Rizal Midterm Reviewer PDF

Life and Works of Rizal Midterm Reviewer 2SEDM-A Week 7-8: Rizal’s Life: Higher Education and Life Abroad Why Teaching at Ateneo was Unique? - José Rizal...

Life and Works of Rizal Midterm Reviewer 2SEDM-A Week 7-8: Rizal’s Life: Higher Education and Life Abroad Why Teaching at Ateneo was Unique? - José Rizal enrolled in the six-year *Bachiller en Artes* Part 1 program at Ateneo. - The classes divided into two competing groups:  The GomBurZa 1. Roman Empire: composed of interns (boarders) - February 17, 1872 - Gov. Gen. Izquierdo ordered the 2. Carthaginian Empire: composed of externs (non- execution of Three Filipino priests—Mariano Gomes, Jose boarders) Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora - Within each group (empire), members competed for the - January 20, 1872, Filipino workers revolted after top positions, which were called dignitaries. their wages were reduced due to the removal of The highest rank was Emperor, followed by Tribune, longstanding privileges, including exemption from taxes Decurion, Centurion, and Standard-Bearer and forced labor. - These privileges had been in place since 1740, Rizal's Ateneo & Summer Adventures but the new Governor-General, Rafael de ✓ First Year (1872 - 1873) Izquierdo, abolished them, sparking the - His class consisted of Spaniards, mestizos, and Filipinos. workers’ anger. - Since he was new and not yet fluent in Spanish, Rizal - The revolt, known as the Cavite Mutiny, began started at the bottom of the class as an externo (non- on the same evening but was swiftly suppressed by boarder). Spanish authorities, lasting only about two days. - After a month, Rizal became the Emperor of his empire, - Historian O.D. Corpuz referred to the aftermath as the earning a religious picture as a reward. "Terror of 1872," during which many Filipinos involved in - To improve his Spanish, Rizal took private lessons at the uprising faced severe consequences such as Santa Isabel College during lunch breaks, paying three imprisonment, execution, or exile. pesos per month. - Despite no evidence linking the three priests to the - In the second half of his first year, Rizal felt he hadn’t mutiny, they were executed by garrote, marking one of worked hard enough, as he was unable to stay at the top the most chilling outcomes of the event. of his class like he did in the first half. - Paciano Rizal, was a friend, student, and housemate of - He consistently ranked second in all his subjects and Fr. José Burgos. Paciano shared with young José Rizal became demotivated due to negative comments from his the emotional story of how Burgos was unjustly executed. teacher. - Rizal also believed that, without 1872, he would have - Despite feeling discouraged, Rizal still received become a Jesuit priest and never written Noli Me Tangere. "excellent" grades in all subjects, but he didn’t win a prize - Witnessing these injustices as a child fueled Rizal’s this time. imagination and determination to dedicate his life to ✓ Summer of 1873 avenging the victims of Spanish cruelty. - returned to Calamba for summer break. - This idea of fighting against oppression influenced all of - His visit was unpleasant because his mother, Doña Rizal's works and writings, and he believed God would give Teodora, was still in prison. him the chance to fulfill his promise. - Rizal decided to visit his mother in jail in Santa Cruz. - He initially thought that reuniting with her would bring  Ateneo Days them both happiness. However, when they finally saw - June 10, 1872, Rizal and his brother Paciano went to each other after a year, the emotions were overwhelming, Manila, where Rizal passed the entrance test for the and they both cried as they embraced. College of San Juan de Letran. ✓ Second Year (1873 - 1874) - Returning to Calamba, Rizal’s father, Don Francisco, - This year was not very eventful for José Rizal, except for chose Ateneo for his studies instead, as it was one of the his disappointment with his first-year ranking. top high schools in the Philippines. - Determined to improve, Rizal worked hard and became - Ateneo run by Jesuits, it had strict academic standards the top student in his class once again. - When Rizal arrived at Ateneo with Paciano, he faced - By the end of the school year, he earned excellent grades initial rejection from Father Magin Ferrando, the registrar, in all his subjects. Rizal was awarded a gold medal for his for being a late registrant and appearing small for his age. achievements. - Manuel Burgos, nephew of Father José Burgos, helped ✓ Summer of 1874 Rizal gain admission. - visited his mother, Doña Teodora. - Due to Paciano's association with Father Burgos, Rizal - He shared his good grades from Ateneo and amusing couldn't use "Mercado" as his surname and enrolled stories about his teachers and classmates. under "José Rizal" instead. - During their conversation, Doña Teodora mentioned a dream she had the previous night. K.A.D. Life and Works of Rizal Midterm Reviewer 2SEDM-A - Rizal confidently interpreted the dream and predicted He asked Rizal to translate a Spanish prose version of an that his mother would be released from prison in three Italian versified drama titled St. Eustachius, Martyr into months. Spanish verse. - Doña Teodora smiled but didn’t take his - He also commissioned Rizal to write a poem about his prediction seriously, thinking he was just trying native town, Calamba. to comfort her. ✓ Fifth Year (1876 - 1877) - During this time, Rizal enjoyed reading romantic - José Rizal completed the works requested by Father novels, with The Count of Monte Cristo being Sanchez. Fr. Sanchez approved of Rizal's translations and his favorite. poems. - The novel's story of Edmond Dantes, a wrongly - Rizal graduated from Ateneo with a Bachelor of Arts imprisoned man seeking revenge, resonated degree. He achieved excellent grades upon graduation. with him and reminded him of his mother’s imprisonment and the struggles in his country.  