Health Test Revision Notes PDF

Summary Lesson 1.1 Learning About Health and Wellness The term health refers to the state of complete physical, mental and emotional, and social well-being. Wellness is an active process that involves becoming aware of and making choices toward improving aspects of health....

Summary Lesson 1.1 Learning About Health and Wellness The term health refers to the state of complete physical, mental and emotional, and social well-being. Wellness is an active process that involves becoming aware of and making choices toward improving aspects of health. Well-being is a person’s overall satisfaction that life’s present conditions are good. Personal well-being depends on good physical, mental and emotional, and social health. These aspects of your health are interrelated, meaning they all interact with and affect each other. Focusing on wellness means that you not only go to the doctor to receive treatment when you are sick, you also go to the doctor when you are well to help you stay healthy. Lesson 1.2 Recognizing Factors That Affect Health and Wellness Risk factors are aspects of people’s lives that increase the chance of a disease, injury, or decline in health. Some risk factors, such as genetic factors, are not within your control. Many environmental and lifestyle risk factors, however, are within your control. Protective factors are aspects of people’s lives that reduce risk and increase the likelihood of good health. Your environment includes the circumstances, objects, or conditions that surround you in everyday life and affect your health and wellness. This includes your physical, social, and economic environments.  Your physical environment consists of the places where you spend your time, the region in which you live, the air you breathe, and the water you drink. Your social environment includes the people in your life and your culture (the beliefs, values, customs, and arts of a group of people). Your economic environment includes your level of education and income level. Making healthy lifestyle choices and practicing healthy behaviors promote your personal health and wellness today and in the future. Lesson 1.3 Building Skills for Health and Wellness The decision-making process involves identifying a decision, brainstorming options, identifying possible outcomes, making a decision, and reflecting on the decision. Effective goals are SMART goals—specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and timely. When peers or family members attempt to influence you to engage in unhealthy behaviors, refusal skills can help you respond without compromising your goals, values, or health. Conflict resolution skills, which involve negotiation and compromise, help you resolve arguments in a way that promotes healthy relationships. The ability to locate, interpret, apply, and communicate information as it relates to your health is called health literacy. Taking charge of your health and wellness involves playing an active role in your healthcare and advocating for your personal health.  Cells are the basic unit of life. A tissue is a collection of similar cells that do a certain job. An organ is a collection of tissues that perform a specific job. The integumentary system includes the skin, hair, and nails. It covers and protects the body, keeps out germs, makes vitamin D, and houses nerve endings. The skeletal system is made of 206 bones that provide structure, shape, and protection. At joints, bones are held together by ligaments. The muscular system helps the body move as muscle tissue contracts. There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscle. Lesson 2.2 Moving and Exchanging Substances The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system, is responsible for the flow of blood and substances through the body. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood while veins carry oxygen-poor blood. Capillaries deliver oxygen and nutrients to body cells and pick up cell waste. Blood carries oxygen and nutrients through the body, removes carbon dioxide and waste, regulates a person’s body temperature, and protects the body against infection. The respiratory system delivers oxygen to blood vessels, then sends carbon dioxide out of the body. This exchange is called respiration. Lesson 2.3 Digesting and Removing Substances The digestive system breaks down food to provide nutrients and energy for the body. It also removes waste from the body.  Undigested food passes into the large intestine, where it is removed from the body as feces. The urinary system removes liquid waste from the body using the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The lymphatic system, including the immune system, is responsible for removing foreign substances from the body. The main organs of this system are the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus, and white blood cells. Lesson 2.4 Controlling and Regulating the Body The nervous system contains the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs. The brain controls body functions, stores information, and makes sense of signals coming from sensory organs. The spinal cord carries nerve signals between the brain and the body. Senses allow the body to know about itself and the surrounding environment. The endocrine system uses hormones to control the body. This system uses the pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid glands, and adrenal glands to produce various hormones. The pancreas, ovaries, and testes also produce hormones for the endocrine system Summary Lesson 3.1 Caring for Your Skin, Hair, and Nails Personal hygiene is the act of caring for and cleaning your body. Taking a bath or shower and applying deodorant or antiperspirant every day will help prevent body odor.  