Social Work With Individuals PDF

SOCIAL WORK WITH INDIVIDUALS COMPONENT OF SOCIAL Physical CASEWORK Psychological Social PERSON It causes the person to be ineff...

SOCIAL WORK WITH INDIVIDUALS COMPONENT OF SOCIAL Physical CASEWORK Psychological Social PERSON It causes the person to be ineffective or disturbed in carrying out his social roles. ❖ The one who seeks help from the social worker REASONS WHY INDIVIDUALS ARE ❖ Every client is a product of nature UNABLE TO SOLVE THEIR and nurture PROBLEMS ❖ An individual’s behavior is conditioned by his/her environment ❖ Individual cannot solve the problem or experience because the tangible means and ❖ Other people’s behavior can be resources they need are not available understood only in terms of one’s to them. own emotional and intellectual ❖ They may be unknowledgeable or comprehension lacks information about existing ways of meeting it. PROBLEMS ❖ They may be so drained or depleted of emotional and physical energy ❖ A difficulty in social functioning that he can hardly lift a finger to help may be considered a problem within themselves. the context of social case work. ❖ The emotions may be so strong that ❖ No one in the family/group to which the overpower his reason and defy they belong can help them with it. his conscious controls. ❖ The client can participate in its resolution and can use professional PROBLEM TYPOLOGY help. ❖ They can relate to the worker and Problems of Livelihood can consciously participate in the Difficulty of Role Performance resolution of their problem can Difficulty in Interpersonal casework be applied as a method for Relationships improving their social functioning. Problems of Social Transition Dissatisfaction in Social Relations The problem may be: Problems with Formal Organizations Some unmet need Impact of natural calamities and Economic social unrest Medical Reactive Emotional Distress Educational Problems involving Borderline One of stress Pathological SOCIAL WORK WITH INDIVIDUALS SOME CONSIDERATIONS IN the problem co-exist, but either one DEALING WITH PROBLEM may be the cause of the other. PRESENTED BY CLIENTS ❖ Whatever the nature of the problem brought to the social agency, it is ❖ Most problem that clients bring are always accompanied and often multi-faceted and dynamic in nature. complicated by the problems of There is a need for partialization. being a client Determine the focus Anxiety in asking help Primary importance Guilt feelings What is most accessible to Embarrassing modification Damaged self-esteem ❖ The choice of focus will be CATEGORIES OF PROBLEMS determined by: What the clients wants and needs Presenting problem What is the worker’s Underlying problem professional judgement is Working problem possible and desirable What the agency is for PLACE What can happen ❖ Problems experienced by human beings tend to have chain reaction. SOCIAL AGENCY Example: ❖ The place which assists a person Loss of job > loss of home > dropping out with his social problem. of school > marital conflict > separation > ❖ It is this organization which employs broken home > criminality > being in jail social workers to help the client > stigma > loss of job R.A 4373 An act to regulate the Practice of Social ❖ Any problem which a person Work and the Operation of Social Work encounters has both an objective and Agencies in the Philippines and for Other subjective significance. Purposes ❖ Problems can be observed objectively, and felt by the person ❖ It uses the term “social work agency: subjectively implying that it is an organization ❖ Persons react differently to the same specifically set up to provide social problem situation work services ❖ Not only do the external (objective) ❖ The unit, department or division and internal (subjective) aspects of which delivers social work services SOCIAL WORK WITH INDIVIDUALS is usually called a “social service the Philippine Charity unit” Sweepstakes. Philippine National COMMON FUNCTION Red Cross SOURCE OF PROFESSIONAL ❖ Their function is to help people with AUTHORITY problems of social functioning. 1. PRIMARY AGENCY/SETTING One which carries full authority and responsibility for its social welfare purpose TYPES OF AGENCIES and functions. It is manned by social workers and uses one or all SOURCE OF SUPPORT the 3 direct methods of social work interventions. ❖ Taxes, donations and contributions 2. SECONDARY from individuals and entities. AGENCY/SETTING 1. PUBLIC AGENCIES One which is a part of another human service or Agencies supported from social organization taxes Social workers derive their Also known as Government authority and responsibility Agencies form the host agency Government Agencies School created by law Jail DSWD Hospital 2. PRIVATE AGENCIES Court Agencies which derive their Industries means of support from 3. AGENCY FUNCTION OR AREA contributions of private OF CONCERN individuals or group Each agency, public or Also known as non- private, define certain areas governmental organizations of social need as the (NGO) particular field in which to 3. SEMI-GOVERNMENT give service and in which it AGENCIES develops expertness of Derive support from the knowledge and applies government, usually through special resources SOCIAL WORK WITH INDIVIDUALS GENERIC CHARACTERISTICS Policies refer to the COMMON TO ALL SOCIAL guidelines for actions – AGENCIES manual as reference 4. The social agency should be a living, 1. The social agency is an expression of dynamic viable organization which the values and will of a society or can be understood and changed and some group in that society as to developed to meet changing needs social welfare. and situations It embodies a society’s Has relevance to community decision to protect its Interdependent – operates in member against social relation to