UST Years - He was also intrigued by Dr. Feodor Jagor's Travels in the - After studying at Ateneo, José Rizal enrolled in the Philippines, which criticized Spanish rule. University of Santo Tomas (UST), a Dominican institution - Rizal found Jagor's book impressive for two reasons: established in 1611. It contained careful observations about the issues - Donya Teodora, Rizal's a known advocate for education, caused by Spanish colonization. surprised him by forbidding from attending UST It predicted that Spain would eventually lose control of - Despite his mother’s objections, his brother took him to the Philippines, with America becoming the new colonizer Manila. ✓ Third Year (1874 - 1875) - In April 1877, nearly sixteen years old, Rizal began - José Rizal's mother had been released from jail. studying Philosophy and Letters at UST. - Rizal managed to maintain good grades. - he continued his surveying studies at Ateneo. - He received one medal that year, awarded in Latin. - After one year he switched to Medicine at UST to help ✓ Fourth Year (1875 - 1876) cure his mother’s blindness. - José Rizal's favorite teacher was Fr. Francisco de Paula - He viewed Medicine as a respectable career, moving him Sanchez, a Spanish Jesuit priest. In Rizal's fourth year, Fr. away from politics. Sanchez taught him Rhetoric, Greek, and Geometry. - He completed surveying at Ateneo in 1877, passed the - Rizal's parents enrolled him as a boarder (interno) licensing exam in 1878, but had to wait three years for his - Fr. Sanchez recognized Rizal's talent for poetry license due to age. and encouraged him to continue practicing it, ✓ Academic Performance at UST leading to most of Rizal's works being written in - José Rizal's academic performance at the University of Spanish. Santo Tomas (UST) was not as outstanding as at Ateneo. - His notable works, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, - He mostly earned high marks, but his grades varied from were written in Spanish; he initially wrote Makamisa in excellent to fair. Tagalog but restarted it in Spanish. - One reason for his dissatisfaction during his time at UST - Rizal wrote several poems under Fr. Sanchez's was that he was unhappy there. encouragement ✓ Activities at UST - In these early poems, he expressed a sense of Philippine - Despite not excelling in academics at UST like at Ateneo, pride, even when writing about flowers, and included José Rizal made a name for himself in other activities. criticisms of the Spanish for their mistakes and foolishness. - He was a prolific writer and poet, using his work to - By the end of his fourth school year at Ateneo, Rizal was express his patriotism and belief in the Filipino people. awarded five medals for his academic achievements: - Rizal won first prize in a literary contest for his poem "A Two medals for conduct la Juventud Filipina" (To the Filipino Youth). One medal for rhetoric and poetry In this poem, he boldly declared that the Philippines was One medal for French the motherland of Filipinos, not Spain. He believed that One medal for drawing Filipinos, despite their hardships, were capable of ✓ Summer of 1876 greatness. – returned to Calamba in March 1876, proudly presenting - The first prize was awarded to Rizal's beautiful allegory his parents with five medals and excellent grades. He felt titled “The Council of the Other Gods.” However, when he had finally repaid his father somewhat for all his the Spanish judges learned that the author was Filipino, sacrifices. they reversed their decision and awarded the prize to a – Before Rizal's vacation, Father Sanchez entrusted him Spaniard instead. with a challenging task: ✓ Activism at UST K.A.D. Life and Works of Rizal Midterm Reviewer 2SEDM-A - José Rizal was active in activism during his time at the - He enrolled at Universidad Central de Madrid on University of Santo Tomas (UST). November 3, 1882, studying medicine, philosophy, and - Rizal and his fellow Filipino students faced discrimination, letters. being called derogatory names like "indio" or "chongo." - Rizal also took lessons in painting, sculpture, and drawing, - In retaliation, Rizal and his friends referred to their and studied French, German, and English while in Madrid. Spanish and mestizo classmates as "Kastila" or "bangus." ❖ Circulo Hispano-Filipino - This led to frequent student fights on campus and in the - During his first year in Madrid, José Rizal joined Circulo streets of Manila. Hispano-Filipino, a Filipino student organization. The Rizal was known for his skill in fencing and wrestling, group met regularly to discuss political issues and often emerging victorious. concerns of Filipinos. He was wounded in a fight with Spanish students in - The organization published