RIGHTS; LOVE OF GOD HANDOUTS PDF

Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people A right is a justified claim, entitlement or assertion of what a rights-holder is due. For a person to have the moral right...

Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people A right is a justified claim, entitlement or assertion of what a rights-holder is due. For a person to have the moral right to have, get, or do something, there must be a moral basis or justification for the claim.  Types of Right 1. Natural rights - Natural rights are those that are not dependent on the laws or customs of any particular culture or government, and so are universal, fundamental and inalienable (they cannot be repealed by human laws, though one can forfeit their enjoyment through one's actions, such as by violating someone else's rights). Natural law is the law of natural rights. Also called basic human rights – right to life / preservation; freedom; to education 2. Acquired rights - rights obtained by individuals after fulfilling some requirements as prescribed by law – right of suffrage, citiz… a right that was not originally owned but which a person or entity gains later, sometimes as a result of some action on the part of the person or entity gaining the right 3. Public rights - those rights given to people by the ecclesiastical and civil laws- injury to ind'l, breach- contract The rights which are vested in a person by state or govt. or constitution is called public rights. Example: Right to vote, Right to use public parks, etc. Private rights are connected with private individuals or persons. Example: A contract entered into by two people gives rise to private rights to them. 4. Private Right means private firms, institutions or organizations have their own law. (i) an option to purchase; (ii) a right of first refusal; or (iii) a right of prior approval of a future purchaser or occupant. 5. Negative rights – Rights considered negative rights may include civil and political rights such as freedom of speech, life, private property, freedom from violent crime, protection against being defrauded, freedom of religion, habeas corpus, a fair trial, and the right not to be enslaved by another. power of a person to refuse to perform a negative act – stealing, drinking; killing; 6. Positive rights to live, to be free, freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from violence, freedom from slavery, and property rights. not confined to a person Right to own or not to own a property; require others to provide you with either goods or service. Positive rights are "positive" in the sense that they claim for each person the positive assistance of others in fulfilling basic constituents of human well-being like health and education. 7. Alienable rights – are transferable or renounceable rights. Human rights are universal, inherent to every individual without discrimination; That something is alienable only means it can be transferred. That is, it can be sold or given away. That may be changed over to another's ownership an alienable interest in property. 8. Inalienable rights - power of the person that can not be transferred or renounced; “Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.” Inalienable right refers to rights that cannot be surrendered, sold or transferred to someone else, especially a natural right such as the right to own property. However, these rights can be transferred with the consent of the person possessing those rights. Inalienable is defined as incapable of being surrendered or transferred; at least without one's consent. 9. Perfect rights – Mandatory or enforceable by law. Perfect rights are protected and recognized by law and the suit can be instituted in the court against the wrongdoer for the breach of it. 10. Imperfect rights – not judicial; not enforceable by law. – like not giving a tip Example of such an imperfect right is the claim barred by the lapse of time. In such a case, the limitation does not extinguish the right, but bars the remedy only. The claim is valid in other respects, but it cannot be enforced. Imperfect rights are recognized but are not enforced. Such a case may be considered as an exception to the rule ubi jus ibi remedium. "where there is a right, there is a remedy." It encapsulates the principle that when a legal right is violated, the law provides a corresponding remedy or relief to the aggrieved party. LOVE OF GOD It is hard to talk about God without including the word “religion “ Religion is the most abused term. Ethics and Religion Ethics is concerned with Human Conduct The conduct that is becoming to a man Of matters only to man The Philippines is a secular country, with a guaranteed separation of church and state by the Constitution and respect for all religious beliefs and rituals. 2.382 billion The Philippines is a Christian country. At least 92% of the population follows Christianity, out of which 81% practices Catholicism and the remaining 11% are Protestants, Orthodoxy, Restorationist, and other independent believers. The Spanish rulers introduced Catholic ideas during the 16th century. During the long rule of Spain over the Philippines, the Christian religion was well established in the country's veins. The Roman Catholic Church is one of the world's largest religious denominations, with 1.2 billion believers worldwide. This number makes it only slightly smaller than Islam (1.9 billion) and larger than any other religious group on the planet. From its spiritual center in Vatican City, the world's smallest independent country and the only country surrounded completely by a city (Rome), the leader of the Catholic Church, Pope Francis I, guides the spiritual lives of entire nations. By definition, the word catholic means 'universal,' and from the earliest days following the Church's founding, it has pressed to be the universal faith of humanity. Islam is the religion of about 6% of the Filipino population, making it the second major religion in the nation. It was introduced in the 14th century by traders from the Persian Gulf, Southern India, and other followers from Maritime Southeast Asia. However, it declined tremendously during the Spanish inquisition in the 16th century. The southern Filipino tribes stood against the Spanish and kept their religion alive after the rule. 1.907 Billion Buddhism is a path of practice and spiritual development leading to Insight into the true nature of reality. Buddhist practices like meditation are means of changing yourself in order to develop the qualities of awareness, kindness, and wisdom. The experience developed within the Buddhist tradition over thousands of years has created an incomparable resource for all those who Buddhism started with the Buddha. The wish to follow a path — a path which word ‘Buddha’ is a title, which means ultimately culminates in Enlightenment ‘one who is awake’ — in the sense of or Buddhahood. An enlightened being having ‘woken up to reality’. The sees the nature of reality absolutely Buddha was born as Siddhartha clearly, just as it is, and lives fully and Gautama in Nepal around 2,500 years naturally in accordance with that vision. ago. He did not claim to be a god or a This is the goal of the Buddhist spiritual prophet. He was a human being who life, representing the end of suffering for became Enlightened, understanding anyone who attains it. life in the deepest way possible.  