Ethics 101 - Introduction of Philosophy - PDF

ETHICS - 101 Ricardo M, Sanchez|1st Semester | BIT 3F – G1 WHAT WAS THERE BEFORE PHILOSOPHY, BEFORE musical talents, and his role as a LOGOS? - There was called mythos on the messenger of the gods. language of Greek to explain the worldly things...

ETHICS - 101 Ricardo M, Sanchez|1st Semester | BIT 3F – G1 WHAT WAS THERE BEFORE PHILOSOPHY, BEFORE musical talents, and his role as a LOGOS? - There was called mythos on the messenger of the gods. language of Greek to explain the worldly things - Artemis (Diana): Goddess of the hunt, that happen on the dramatic acts that created wild animals, childbirth, and the moon. of the Gods of Mount Olympus. She was a skilled archer and a fierce protector of the wilderness. - Ancient Greek used the myths about - Aphrodite (Venus): Goddess of love, Gods to help them to understand the beauty, pleasure, and desire. She was unexplainable things happen of past known for her irresistible charm and before the philosophy and science her role in inspiring passion and romance. These gods and goddess were: - Ares (Mars): God of war, violence, and - Zeus (Jupiter): King of the gods, god of bloodshed. He was a fierce and brutal the sky, thunder, lightning, law, and warrior, often associated with chaos fate. He was known for his many affairs and destruction. and his powerful thunderbolt. - Hephaestus (Vulcan): God of fire, - Hera (Juno): Queen of the gods, metalworking, and craftsmanship. He goddess of marriage, women, and was known for his skill as a blacksmith childbirth. She was known for her and his creation of powerful weapons jealousy and her relentless pursuit of and tools for the gods. justice for the wrongs done to her by - Hermes (Mercury): Messenger of the Zeus. gods, god of travel, trade, thieves, and - Poseidon (Neptune): God of the sea, messengers. He was known for his earthquakes, and horses. He was often speed, his cunning, and his ability to depicted wielding his trident, a three- move between the worlds of gods and pronged spear, and was known for his mortals. unpredictable nature. - Hades (Pluto): God of the underworld, Other Important Gods and Goddesses ruler of the dead. He was often depicted - Hestia (Vesta): Goddess of the hearth, as a stern and somber figure, but he home, and family. She was a protector was also known for his cunning and his of the home and a symbol of warmth love for Persephone. and comfort. - Demeter (Ceres): Goddess of - Eros (Cupid): God of love, desire, and agriculture, grain, and fertility. She was attraction. He was often depicted as a responsible for the growth of crops and winged child with a bow and arrows, the bounty of the earth. Her daughter, representing the power of love to strike Persephone, was abducted by Hades, hearts. leading to the cycle of seasons. - Dionysus (Bacchus): God of wine, - Athena (Minerva): Goddess of wisdom, theater, and revelry. He was known for war, crafts, and strategic warfare. She his wild and chaotic nature, often was known for her intelligence, her associated with intoxication and strategic mind, and her protective ecstatic rituals. nature. THE MORE YOU DON’T BELIEVE TO GOD THE MORE - Apollo (Apollo): God of music, poetry, YOU BELIVE THERE GOD’S prophecy, healing, the sun, and light. THERE ARE PRIMARY TWELVE OLYMPIANS’ GODS He was known for his beauty, his AND GODDESES THAT RESIDENCE ON MOUNT TRANSCRIBED BY: MA. 1 GABRIELLE G MACASPAC REVIEWER #1 | ETHICS 101 – INTRODUTION OF PHYLOSOPHY OLYMPUS THIS ARE – Zeus (THE MASTER/HEAD), logical analysis can ever achieve. The Hera, Poseidon, Hades, Demeter, Athena, language of myth in this sense is consciously Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, Ares, Hephaestus, inadequate, being simply the nearest we can and Hermes. AND THERE WAS DETIES THAT WERE come to a formulation of what we see very ASSOCITED WITH MOUNT OLYMPUS THEY ARE darkly” NOT ALWAYS CONSIDER AND OLYMPIANS THIS ARE - like Hestia, Dionysus, and even PHILOSOPPHY- Tries to answer the Persephone (who spent part of the year in the fundamental nature of knowledge and reality underworld). There, according to Hesiod, Zeus from the things can’t be understand. fought Cronus and the Titans and, after winning, settled there and became lord all the PHILOSPHY gods, demigods and humans. (The Temple of Zeus at Olympia, Greece today only ruins of the IT’S AN OLDEST SCIENCE? temple remain.) According on Ancient Greek philosophers like Thales, Anaximander, and MYTHOS OR MYTHOLOGY - Tries to answer the Pythagoras philosophy is the foundational fundamental aspects