the newspaper Revista del Escolta, Manila. Circulo Hispano-Filipino, which expressed criticism of the - In response to discrimination, Rizal founded a secret abusive Spanish government. society of Filipino students called "Compañerismo." - The publication was short-lived due to lack of funds and Rizal served as the president, and his cousin, Galicano internal political conflicts, leading to the dissolution of the Apacible, was the secretary. organization. - Rizal criticized the outdated and faulty education system - Notable members of the organization included José Rizal, at UST. Marcelo H. del Pilar, Juan Luna, and Graciano López Jaena. ❖ Financial Problem Part 2 - José Rizal faced financial difficulties in Madrid due to his family's declining economic situation from crop failures  Rizal Departures from the Philippines and increased rents. His monthly allowance from his - May 3, 1882, José Rizal secretly left the Philippines brother Paciano was often delayed or insufficient, and he aboard the S.S. Salvadora. Only his brother Paciano, two was advised not to work to focus on his studies. Living on sisters, and a few close friends knew of his departure. a tight budget, he frequently skipped meals to afford - Rizal’s parents were unaware of his decision to leave, exam fees, books, and tools, often attending classes on an fearing for his safety. empty stomach. In his free time, he visited museums and - Rizal's main goal for traveling to Europe in 1882 was to read books, sometimes walking around restaurants to complete his education, but he also had a secret mission: enjoy the smells of food. To observe European life, culture, laws, and ❖ Speech for Luna and Hidalgo governments in preparation for liberating the Philippines - On the evening of June 25, 1884 he attended a banquet from Spanish rule. in Madrid to honor Filipino painters Juan Luna and Felix - Rizal's journey took him through Singapore, Sri Lanka, Resurreccion Hidalgo for winning medals at the Exposición Italy, and France before arriving in Barcelona on June 16, Nacional de Bellas Artes. 1882, after a month and a half of travel Luna's painting "Spoliarium" won a gold medal. Hidalgo's painting "Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al I. The Scholar’s Journey Populacho" won a silver medal. ✓ Barcelona, Spain - Rizal gave a historic speech at the banquet, praising Luna - It was summer vacation, so he was able to meet and and Hidalgo as glories of both Spain and the Philippines, socialize with acquaintances and former classmates from and emphasizing that genius knows no borders. the Ateneo. - Rizal's speech was recorded and published in the magazine "Los Dos Mundos," making him famous ✓ Madrid, Spain overnight. ❖ No Time to Waste Spaniards who supported equality for Filipinos - In 1882, José Rizal moved to Madrid, encouraged by his welcomed the speech. brother Paciano for better learning opportunities. Filipinos supporting the Propaganda Movement sent - He began writing for Diariong Tagalog under the letters of congratulations. pseudonym "Laong Laan" (meaning "ever prepared"). The speech angered the friars in the Philippines. - On August 20, 1882, his essay "El Amor Patrio" (Love of - Rizal’s family became concerned after his speech, with Country) was published, portraying the Philippines as a Paciano informing him that their mother, Teodora, was homeland worthy of love. distressed and worried about the potential consequences - Rizal emphasized that love for one's country inspires for Rizal. noble and selfless actions. - Paciano mentioned that the family and community were - Concerned about Spanish authorities discovering his worried Rizal had made enemies, and his return to the nationalistic views, Rizal ceased writing and focused on his Philippines might be unsafe. studies. K.A.D. Life and Works of Rizal Midterm Reviewer 2SEDM-A - Despite the controversy, Rizal continued his studies for a - The two scholars became close friends, exchanging doctorate in medicine but was unable to submit his thesis letters about topics like the Philippines, Europe, or pay the necessary fees for a diploma. government, science, ethnology, and personal matters. - He still finished his licentiate in Medicine and a - They also exchanged books, manuscripts, and maps over licentiate in Philosophy and Letters by 1885, which time. allowed him to practice medicine. - After four months of correspondence, they exchanged photographs, with Rizal sending a self-portrait in crayon. ✓ Paris, France - Blumentritt became a friend and mentor to Rizal, and - November 1885, he moved to Paris to specialize in they discussed the future independence of the Philippines. ophthalmology. - Historian Ambeth Ocampo noted that Rizal and - He worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Wecker, a Blumentritt's friendship, maintained through over 200 famous French ophthalmologist known for performing letters, spanned a decade from the time Rizal started surgeries with scissors. writing Noli Me Tangere in 1886 until his death in 1896. - Rizal's skills in ophthalmology significantly improved ❖ Leipzig, Germany during this time. He learned to conduct eye operations, - arrived in Leipzig on August 14, 1886, where he attended diagnose eye diseases, and master various eye surgery lectures by a German historian and anthropologist. techniques. - He quickly mastered