Hinduism The principal and most ancient religious tradition of India: in it the lives of believers are governed by the three doctrines of dharma or universal law, karma or the cumulative effects of personal actions, and samsara or the cycle of rebirth, liberation from which is the first goal of life. An ancient sage Manu prescribes 10 important rules for the observance of Dharma. They are patience, self-control, reason, forgiveness, sanctity, honesty, truthfulness, knowledge of learning, control of senses, and an absence of anger. A diverse body of religion, philosophy, and cultural practice native to and predominant in India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being of many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and by a desire for liberation from earthly evils. Unlike other religions, Hinduism has no one founder but is instead a fusion of various beliefs. Around 1500 B.C., the Indo-Aryan people migrated to the Indus Valley, and their language and culture blended with that of the indigenous people living in the region. Minor Religions in the Philippines Bathalism is a modern name for the Indigenous Philippine folk religions practised by various ethnic groups. The main form of this religion is derived from animism principles, with some minor beliefs and ideas changed. The indigenous tribes profess in a high god, followed by some lesser gods- in various elements of nature, guardian spirits, and tribal heroes. Bathalism is concentrated in the Cordillera Administrative Region, Palawan, Mindoro, Western Visayas, and Mindanao. Animism was widely practiced in the pre-colonial Philippines. Today, only a handful of the indigenous tribes continue to practice the old traditions.... These nature spirits later became known as "diwatas", despite keeping most of their native meanings and symbols, due to the influence of Hinduism in the region. The act of worship or a religious sacrifice to a spirit is also sometimes simply referred to as anito. The belief in anito are sometimes referred to as Anitism 2. Baháʼí Faith Baháʼí Faith was introduced to the Philippines in 1921 and is developing since then. This faith teaches that God is beyond the human physical experience and can only be known through lives and teachings. It also says that the sole purpose of a human is to know and love God in its entirety. Work ethic is a set of values based on the ideals of discipline and hard work... Forming good habits such as focusing, staying motivated, finishing tasks immediately, and more helps to create a good work ethic that will impress employers. In the workplace, ethics are Ethics also are the basis of cohesive, supportive company culture and an important way for a company to build a strong relationship with its customers. the moral guidelines that an organization as a whole, and the individuals who comprise it, follow to comply with state and federal laws. The ten work ethic traits: appearance, attendance, attitude, character, communication, cooperation, organizational skills, productivity, respect and teamwork Examples of Work Ethics Workplace ethics are derived from secular values like: trustworthiness integrity fairness responsibility accountability loyalty comradery respect caring WORK An activity in which one exerts strength or faculties to do or perform something. Labor, task or duty that is one’s accustomed means of livelihood. Sustained physical or mental effort to overcome obstacles and achieve an objective or result. A task, duty, function or assignment The right to work The right to work is a foundation for the realization of other human rights and for life with dignity. It includes the opportunity to earn a livelihood by work freely chosen or accepted. The right to work is the concept that people have a human right to work, or engage in productive employment, and should not be prevented from doing so. Common human rights standard food education fair trial freedom of speech just working condition pay Government obligations Wage Presidential Decree no. 442 Labor Code of the Philippines definition Remuneration or earnings in terms of money Minimum wage Lowest, hourly, daily or monthly wage that that employers may legally pay to employees or workers. Lowest wage at which workers may sell their labor. Laws on minimum wage… Living wage- family wage income - 40 hrs Low wage earners… NCR: National Capital Region CAR: Cordillera Administrative Region Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, Mountain Province Region 1: Ilocos Region Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Pangasinan Region 2: Cagayan Valley Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino Region 3: Central Luzon Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, Zambales Region 4A: Calabarzon Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal Region 4B: MIMAROPA / Southwestern Tagalog Marinduque, Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Palawan, Romblon Region 5: Bicol Region Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Masbate, Sorsogon Visayas Island Group Region 6: Western Visayas Aklan, Antique, Capiz, Guimaras, Iloilo, Negros Occidental Region 7: Central Visayas Bohol, Cebu, Negros Oriental, Siquijor Region 8: Eastern Visayas Biliran, Eastern Samar, Leyte, Northern Samar, Samar, Southern Leyte Factors to consider when settling on a salary for a position may include: 1. Availability of people capable of fulfilling obligations and responsibilities of the job 2. Level of demand elsewhere in the community and/or industry. 