other social breakdown, prevent agencies maladjustment and promote 5. Every staff member in an agency development speaks and acts for some part of the 2. Each social agency administers and agency’s function and the operates a program intended to meet caseworker represents the agency in and alleviate the problem area with its individual help which it is concerned It is therefore important for Ways and means include social workers to know and factors as: understand the agency, both - Financial resources in blueprint and in operation - Knowledge and 6. The worker, while presenting his/her competence agency, is first and foremost a - Interests representative of his/her profession - Support of community The social agency is in itself - Consistency an instrument of the social 3. The social agency has a structure by work profession, thus which it organizes, defines and expected to adhere and delegates its responsibilities and task respect social work values and issues operating policies and and principles in its practice procedures PROCESS Structure is agency’s anatomy, framework that binds it together as one body ❖ It is the means through which the so that it can perform the agency’s purpose is achieved function to which it was ❖ It aims to achieve two things: created To help the client to meet his need or solve a problem. To provide him with fruitful coping experiences which he SOCIAL WORK WITH INDIVIDUALS may use later as he goes 2. Implementation and Goal through life attainment 3. Termination and evaluation MARY RICHMOND IN 1921 DIVIDED THE PROCESS INTO 3 THE SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM- 1. Study SOLVING METHOD 2. Diagnosis 3. Treatment 1. Identification of the problem ❖ Intake The problem bothering the client is identified during NAOMI BRILL IN 1973 intake. ENUMERATED 9 STEPS: Application or Admission 1. Engagement 2. Assessment It becomes the 3. Definition of the problem starting point of data- 4. Setting of goals gathering 5. Selection of alternative methods of The helping process is intervention set in motion 6. Establishment of a contract ❖ Purpose of Intake 7. Action leading toward the desired goal To record the 8. Evaluation preliminary 9. Continuation or termination identifying data about the client and her request. (Intake sheet) ❖ Pincus and Minahan start with To identify the problem assessment and data presenting problem collection To establish the ❖ Helen Norther (1982) client’s presumptive Starts with assessment, which eligibility for includes problem assistance identification, data-gathering The intake worker and planning the intervention makes the initial HEPWORTH AND LARSEN exploration of the DIVIDED THE PROCESS INTO 3 problem PHASES On the basis of his findings, he forms a 1. Exploration, assessment and planning tentative conclusion SOCIAL WORK WITH INDIVIDUALS whether or not the Observing client’s behavior – agency can help overt and external The client forms a Listening to verbal and non- first impression of the verbal cues agency Noticing the emotional The helping undertones, pauses and blockings relationship may be in the giving of information, said to start at the first evidence of pain and anxiety interview1 3. Diagnostic assessment ❖ The worker’s professional opinion as to the nature of the presenting problem 2. Data-gathering ❖ It is to evaluate the client’s ❖ It is also called “fact-finding” motivation to use help and – process of observation and his capacity/strengths to work classification of facts and on the problem, taking into data gathered account the factors that ❖ The material gathered is precipitated the problem recorded in a professional ❖ The worker is able to identify record, the first part of which the is the social or case study o Immediate problem – ❖ Sources of information that which is causing Interviews with the the present difficulty client himself o Underlying problem – Interviews with those that which tends to significantly involved perpetuate the in his situation – his immediate problem social milieu o Working problem – Records and factors that may stand documents in the way/process of Test and examinations treatment ❖ History Taking 4. Planning the solution Initial History ❖ Involves goal setting, as well o For diagnosis and focus as setting specific objectives History as relieving a certain and determination of emotional or traumatic strategies to be used. experience ❖ Plans may be: ❖ Verbal and Non-verbal cues o Immediate o Near Future SOCIAL WORK WITH INDIVIDUALS o Long-term ❖ The emphasis is on working ❖ The goal provides direction to the with rather than working for efforts of both the client and the the client worker ❖ Two types of usual assistance o Material resources PLANNING THE INTERVENTION o Therapeutic-educative S – Specific experience with the M – Measurable client may find useful A – Attainable later in his life R – Realistic ▪ Reflective T – Time-bound thinking ▪ Evaluation of decisions ▪ Develop social ❖ Criteria of selection of strategies competence and approaches for ▪ Effective accomplishing the goal behavior o Maximum feasibility ▪ Inculcate – greatest chance of values producing the desired ❖ This also requires the worker’s result skill in case management o Availability of ❖ Case management is seeing to it resources that what needs to be done is o Workability – can be actually carried out. carried out ❖ This requires knowledge of ❖ Intervention or treatment plans available resources, skill in should take into account the utilizing these resources, and wishes of the client and the creation of new resources worker’s professional judgement ❖ Duration of service whether they are appropriate and o This is setting a time achievable limit to the service ❖ Despite well laid out plans, within which the