the German language and even - While in Paris, Rizal spent time with friends, including translated German works into Tagalog. painter Juan Luna and fellow writer and medical student - Rizal translated *William Tell* into Tagalog to inspire his Maximo Viola. fellow Filipinos with the tale of independence. - Rizal posed as a model for two of Luna’s historical - He also translated several fairy tales by Hans Christian paintings: The Blood Compact (as Sikatuna) and Death of Andersen into Tagalog. Cleopatra (as a Priest). - In his translations, Rizal ensured abstract concepts, like - Rizal had already completed half of his novel Noli Me sound effects and animal noises, were expressed using Tangere. Filipino terms that children would understand. - For example, "tweet tweet" became "kuirrebirrebit," and ✓ Heidelberg, Germany "splash" became "platseh!" in his Tagalog translations ❖ Medical Journey ❖ Berlin, Germany - In February 1886, José Rizal left Paris due to the high - In November 1886, José Rizal moved to Berlin to further cost of living and moved to Germany. study ophthalmology, learn about German culture and - He arrived in Heidelberg, an old university town, and government, and meet scientists. worked as an assistant to Dr. Otto Becker at the University - He worked as an assistant in Dr. Schweigger's clinic in Eye Hospital. the mornings and attended classes at the University of - Rizal mastered techniques for diagnosing eye ailments Berlin in the evenings. under Dr. Becker, building on what he had learned from Dr. - Rizal struggled financially in Berlin, suffering from Louis de Wecker in Paris. poverty, illness, and homesickness. Due to crop failures in - The program in Heidelberg focused less on surgeries Calamba, his brother Paciano couldn't send his allowance. compared to Paris, but Rizal's prior experience in patient - To survive, Rizal pawned his diamond ring and sold his operations made him one of Dr. Becker's top students. books, but poor nutrition led him to contract tuberculosis. - Rizal practiced examining and diagnosing patients daily - He became so discouraged that he considered burning at the hospital, with the professor correcting mistakes in the manuscript of Noli Me Tangere. diagnosis. - Rizal's friend, Maximo Viola, visited him in Berlin and - While he saw fewer operations than in Paris, Rizal lent him 300 pesos to fund the printing of Noli Me focused more on studying the practical aspects of Tangere. treatment in Heidelberg. - In 1887, two thousand copies of Noli Me Tangere were ❖ Blumentritt printed and distributed to Filipinos in Europe, with some - At 25, while continuing his medical studies in Germany, copies sent to the Philippines disguised as merchandise. José Rizal learned of Austrian scholar Ferdinand - After the novel's publication, Rizal traveled with Viola Blumentritt, who had an interest in the Philippines despite through Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and other never having visited. European countries, lifting his spirits. - Rizal sent Blumentritt a letter and a Tagalog arithmetic - On July 5, 1887, Rizal returned home from Marseilles, book, acknowledging Blumentritt's studies of the Tagalog ready to perform cataract surgery on his mother. language. - Blumentritt was delighted by Rizal’s letter and gift, and reciprocated by sending two books and expressing his appreciation. K.A.D. Life and Works of Rizal Midterm Reviewer 2SEDM-A What is Propaganda Movement? - For Rizal's protection, Terrero assigned Lieutenant Jose - emerged in the late 19th century as a reform and Taviel de Andrade to guard him and requested that Rizal national consciousness movement among young leave the country, but Rizal refused. Filipino expatriates. - Governor-General Terrero ordered an investigation into - The group mainly consisted of Ilustrados, Filipino the Calamba agrarian problems, focusing on the growing intellectuals studying abroad who were influenced by tensions between the Dominican friars and the tenants. liberal and nationalistic ideas. - Rizal led the investigation on behalf of Calamba tenants, - The early members of the movement came from wealthy exposing how the friars exploited the tenants: families due to the high costs of travel and studying The Dominican hacienda covered the entire town of abroad. Calamba. - Upon arriving in Spain in the 1880s and 1890s, Filipino Friars increased rent arbitrarily, creating higher profits. students encountered newfound freedoms, such as open The friars did not contribute to the town’s fiestas, discussions of ideas, critiques of church and state, and a education, or agricultural improvements. focus on liberty and progress. Tenants who cleared land were unfairly dispossessed it. - The Propaganda Movement published the newspaper La Delayed rent payments incurred highinterest charges. Solidaridad, which was printed every two weeks. Tenant’s tools, animals, and equipment were - Graciano Lopez Jaena was the first editor of La confiscated if rent wasn’t paid. Solidaridad, followed by Marcelo H. del Pilar in 1889, who - Rizal's findings enraged the friars, who demanded that managed the paper until it folded due to financial issues. Terrero exile him, but Terrero refused. - The movement was assimilationist, advocating for the - For Rizal's safety, his family, friends, and Terrero advised full incorporation of the