of traditions, beliefs with basis for modern science. Cause they were the out a logic, reason, and empirical observation first to attempt to explain the natural world to provide new ways to explain natural through reason and observation rather than phenomena and challenge traditional beliefs. solely relying on mythology or religious beliefs. (In the ancient time it was largely believed that hey laid the groundwork for natural with the limitation of science, the purpose of a philosophy, which later evolved into the myth was to give the society with a truth for the scientific disciplines we know today. people to interpret.) has the ADVANTAGE of creating a whole social world in which all acts THE BIRTH OF SPECIFIC SCIENCES has meaning - It is CONSERVATIVE in nature. However, while philosophy provided the initial (What does it mean to be a conservative? In framework for scientific inquiry, specific Western culture, depending on the particular disciplines like astronomy emerged as distinct nation, conservatives seek to promote a range fields of study long ago. The ancient of social institutions such as the nuclear Babylonians, for instance, developed family, organized religion, the military, sophisticated astronomical observations and property rights, and monarchy. Conservatives calculations centuries before the rise of Greek tend to favor institutions and practices that philosophy. guarantee stability and evolved gradually.) - are NOT only EXPLANATORY but also morally DEFINING "SCIENCE" EXEMPLARY and “RITUALISTICALLY instructive,” The definition of "science" itself is crucial. If we that is they provide the “rules” that, if followed consider "science" to encompass any by all would create the foundation of genuine systematic inquiry into the natural world, then community of togetherness. philosophy could be considered the oldest science. But if we define "science" as a DEFINITION OF MYTH IN BIBLE discipline based on empirical evidence, “a symbolic, approximate expression of truth experimentation, and rigorous methodology, which the human mind cannot perceive then astronomy, with its early observations sharply and completely, but only glimpse and calculations, might be considered the vaguely, and therefore cannot adequately or oldest. accurately express… Myth implies, not falsehood, but truth; not primitive, naïve A MATTER OF PERSPECTIVE misunderstanding but an insight more Ultimately, whether philosophy or astronomy profound than scientific description and is the "oldest science" is a matter of TRANSCRIBED BY: MA 2 GABRIELLE G, MACASPAC. REVIEWER #1 | ETHICS 101 – INTRODUTION OF PHYLOSOPHY perspective and definition. Both played crucial boundless, infinite, and ever-changing roles in the development of human knowledge, substance from which all things and their intertwined histories highlight the emerged and to which they would evolution of our understanding of the world. eventually return. Philosophy provided the initial framework for - Foundation for rational inquiry, while astronomy developed Cosmology: Anaximander's concept of specific methods and observations that laid the apeiron laid the groundwork for the foundation for modern scientific later developments in cosmology. It disciplines. challenged the prevailing mythological explanations for the universe and ANAXIMANDER (C. 610 – 546 B.C.E) paved the way for a more rational and - Author of the first surviving lines of scientific understanding of the cosmos. WESTERN PHILOSOPHY "boundless" or infinite “as the origin of all that is). This ” THE UNLIMITED, INDETERMINATE, AND called the APEIRON - This concept is INDEFINITE GROUND, ORIGIN, OR PRIMAL considered a revolutionary shift in early PRINCIPLE OF ALL MATTER” POSTULATED Greek thought. He also worked on the ESPECIALLY BY ANAXIMANDER. fields of what we now call geography and biology. Moreover, Anaximander THALES OF MILETUS (C.624-620 B.C.E) (DIED was the first speculative astronomer. C.548-545 B.C.E) He also worked on the fields of what we Philosopher renowned as one of the now call geography and biology. legendary seven wise men, or sophoi, Moreover, Anaximander was the first of antiquity. He is remembered primarily speculative astronomer. He originated for his cosmology based on water as the the world-picture of the open universe, essence of all matter, with Earth a flat disk which replaced the closed universe of floating on a vast sea (WATER IS THE the celestial vault. ARCHE) (Greek for "origin" or "fundamental APEIRON principle"). This concept was revolutionary Is an abstract, void, something that cannot be