Eating healthy foods, drinking lots of water, and getting enough sleep can help your skin look and stay healthy. Spending too much time in the sun, or in tanning beds, can damage skin and possibly lead to skin cancer. Take precautions such as applying sunscreen with a minimum of 15 SPF to protect yourself when outdoors. Acne is a skin condition commonly developed during adolescence. It occurs when glands produce too much oil and clog pores. Washing your face gently twice a day can help treat and prevent acne. A condition that causes swollen, red, dry, and itchy patches of skin on one or more parts of the body is eczema, or dermatitis. Eczema is not contagious and is often treatable with over-the-counter products. Getting a tattoo or a body piercing is a permanent decision. People should think carefully about the risks involved with these procedures before making a decision. Having oily hair or dandruff are common conditions during puberty. Regularly washing your hair and eating a diet of healthy foods will help keep your hair healthy. To care for your nails, keep them dry, clean, and trimmed. Wear gloves when using harsh chemicals. Lesson 3.2 Keeping Your Mouth, Eyes, and Ears Healthy Oral health refers to your mouth, teeth, and gums. If you have poor oral hygiene, bacteria can cause infections or disease. You should brush and floss your teeth at least twice a day to prevent cavities and plaque from forming. Plaque can harm the enamel surface of your teeth and lead to gingivitis in the gums. Poor oral hygiene, gum disease, cavities, trapped food particles, and certain medical conditions can cause bad breath.  Certain mouth and teeth conditions can be treated at home while others need to be treated by a dentist or orthodontist. Common vision conditions can be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or surgery (like LASIK). Protect your eyes with eyewear during contact sports or in construction areas and with sunglasses when outdoors. Exposure to loud sound through headphones can damage the inner ear and cause hearing loss. The louder the sound, the less time it takes to inflict hearing damage. Hearing loss can also be caused by a ruptured eardrum from changes in pressure, insertion of an object into the ear, or an infection. Get regular vision and hearing exams to treat any conditions before they get worse. Understanding Sleep People who get insufficient sleep are sleep deprived, which prevents their bodies from rejuvenating, healing, and resting. Those who do not get enough sleep experience a sleep deficit. Naturally occurring physical, behavioral, and mental changes in the body that follow the 24-hour cycle of the sun are called circadian rhythms. The body monitors light in the environment and releases melatonin at night. Disruptions to the circadian rhythm, such as being exposed to blue light at night, can take a while to overcome. Melatonin is a hormone that increases feelings of relaxation and sleepiness and signals that it is time to go to sleep. Blue light is a type of light from many digital devices, such as phones, tablets, televisions, and computers, that produces large amounts of energy. Throughout one evening, you cycle through four distinct stages of sleep multiple times. Lesson 4.2  Recognizing Sleep Disorders Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) or “night owl” syndrome is a disorder that results in a person being unable to fall asleep until very late at night and naturally not waking up until much later in the morning. DSPS is common during adolescence. Trouble falling or staying asleep is called insomnia. This affects a person’s ability to get enough sleep. The most common forms of parasomnia are bed-wetting, nightmares, sleepwalking, restless legs syndrome (RLS), and teeth grinding. Sleep apnea is a potentially serious disorder in which a person stops breathing for short periods of time during sleep. This can be due to an obstruction in the person’s airway (obstructive sleep apnea), or the brain failing to send the right signals to the muscles that control breathing (central sleep apnea). Narcolepsy affects the brain’s ability to control the sleep-wake cycle, which can cause people to suddenly fall asleep for seconds or minutes at a time. Lesson 4.3 Developing Strategies for Getting Enough Sleep Setting and following a sleep-wake schedule every day of the week is one of the best ways to avoid an irregular sleeping pattern. Naps can be helpful for getting some extra sleep throughout the day as long as they are no longer than 30 minutes or are not too close to bedtime. Being physically active at least 20–30 minutes every day can help people fall asleep and stay asleep. Even if they do not struggle with sleep disorders, people should avoid drinks and foods with caffeine near bedtime.  Practicing relaxation techniques before bed can help prepare the body for sleep. A comfortable sleep environment is also important for getting the best sleep possible. Most people sleep best in a cool, dark, and quiet room. Spending time in places with little natural light and being exposed to blue light from digital devices can disrupt the body’s production of melatonin and the sleep-wake cycle.