Philippines as a Spanish province him to leave, so after six months, Rizal left the Philippines rather than a colony. for Hong Kong. - They sought the expulsion of Spanish friars from the Philippines and the empowerment of a native Filipino The Propagandist's Journey clergy. ✓ Hong Kong - The movement also aimed to showcase Filipino writing - Rizal met Filipino exiles: Jose Maria Basa, Balbino and artistic works to demonstrate the intellectual Mauricio, and Manuel Yriarte. sophistication of the Filipino elite. - He studied Chinese language, drama, theater, culture, and values. Rizal's Return to the Philippines - Rizal visited notable sites in Hong Kong, including: - August 1887 after five years abroad. The botanical garden - Jesuits at Ateneo tried to get him to revert to his old faith. Casino - Padre Faura, Rizal's former teacher, criticized Noli Me Cathedral and churches Tangere, but Rizal defended his novel as truthful. Pagodas - Rumors spread that Rizal was a German spy, a Mason, Bazaars and other false accusations, leading to him receiving daily - Rizal also met with leading Spaniards, including Jose death threats. Joaquin Barranda, the secretary of the Governor General. - Concerned for his safety, Rizal's family had him eat with silver utensils to detect poison. His brother Paciano ✓ Japan accompanied him everywhere. - arrived in Yokohama, Japan, and stayed at the Tokyo - Despite the danger, the controversy helped more Hotel for a few days. Filipinos learn about Rizal and his work. - He was invited by Juan Perez Caballero to stay at the - Rizal established a medical clinic in Calamba, treating the Spanish Legation for a month. sick, and his first patient was his mother. He gained a - During his stay, Rizal studied: reputation as an eye specialist and surgeon. Japanese language - In Calamba, Rizal was nicknamed "Doctor Uliman" Japanese culture, theater, and martial arts because people mistook him for a German (Uliman = - He visited Japanese provinces and admired their Aleman = German). cleanliness, politeness, and industry. - Rizal met O-Sei-San, a Japanese woman, and Rizal's Departure from the Philippines (Again) they fell in love. - August 30, 1887, Rizal met with GovernorGeneral Emilio - He considered staying in Japan but decided to leave to Terrero in Manila after returning to the Philippines. fulfill his duties to his country. - Governor-General Terrero found no issues with Noli Me - Before leaving, Rizal reflected on the beauty of Japan and Tangere, but Archbishop Bernardo Nozaleda what he was giving up by leaving OSei-San in his diary. recommended stopping its importation, reproduction, and - He expressed his enchantment with Japan and possession. K.A.D. Life and Works of Rizal Midterm Reviewer 2SEDM-A lamented leaving behind a peaceful and happy life full of ✓ Paris, France love, honor, and friendship. - In mid-March 1889, Rizal left the British Museum library in London reluctantly and moved to Paris. ✓ US - He relocated to Paris to continue working on El - Rizal's ship was quarantined in San Francisco on April 28, Filibusterismo, the sequel to Noli Me Tangere. 1888, due to suspicions of cholera. - Rizal continued his research on Philippine history at the - The real reason for the quarantine was believed to be Bibliothèque Nationale (National Library) in Paris. the presence of Chinese and Japanese laborers, seen as a - While in Paris, he refined and polished the annotated threat to American jobs due to accepting cheap labor. version of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas. - After a week, some passengers were allowed to disembark, but the Chinese and Japanese passengers ✓ Brussels, Belgium faced longer quarantine. - In January 1890, Jose Rizal moved to Brussels, Belgium, - Rizal traveled to various U.S. cities, including: to escape the high cost of living in Paris and avoid social Reno, Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, Chicago, Albany, and distractions. New York City - Concerned that social life in Brussels would interfere - He was impressed by: with his writing, he limited his social engagements. The natural beauty of the United States - Rizal was troubled by reports of excessive gambling The hardworking Americans among Filipinos in Spain, fearing it could discredit the The material progress of the country Propaganda Movement. The opportunities available for poor immigrants to - He wrote to Marcelo H. del Pilar, urging him to remind improve their lives. Filipinos in Madrid to focus on their goal of Philippine - However, Rizal was critical of the racial inequality freedom instead of gambling. He observed discrimination against African Americans. - Rizal expressed his concerns about the gambling habits He was disturbed by the treatment of Chinese and of Filipinos in Europe, stating that they should utilize their Japanese laborers. youth for nobler pursuits to be worthy of liberty. - Rizal saw the U.S. as a land of both great opportunity and - While in Europe, Rizal received news that his family and significant inequality. relatives were evicted from their land in Calamba due to increased rents imposed by the Dominican friars. ✓ London, England - The friars filed a case to strip the Rizals of their land - arrived in London on May 24, 1888, after his trip to the ownership after the family and other tenants refused to U.S. pay the raised