for its time. This ides about water as the described according to the Greek pessimistic arche may not be scientifically accurate. belief for death. Death indeed meant IMPORTANCE OF WATER IS THE ARCHE "nothingless". The dead live like shadows and there is no return to the real world. Everything - Shifting from Mythology: Before Thales, generated from apeiron must return there people explained the world through according to the principle genesis-decay myths and stories about gods. Thales, however, sought a natural explanation. IMPORTANCE OF APEIRON He believed that everything in the - Breaking from Concrete Elements: universe originated from a single, Anaximander, however, argued that fundamental substance, and he chose the universe originated from water. something unbound by specific - The Importance of Water: Thales qualities or limitations. This marked a observed that water is essential for life move towards abstraction and a and that it takes many forms (solid ice, search for a more fundamental liquid water, vapor). He saw its ability to principle. change and adapt as a key - A Source of All Things: The apeiron was characteristic of the universe. not simply a void or nothingness. - Foundation for Natural Anaximander saw it as the source and Philosophy: While his specific choice of substance of everything. It was a water as the arche may seem simplistic TRANSCRIBED BY: MA 3 GABRIELLE G, MACASPAC. REVIEWER #1 | ETHICS 101 – INTRODUTION OF PHYLOSOPHY today, Thales's approach marked a - Early Steps in Scientific Thought: While crucial shift in thinking. He paved the his theory is not scientifically accurate, way for natural philosophy, which Anaximenes's attempt to explain the sought to understand the world world through a natural process based through observation, reason, and on observation and reasoning was a natural causes. significant step towards scientific thought. He provided a basis for Thales's most famous idea was his rational discourse and debate, laying philosophical and cosmological thesis that all the groundwork for future scientific is water, which comes down to us through a inquiry into the nature of existence. passage from Aristotle's Metaphysics. In the work, Aristotle reported Thales's theory that Anaximenes's concept of air as the arche, the arche or originating principle of nature was along with his ideas about rarefaction and a single material substance: water. condensation, made him a key figure in the development of early Greek philosophy and its IONIAN SCHOOL transition away from purely mythological Anaximander, a disciple of Thales, maintained explanations of the universe. that the first principle form which all things evolve is an intangible, invisible, infinite ERGO MYTHOS substance that he called APEIRON, (THE BONUNDLESS) Ergo: This is a Latin word meaning "therefore" or "thus." It's often used in logical arguments to ANAXIMENES OF MILETUS (6 TH CENTURY BC) indicate a conclusion. - Is a certain way of Is known in his famous philosophy for his belief thinking that placed the world in the context of that air is the arche, or the fundamental its SUPERNATURAL origins. Explains WORDLY principle of the universe. This means he THINGS by tracing them to exceptional, believed that air was the basic element from sometimes SACRED events that caused to be which everything else was created. He was a the world as it NOW Ionian Philosopher “MYTH IN TAGALOG” IMPORTANCVE OF AIR IS ARCHE - Building on Thales: Anaximenes was The English word “myth” can be translated as part of the Milesian school of the following words in Tagalog “Alamat” – philosophy, which started with Thales. myth, folklore, fairy tale, fable Or “sabi-sabi” – Thales believed water was the arche. hearsay, rumor, myth. Anaximenes, building on this idea, proposed air as the fundamental Philippine Pantheon. The stories of ancient substance. Philippine mythology include deities, creation - Explaining Change: Anaximenes stories, mythical creatures, and beliefs. believed that air could change into Ancient Philippine mythology varies among other forms through rarefaction the many indigenous tribes of the Philippines (thinning out) and condensation some groups during the pre- Spanish conquest (compressing). Rarefaction would are believed in a single Supreme Being who make the air less dense, eventually created the world and everything in it, while becoming fire, while condensation others choose to worship a multitude of the would make it denser, leading to wind, tree and forest deities (DIWATAS came from clouds, water, earth, and ultimately