to the industrious people of Lipa. He left the Philippines on Feb. 3, 1888 and he was almost 27 years old.