rents. - He chose London to: - Rizal was angered and saddened by this injustice, feeling Improve his English the friars were exploiting the poor tenants. Study Antonio Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas - He wrote a poem titled "A Mi Musa" (To My Muse) Research Philippine history published in La Solidaridad, expressing his disappointment Continue writing for La Solidaridad in defense of Filipinos and calling for justice. against Spanish tyranny. - Rizal attempted to defend his family in court but was - Rizal met Dr. Reinhold Rost, an expert on Malay unsuccessful; the friars won the case, forcing the Rizals to languages and customs, and librarian at the Ministry of leave Calamba. Foreign Affairs in England. - This experience further fueled Rizal's determination to - Dr. Rost granted Rizal access to the British Museum, fight for the rights of the Filipino people where he studied Sucesos by Morga. - Rizal received both good and bad news from ✓ Madrid, Spain the Philippines: - In August 1890, Jose Rizal traveled to Madrid, where he Good news: Rev. Vicente Garcia defended Noli Me attended a gathering of Filipinos. Tangere from friar criticism, proving the hero was not a - At the gathering, a conflict arose between Rizal and heretic or blasphemer. Antonio Luna over a girl named Nelly Boustead. Bad news: Filipinos who signed the 1888 Anti-Friar - Luna believed he had the first claim on Boustead, but she Petition were persecuted, including Rizal’s family and showed clear affection for Rizal. relatives. - After drinking, Luna made derogatory comments about o Manuel T. Hidalgo, Rizal's brother-inlaw, was exiled to Boustead, leading to a confrontation between the two. It Bohol. remains unclear who challenged whom first. o Laureano Vida, Rizal’s friend, was arrested for - Once sober, Luna recognized his mistake and apologized possessing copies of Noli Me Tangere. to Rizal. K.A.D. Life and Works of Rizal Midterm Reviewer 2SEDM-A - This incident was not the first duels Rizal was involved in; Rizal met William Pryer, the manager of the British North previously, he had challenged historian Wenceslao Retana Borneo Company, which oversaw North Borneo to a duel. - Rizal proposed creating a Filipino colony in North Borneo - The challenge against Retana arose from an article for evicted Calamba tenants, which Pryer welcomed. suggesting the Rizals had been evicted from their property - Rizal and Pryer discussed leasing at least 5,000 acres of in Biñan for non-payment of taxes. land, with an option to buy for 950 years. - Retana later issued a public apology, and the duel was - A significant issue arose: Calamba tenants needed canceled; he and Rizal eventually became good friends. permission from Spanish GovernorGeneral Eulogio Despujol to leave the Philippines. ✓ HongKong (Again) - To resolve this, Rizal wrote to Despujol, asking for - Jose Rizal left Madrid and went to Hong Kong after permission for the tenants to change their nationality, sell publishing El Filibusterismo in Europe. their property, and leave the country. - He was dissatisfied with the political situation in Spain, - Despujol became angry, suspecting Rizal might use the particularly his disagreements with Marcelo H. del Pilar proposed colony to incite a revolution, and directed the and other Filipino expatriates. Spanish Consul in Hong Kong to invite Rizal back to Manila - The rivalry between Rizal and del Pilar began in 1890 to discuss the matter. when del Pilar became the editor of La Solidaridad, leading - Rizal's family and friends advised him to decline the to differing political visions and alienation between the invitation, viewing it as a trap. two. - Despite the warnings, Rizal was determined to improve - To address their differences, approximately 90 Filipinos the lives of the evicted tenants and was willing to meet gathered to elect a leader, called the Responsable, to unify Despujol if necessary. the group and coordinate their efforts. - On June 20, 1892, Rizal wrote to his countrymen about - The election process caused divisions within the group, his decision to return to Manila, acknowledging the risks resulting in two factions: the Rizalistas and the Pilaristas. and expressing his desire to help those suffering unjustly. - Although Rizal received a majority of votes in two - He declared that he would rather face death than live elections, he failed to secure the required two-thirds knowing that his family and compatriots were unjustly majority to be declared the Responsable. persecuted. - On the third day of the election, Mariano Ponce - Rizal prepared to return to the Philippines, where he encouraged some Pilaristas to support Rizal, leading to his believed his destiny awaited him. election as the legal Responsable. - Despite winning, Rizal declined the position, recognizing that not everyone supported his views or personality. Week 9-10: Rizal’s Life, Exile, Trial and Death - He subsequently left Madrid and ceased contributing to La Solidaridad, arriving in Hong Kong on November 20, ❖ Rizal’s Life and Exile 1891. June 26, 1892 - Rizal arrive in manila. He was greeted by; - In Hong Kong, Rizal decided to practice medicine and was Apolinario Mabini - Utak ng Himagsikan granted a license to do so. Deodato Arellano - First president of The Katipunan - His family joined him in Hong Kong, and they spent Andres