the SANSKIRT word DEVATA which means stones. DEITY) One of the several significant HINDU TRANSCRIBED BY: MA 4 GABRIELLE G, MACASPAC. REVIEWER #1 | ETHICS 101 – INTRODUTION OF PHYLOSOPHY influences in the pre-Hispanic religion of and the flow of culture as a whole. In other ancient Filipinos. words the nuanced experiences of life i.e. one’s own life and that of the society. From time Every society and culture has some form immemorial philosophy has been understood of mythology and philosophy. as a desire for the highest knowledge, as distinct from the forms of applied knowledge. “Mythology tries to answer the fundamental The thinkers of ancient times sought a deeper aspects of tradition and beliefs. understanding of the world that would replace the archaic image produced by myth and Philosophy tries to answer the fundamental legend. Society has been constantly evolving nature of knowledge and reality.” over centuries and today as it stands is different from what it was thousands of years In the ancient time it was largely believed that back. In the initial periods of the evolution of with the limitation of science, the purpose of a our society when science literally didn’t exist it myth was to give the society with a truth for the was philosophy that was providing answers to people to interpret. our questions. We were getting our problems solved using the tool of philosophy. Though In modern times with the evolution science it is which we weren’t able solve through the logical offshoot of philosophy i.e. science philosophy we always had mythology to providing the truth to the people with any resolve it. scope for interpretation. Today, as we stand with such massive advancement in science and technology it SCIENCE THE CONQUERING KING BUT seems it has completely overshadowed the PHILOSOPHY REMAINS THE QUINTESSENTIAL utility of mythology and philosophy. Indeed it is QUEEN. a disguised form of appearance. There are those fundamental questions regarding our In ancient times people’s knowledge of the existence, reality, values to the purpose & world was considered to be highest form of meaning of life still remains unanswered. It knowledge i.e. the wisdom. This was referred keeps haunting us. Keeping our mind on a hunt as philosophy. As this knowledge became is not a healthy state of existence. In all clearer to the humankind it got gradually fairness we cannot blame it on science as it is classified into separate categories. In this way not in its purview. Just because science has newer form of disciplines like mathematics, become all-encompassing we simply cannot physics and medicine evolved out of negate the value of philosophy… philosophy. Hence, many regard philosophy as Philosophy is the foundation of critical the mother of all sciences. thinking. The essential embodiment of human The idea of philosophy has been to expound existence is in power of thinking. We stop the universal principles of existence of thinking. We stop existing. It brings myriad universe and the expansion of humanity. The questions to the fore while making a role of an astronomer who studies the position, fundamental foray into working towards an movement and origins of celestial bodies to appropriate answer. that of a biologist who studies the structure, Philosophy encourages to think critically and it function and evolution of human body and is foundation of all knowledge. It may not both are deeply guided by experience, tangibly change the world around us like observation and experiment. science does but it has the innate potential to In order to know both the material and spiritual intangibility change the person within us who aspect of life, the philosopher uses his we are and how we are living our life. One side psychological power to digest the data of the spectrum of philosophy is mythology provided by each stream of science separately and the other side is science. Though it is a TRANSCRIBED BY: MA 5 GABRIELLE G, MACASPAC. REVIEWER #1 | ETHICS 101 – INTRODUTION OF PHYLOSOPHY wonderful bridge between mythology and : a system of philosophical concepts science but with these extreme powers it has got abridged. : a theory underlying or regarding a sphere of activity or though. Philosophy was exploring the same set of problems as that of mythology i.e. the origin of LOGOS the world to the secrets of the universe to the The Greek word logos is the source of the human and nature relationship to the English word “logic” as well as the “logies” in explanation of beauty and truth. With the terms like - biology, sociology and psychology passage