Revision Session PDF

Revision session Exam 60 minutes 50 questions All MCQ No short answer Exam conditions Closed book Make up of exam Will be from all the module material Will be a bank of 150 questions Questions from :- 1. A and P 2. Person centred care 3. Mental health 4....

Revision session Exam 60 minutes 50 questions All MCQ No short answer Exam conditions Closed book Make up of exam Will be from all the module material Will be a bank of 150 questions Questions from :- 1. A and P 2. Person centred care 3. Mental health 4. Medicines management 5. Drug calculations 6. Bowel and bladder health 7. Nutrition and hydration 8. Pain and sleep. Look at your revision lists The heart and circulation The heart Blood flow through the heart Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary arteries ( Unoxygenated blood) → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta ( oxygenated blood) What chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?  The heart valves What valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle into the left atrium? In plain language - blood flow through the heart. Start Think about Know Answer Always start Think about the Know that the with the right- heart itself – pulmonary Right ventricle hand side – so atriums are at artery is next Pulmonary any answer the top, artery starting with left ventricles are Lungs is wrong below – so Pulmonary vein naturally Left Atrium atriums will come first Left ventricle followed by ventricles. Blood components  White blood cells The nervou s system Nerve cells are also called neurons They are adapted to carry electrical impulses from one place to another. They feature: Axon – a single nerve fibre that carries nerve impulses away from a cell body which is insulated by a fatty sheath Dendrites - branched nerve fibres which receive nerve impulses and pass them towards a cell body. Sympathetic and parasympath etic nervous systems Sympathetic Stress Parasympathetic Peace Kidneys What makes up the renal system  Kidneys So what Ureter Bladder makes up Ureter the renal system Not ovaries, not vas deference, not uterus – watch the spelling Filtration The kidneys filter unwanted substances from the blood and produce urine to excrete them. There are three main steps of urine formation: glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. These processes ensure that only waste and excess water are removed from the body. The Filtration Membrane Keeps Blood Cells and Large Proteins in the Bloodstream Waste products Urine – is the main nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys Gi tract The Oesophagus passes through the diaphragm. Function of the oesophagus and stomach Function of oesophagus – to transport food to the stomach Peristaltic waves force food towards the stomach as part of the process of swallowing The oesophagus passes through the diaphragm. The stomach breaks down the food – 2 actions Churning Secretion of hydrochloric acid Small bowel = Absorption The main functions of the small intestine are to complete digestion of food and to absorb nutrients. What helps absorption? Villi By increasing the surface area Fallopian tubes function To facilitate the transport of eggs from the ovary to the uterus Secondary sexual characteristics Hormones responsible Testosterone Oestrogen  Where is sperm produced. In the testes. Fertilisation Happens in the fallopian tube – not anywhere else. Fertilisation creates a zygote Organogen esis Formation of the organs in an embryo Preterm survival 22-23 weeks – 5% - 10% survival rate 24-26 weeks – around 60% survival rate 27 - 31 weeks – 89% survival rate Fats – what do they do ? They are a source of energy They help build the membrane around cells They are a source of fatty acids Help the body absorb vitamin A, vitamin D and vitamin E. These vitamins are fat-soluble, which means they can only be absorbed with the help of fats. Threats to health of our foetus Maternal diet Maternal health Maternal lifestyle – alcohol, smoking, drugs. Infections Female fertility Starts to drop in our 30’s Average age menopause 50 Don’t confuse the two Primary aging Grey hair Wrinkles Going bold Things we don’t have much control over Secondary aging Lifestyle choices made in early and middle adulthood have an impact on secondary aging. Smoking Drinking Obesity UV light Lack of exercise Osteoporosi s Loss of bone density Significantly increased risk of fractures, beginning as early as 50 for some women. Sleep Adults need 7-9 hours Babies need the most sleep REM sleep Stage 5 (REM): Rapid Eye Movement sleep, dreaming occurs, brain activity similar to wakefulness, important for cognitive functions like memory and learning. Melatonin Light Exposure: Light, especially blue light from screens, can suppress melatonin production. Darkness stimulates its release, helping regulate the sleep-wake cycle No sleep – more chronic disease Chronic sleep deprivation can lead to increased risk of chronic disease Pain Chronic Pain? Long term More than 12 weeks Referred pain – pain that is perceive in a different location from where it originates from Visceral pain – originates in the organs Somatic pain – comes from bones muscles and joints Nutrition Macronutrients are the nutrients we need in larger quantities that provide us with energy: in other words, fat, protein and carbohydrate. Micronutrients are mostly vitamins and minerals and are equally important but consumed in very small amounts. We generally get our micronutrients along with macronutrients Dairy Dairy products contain a lot of the Vit b12 and this is an important source of this for vegetarians. A good source of protein is …….. Nuts! Eatwell says – 1/3 of your plate should be green Eatwell - fluids Breastfeedi ng – WHO recommen ds 6 months Diet fortification Full fat or sugar products Add extra butter/cream/ cheese/full cream milk Add sugars or preserves.  Overwei ght 25- 29.9 BMI Once you hit 30 you are obese Advice Go through my revision lists – make a list of answers and learn them. Prepare well so you pass first time – it’s so much harder to pass 6 months after doing the module. If you are unsure of the answer look at getting rid of at least 2 answers – use common sense – think about what we have talked about. Do the questions you know first and then go back to spend time on the others. Good luck You got this And thank you for being amazing students.