Bonifacio - The Supremo Christmas together. and friends………. - Rizal expressed his emotions in a letter to his friend Ferdinand Blumentritt in Vienna, mentioning the peace I. La Liga Filipina (The Filipino League) - July 3, 1892 and absence of persecution his family experienced. five purposes: - While in Hong Kong, Rizal began writing the constitution 1. To unite the entire archipelago into a compact, vigorous, of La Liga Filipina with the assistance of Jose Maria Basa. and homogeneous body. 2. To provide mutual protection in every grievance and Rizal's Return to the Philippines (Again) need. - Rizal was deeply concerned about the struggles of the 3. To defend against violence and injustice. tenant farmers in Calamba during his time in Hong Kong. 4. To encourage educational, industrial, and agricultural - He translated The Rights of Man from French to Tagalog, enterprises. titling it Ang Mga Karapatan ng Tao. 5. To study and implement reforms. - Rizal wrote two significant articles: motto in Latin A La Nacion Española (To the Spanish Nation), urging - Unus Instar Omnium, which means "One like all." Spain to address injustices faced by Calamba tenants. Sa Mga Kababayan (To My Countrymen), where he II. Rizal’s Arrest analyzed the agrarian issue in Calamba. - July 6, 1892, three days after La Liga Filipina was formally - On his journey to Hong Kong from Marseilles, established, Rizal was summoned to Malacañang and K.A.D. Life and Works of Rizal Midterm Reviewer 2SEDM-A arrested. The reason was not related to La Liga Filipina, IV. The Rizal-Valenzuela Meeting but to something the Spaniards had reportedly seen a few - In the wake of his arrest, the Propaganda Movement days earlier. lost momentum. - Officials find a package of "seditious paper" (a satire - the La Liga Filipina ultimately split into two groups: targeting wealthy Dominican friars.) hidden in Lucia’s 1. Conservatives: Known as the Cuerpo de pillowcase during the search. Papers immediately Compromisarios, they pledged to continue a peaceful confiscated by authorities and reported to Governor- approach, such as advocating for reforms and supporting General Despujol. the newspaper La Solidaridad. - Despite denying involvement, Rizal is arrested. 2. Radicals: Led by Andrés Bonifacio, they advocated for a Escorted to Fort Santiago for detention. more drastic solution through revolution. This ultimately led to the birth of Katipunan, or its full name, III. Exiled in Dapitan Kataastaasang Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga - From 1892 to 1896, Rizal lived in exile in Dapitan, a Anak ng Bayan. remote town in Mindanao. - Dr. Pio Valenzuela and Raymundo Mata, a blind man - Dapitan became the only witness to Rizal’s fate pretending to be a patient, visited Rizal in Dapitan. - Why Dapitan? - it was inaccessible, underdeveloped, and - During their conversation, Valenzuela informed Rizal of under the control of the Jesuits, who hoped to reform his the Katipunan's plans and their plan to help him escape. Catholic faith. However, Rizal declined the offer and stated that the - Lottery Winnings people were not ready for a revolution. - Rizal had a fondness for the lottery, referred to by biographer Wenceslao Retana as his "only vice." V. Cuba - September 21, 1892 - Rizal together with Carnicero and - Dr. Blumentritt suggested that Rizal offer his services as another Spaniard, won a lottery ticket (9736) a military doctor in Cuba in exchange for ending his exile. - They won the second prize, totaling P20,000. Rizal - After months of waiting, Rizal finally received a letter received P6,200 from Governor-General Ramon Blanco, informing him - Rizal spent his winnings, buying agricultural lands along that his offer had been accepted. Finally, after four years, the coast of Talisay. He built a house, established a farm, Rizal was no longer in exile. set up a school, and even opened a clinic. - July 30,1896 - Rizal’s request to go to Cuba - He became a farmer, a teacher, and a physician. - Rizal was en route to Cuba, the ship he was on received a telegram from the authorities ordering his arrest. Rizal as a Teacher - He was immediately placed under heavy guard within his - Rizal had a passion to conchology (study and collection cabin, escorted to a prison fortress, and then brought of shells.) before the Military Commander of Barcelona, Eulogio - Rizal discovered animal and it named after him; Despujol. 1. Draco rizali - Flying dragon - Prison in Barcelona, Spain 2. Hister rizal - Small beetle - Colon ship arrived in Manila 3. Rhacophorus rizali - Flying lizard - November 3,1896 and was soon brought to be - Rizal teaching method influence by Ateneo. He divided imprisoned at Fort Santiago his students into two groups based on their height: "grandes" (big) and "pequenos" (small). ❖ Rizal’s Trial and Death Rizal as a Physician - November 20, 1896 - assigned Judge to summon Rizal - one of the most respected ophthalmologists was Colonel Francisco Olive, an Advocate of the Spanish - George Taufer, who suffered from an eye ailment, heard military tribunal. about Rizal's reputation, he traveled from Hong Kong to - Fifteen documentary pieces and thirteen testimonial Dapitan with his adopted daughter, Josephine Bracken. pieces of evidence were presented against Rizal. - Josephine Bracken, an 18-year-old Irish woman, was - December 8, 1896 - Rizal