3. Cost of living in the area. 4. Attractiveness of the community in which the company operates. 5. Compensation levels already in existence in the company Wage and Morality Justice means giving what is right and what is due. Labor commensurate payment Effort exerted must be compensated with monetary value which law dictates Existing legislation Unfair labor practice Unionism Strike Rights of workers 1. Right to self-organization: Right of every employee to form, join or not join labor union 2. Right to collective bargaining and negotiations: To negotiate additional salaries and benefits 3. Right to Strike: Stoppage of work by employees as a result of a dispute 4. Right to security of tenure: Right to be protected in his employment 5. Right to humane conditions of work: rest, meal periods; to work in a safe, healthy environment. 6. Right to living wage 7. Right to participate in policy and decision making: involvement in activities affecting employees Personnel management Morality and personnel management “Personnel management is the planning, organizing, compensation, integration and maintenance of people for the purpose of contributing to organizational, individual and societal goals.” Human resource management deals with manpower planning and development related activities in an organization. Arguably it is that branch of management where ethics really matter, since it concerns human issues specially those of compensation, development, industrial relations and health and safety issues. Work security Job security is the probability that an individual will keep their job; a job with a high level of security is such that a person with the job would have a small chance of losing it. Physical welfare Love of neighbor Application of Justice How is justice applied? The idea of justice occupies center stage both in ethics, and in legal and political philosophy. We apply it to individual actions, to laws, and to public policies, and we think in each case that if they are unjust this is a strong, maybe even conclusive, reason to reject them. Justice is an action in compliance with the conditions prescribed by law. Whether these rules are grounded in human consensus or societal norms, they are intended to ensure fair treatment. The principle of justice could be described as the moral obligation to act on the basis of fair adjudication between competing claims. As such, it is linked to fairness, entitlement and equality. In ethics, this can be subdivided into three categories: fair distribution of scarce resources (distributive justice), respect for people’s rights (rights based justice) and respect for morally acceptable laws (legal justice) describe two elements of the principle of justice, namely equality and equity. Justice is action in accordance with the requirements of some law. Whether these rules are grounded in human consensus or societal norms, they are supposed to ensure that all members of society receive fair treatment. Equality means each individual or group of people is given the same resources or opportunities. Equity recognizes that each person has different circumstances and allocates the exact resources and opportunities needed to reach an equal outcome. e.g. sick people Different Applications of Justice Distributive Justice Type of justice that regulates the exercise of rights between the individual and the community. The objective end of this form of justice is the private or particular good of each member of the community. Regulates the imposition of taxes, fees or privileges. Distribution… Commutative justice refers to that which is owed between individuals, such as in conducting business transactions. Commutative justice calls for fundamental fairness in all agreements and exchanges between individuals or private social groups. Commutative justice calls for fundamental fairness in all agreements and exchanges between individuals or private social groups. Social Justice Social justice is fairness as it manifests in society. That includes fairness in healthcare, employment, housing, and more. Social justice applies to all aspects of society, including race and gender, and it is closely tied to human rights.. Its objective is the common good and is thus also called “justice of the common welfare” or “justice of the community.” Smallest unit of Society… Legal Justice The restoration of fairness in the eyes of the law. In this case, the law is intended to be a common set of rules viewed as an objective measure of morality - wrongful actions are simply made illegal and punished based on the degree of injustice. And were every question of fairness (justice vs. injustice) a black and white issue, law would become the objective and external morality which it strives to be. Imposition and Implementation of Laws… LEGAL (CRIMINAL) JUSTICE It refers, specifically, the work “The Miranda Law” of the police, prosecution and Legal Justice means rule of law and not rule of judiciary with regard to criminal any person. It includes two things: that all men matters, as well as the access to are equal before law, and that law is equally legal aid, prisons and applicable to all. It provides legal security to alternatives to imprisonment, all. restorative justice and victim protection and reparation. Self Defense Self Defense Defined Also called Alter ego defense, defense of others, defense of a third person. Right for civilians acting on their own behalf to engage in violence for the sake of defending one’s own life or the lives of others, including the use of deadly force Legality of self Defense In most laws, when defense succeeds, it operates as a complete justification provided the degree of violence used is comparable or proportionate to the threat being confronted. And so deadly force should only be used in situation of extreme danger Duty to Retreat First Blow (Pre-emptive Self-defense) Castle Exception The law extends the right to self-defense up to and including deadly force in a victim's dwelling (now including any attached porch, deck or patio), occupied vehicle, or any other dwelling or vehicle that the victim legally occupies. A place of work is included in the "castle" provision under certain circumstances. Capital Punishment Also referred to as Death Penalty, legally ordered execution of a prisoner as a punishment for a serious crime, often called a “capital offense or a capital crime.” The term “capital” comes from the Latin “capitalis” meaning head. Capital punishment is the penalty for a crime so severe