of time philosophy, however, took a where logos means the theory, or study or different approach to these problems rationalization of something. Mythology continued to see any form of action LOGOS also means “word” in Greek, so it from that of basic in terms of imaginative involves the act of speaking, or setting forth an images to that of supernatural power. On other idea of clear manner. Logos therefore, hand philosophy evolved as the idea of a designates a CERTAIN kind of THINKING about a universal cosmic reason as the law i.e. the real world, a kind of LOGICAL ANALYSIS that places logic of things and events. Although things in the context of REASON and explain philosophy immensely contested with them with the PURE FORCE OF THOUGHTS. mythology for a pretty long time and in some forms of idealism, it still continues to be a Such intellectual exercise was supposed to captive of the mythological idea. lead to WISDOM (sophia) and those who dedicated themselves to LOGOS were thought PHILOSOPHY FROM ITS LITERAL DEFINITION as a LOVER OF WISDOM (love – philo or philia), (ETHYMOLOGY) hence as PHILOSOPHERS Is derived from the Greek term “philos or SOCRATES philia” which means love and “sophia” PLATO wisdom. When the two terms are combined ARISTOTLE they mean “love of wisdom.” [philosophers are lover of wisdom for they seek the underlying Man, as rational being, makes decision or causes of everything or nature of realities]. draws conclusions according to his reasons. He uses his/her intelligence in organizing ; all learning exclusive of systematically and scientifically facts or data technical precepts and practical arts in his search of knowledge. He uses knowledge, and looks for objective evidence in his dealing : a discipline comprising as its core logic, with reality.…because man is infinite to know aesthetics, ethics, metaphysics, and and understand the cause/s of everything. epistemology “Cogito Ergo Sum.” - Rene Descartes : pursuit of wisdom “I think therefore I am.” [I am = I exist] : a search for a general understanding of ESSENCE of PHILOSOPHY values and reality by chiefly speculative rather than observational means - it does not teach anyone to become rich, how to reach the moon, or how to become a : an analysis of the grounds of and concepts celebrity. Philosophy like ART, is not concerned expressing fundamental belief with the practicalities of human life. It is not interested whether man has a nice clothes, TRANSCRIBED BY: MA 6 GABRIELLE G, MACASPAC. REVIEWER #1 | ETHICS 101 – INTRODUTION OF PHYLOSOPHY delicious food or a lucrative occupation and RATIONAL or PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY – many others. the study of the life principles of living things, especially that of man. so, PHILOSOPHY aims to teach man how man to have a happy and GOOD Life. SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY – it is the study of relationships between man and the family, PHILOSOPHY Church and the State. SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY of MAN – the inquiry into man as a person and as a existent being in the world Epistemology Cosmology POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY - a philosophical search Metaphysics for the foundation of the State (and Theodicy government), the ideal form of the Rational Psychology government, and its basic power. Philosophy of Man Political Philosophy THEODICY – also called NATURAL THEOLOGY, t is Social Philosophy a study of a Supreme being and his relation to his creature. It is also the philosophical study of PRACTICAL God. It is a defense and vindication of God, LOGIC defined as both omnipotent and good in the ETHICS light of evil in the world. LOGIC – it is the Science and Art of correct AESTHETICS – it is a philosophical inquiry of the THINKING or REASONING. It is the study of the beautiful. It is the philosophical investigation of principles and laws that govern the process of art, including all the visual arts, music, reasoning and inferences, ensuring VALIDITY literature, drama and dance. and TRUTH of ARGUMENTS. ETHICS - deals with the PRINCIPLES and LAWS governing the morality of human acts. EPISTEMOLOGY – the Science which deals wit HUMAN KNOWLEDGE, the focus is which is TO KNOW THE TRUTH. METAPHYSICS – it is the Science of beings, their nature, beyond Physical appearance. ONTOLOGY - the PHILOSOPHY OF BEING. It is a branch of Metaphysics which is about ULTIMATE REALITY. COSMOLOGY – the study of inanimate beings such as the universe, from the philosophical viewpoint. TRANSCRIBED BY: MA 7 GABRIELLE G, MACASPAC.