was shown a list of military likely captivated by Rizal's intellect, charm, and wit, and officers, not lawyers, to choose his defender. He selected fell deeply in love with him. Rizal, in turn, was smitten by Lieutenant Luis Taviel de Andrade Josephine's beauty and eagerness. After just one month of - December 11, 1896 - Rizal’s not guilty to the accusations romance, they expressed their desire to marry each other. of rebellion. - Disapproval from others George Taufer, Josephine’s - December 13, 1896 - Governor-General Ramon Blanco, adoptive father, strongly opposed their relationship. known for his humane disposition and skepticism Rizal's family, likely due to conservative views on marriage, regarding Rizal’s guilt, was replaced by Governor-General disapproved. Rizal and Josephine continued their Camilo G. de Polavieja. Polavieja, nicknamed the "blood relationship despite opposition. and iron governor," was noted for his ruthless approach. K.A.D. Life and Works of Rizal Midterm Reviewer 2SEDM-A - December 15, 1896 - Rizal wrote a manifesto denying - Rizal of not shooting his head, but one of his men came any role in the revolution. Stated that his name was used near to the body and gave Rizal “TIRA DE GRACIA” or the without permission to recruit supporters. mercy shot in the head to make sure that Rizal is dead. - December 28, 1896 - Gov. Gen. Polavieja signed death - His time of death was recorded at 7:03 a.m. warrant ordering to shot him at 7:00 o’clock in the - The Spaniards shouted, Viva Espana! Muerte a los Morning at Bagumbay Traidores! But the crowd did not respond. - To break the ice, the military band played “Marcha de Rizal’s remaining days and The Last Farewell Cadiz,” and so they cheered. - December 29, 1896 6 o’clock in the morning, Captain - Paco Cemetery Rafael Dominguez, read him the official notice of his - His remains were laid to rest in Luneta execution. Rizal spent his last hours by going to the prison chapel. - He gave them his remaining possessions, Week 11: The Novel’s of Rizal - Reached out for the gas lamp and gave it to his sister, Trinidad. “There is something inside.” Noli Me Tangere El Filibusterismo - Maria got a copy of Rizal’s last poem from the lamp March 21, 1887 September 18, 1891 - The last poem he composed was the longest he ever written, it was entitled “Mi Ultimo Adios” or My Last Social Cancer Reign of the Greed Farewell. Touch Me Not - Rizal had his last supper in the evening of December 29, Dedicated to Fatherland Dedicated to GOMBURZA 1896. Inspired on Uncle Tom’s Inspired on The Count of - He said to Captain Dominguez that he has already Cabin by Harriet Beecher Monte Cristo by Alexandre forgiven his enemies including those who wanted him Stowe Dumas dead Maximo Viola - Saviour of Valentin Ventura - Saviour - three in the morning - he prayed and confessed his sin in Noli of El Fili the chapel. 64 chapters 38 chapters - 5:30 am - He had his last breakfast of three hard boiled eggs. Afterbreakfast, he singed some memorabilia Romantic Novel Political Novel including religious pictures and books, some of which he “Work of Heart” “Work of Head” gave to his mother and sister, Trinidad. Book of Feelings Book of Thoughts - he gave josephine the Imitacion de Cristo as a gift. It has; It contains; - He once again wrote a letter to his family, sisters and Freshness, Color, Humor, Bitterness, Hatred, Pain, brother Lightness, Wit Violence, Sorrow - 6:30 am in December 30, 1896 - Wearing a black suit, black pants,black bowler hat, and white shirt with his arms Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration), 1874 - tied behind his back,Rizal walked to Bagumbayan first poem written in Ateneo. It was dedicated to - He walked along with his defense lawyer, Andrade, and Teodora Alonso Realonda. Rizal’s mother, on her two Jesuit priests, Fr. Vilaclara. birthday. - He sound of a trumpet signaled the start of the death Felicitacion, 1875 - The 14-year old Rizal wrote this march and the muffled sound poem to congratulate his brother-in-law, Antonio - Some observed that his family or the katipuneros would Lopez, husband of Narcisa. make a last minute effort to sprint him from the trap” In memory of My Town (Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo, - Rizal has managed to remain calm 1876) - It was written to express his love and - Some people even saw Rizal smiled from time to time appreciation for place of Calamba. - Rizal refused to kneel and declined the traditional To the Philippine Youth (A La Juventud Filipina, blindfold. November 1879) - A winning poem in 1879. Rizal - He even requested to face the firing squad submitted it as his entry to the literary contest held - Rizal agreed to turn his back to the firing squad but by Liceo Artistico-Literario. requested that he be shot not in the head but in the small The Flowers of Heidelberg (A Los Flores De of the back Heidelberg, April 1886) - Expressed prayer for the - The priests offered him a crucifix to kiss “but he turned well being of his native land. his head away and silently prepared for his death Hymn To Talisay, October, 1895 - Written for his - Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo - check the pulse of Rizal and it pupils to sing, also taught them how to fight their was normal rights. - Rizal yelled Christ’s two words, “CONSUMMATUM EST!” (It is finished!) K.A.D.