alternative courses of action may desired change may be necessary to reach the goal be achievable 5. Implementation ❖ This often left to the worker’s ❖ These are the specific ways professional judgement of accomplishing the goals 6. Evaluation and objectives, the roles and ❖ It is to measure the impact of the tasks that have been defined social worker’s intervention SOCIAL WORK WITH INDIVIDUALS ❖ Impact refers to the difference ❖ The case maybe continued when between the pre-intervention the results of the action indicate situation or behavior and the post that some progress or movement intervention situation and has been made but not enough to behavior satisfy either the worker or the ❖ Evaluation is based on the client objectives set DUAL FOCUS OF SOCIAL ❖ Usually takes place after every FUNCTIONING major step in the treatment or intervention phase ❖ It enables the worker to PERSON IN ENVIRONMENT (P-I-E) determine the progress and ❖ The person who seeks to develop readiness of the client, the quality their coping or problem-solving of service and the client’s view of capacities it ❖ How people cope with their life task ❖ To see the results of what has ❖ Person is not separate from the been done so far environment ❖ Formative evaluation ❖ It is important to understand the - Review, revise, assess person’s coping capacity, as it may ❖ Summative evaluation entail social functioning problem - To focus on the goals assessment formulated - Biological ❖ Qualitative measures - Psychological - Describe the situation - Social before and after intervention A person is a product of their past ❖ Quantitative measures experiences, shaped by present socio- political-economic realities – equipped - Uses ratings and with capacities, potentials and motivations instrument for becoming. 7. Termination or Continuation ❖ The goal has been achieved and service completed PERSON AND ENVIRONMENT ❖ Nothing further is to be gained ❖ Interactions between the person and by continuing the environment ❖ The client requests termination ❖ Demands made by the environment ❖ Referral has been made to ❖ The environment that influences another source for help them to respond or behave the way ❖ Change has been stabilized, the they do client can now manage by himself SOCIAL WORK WITH INDIVIDUALS INDIVIDUAL’S COPING CAPACITY FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL WORK IS AFFECTED BY: 1. Physical Condition RESTORATIVE, CURATIVE, 2. Values REMEDIAL, REHABILITIVE 3. Attitudes ❖ To assist individuals and groups to 4. Knowledge identify and resolve or minimize 5. Skills problems arising out of disequilibrium between themselves SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT ❖ Networks of overlapping social and the environment systems and social situation PREVENTIVE - Ecological systems - Cultures ❖ To identify potential areas of - Institutions disequilibrium between individuals or groups and the environment in SOCIAL SITUATION order to prevent the occurrence of ❖ Smaller part of the social disequilibrium environment ❖ More immediate environment that DEVELOPMENTAL has meaning for the individual ❖ To seek out, identify and strengthen ❖ Where individual has one or more the maximum potential of - Status – Role individuals, groups and communities - Group member - Role performer SOCIAL CASEWORK ❖ A process used by certain human DYSFUNCTIONAL SOCIAL welfare agencies to help individuals SITUATION to cope more effectively with their ❖ Structurally and culturally problems in social functioning inadequate or disorganized ❖ Involves direct intervention ❖ Lacks needed resources and opportunities CASE MANAGEMENT ❖ Requires performance beyond one’s ❖ Modern application of social capacity or ability casework complements the generalist ❖ Stimulates unacceptable stress. approach Threatening or harmful ❖ Focuses specially on coordinating ❖ Presents insurmountable barriers. services and resources for Generates value conflicts individuals with complex needs ❖ Centered around linking clients to appropriate support and monitoring their progress SOCIAL WORK WITH INDIVIDUALS ❖ Linking, mediating, networking, A SOCIALLY FUNCTIONING PERSON coordinating IS ABLE TO COPE WITH SOCIAL ❖ Systemic approach to ensure RELATIONS AND TASK comprehensive case 1. Effective in the performance of their INABILITY TO PERFORM SOCIAL tasks ROLES 2. Derives social satisfaction from the ❖ Impairment, disturbance or performance of tasks deficiency in behavior on the part of 3. Responsible to others an individual person, between people in a relationship, among family TYPES OF COPING SKILLS members, or community and the 1. SKILL society - In obtaining and ❖ It may manifest as frequent conflict, soliciting types of emotional or physical disturbance information needed to function well 2. THINKING - About and planning for a future 3. CONTROLLING - Emotions (not suppressing) 4. SKILL - To control need for immediate gratification 5. IDENTIFYING (SKIDMORE) - Alternative ways of approaching a SOCIAL FUNCTIONING problematic situation and ❖ Social work’s focus of concern evaluating the pros and ❖ Social work seeks to enhance the cons of each alternative social functioning of individuals, singularly or in groups PROFESSIONAL USE OF SELF ❖ Conscious utilization of one’s Relation between the coping activity o personal self in the style and people and the demand from the technique of a social work environment. professional. - Harriet Bartlett 1970 ❖ It involves integrating personal experiences, beliefs, values and emotions into the therapeutic process SOCIAL WORK WITH INDIVIDUALS ❖ Social workers can establish a BUILDING COLLABORATIVE genuine connection with their clients RELATIONSHIPS and enhance the effectiveness of ❖ It fosters mutual trust and respect their interventions ❖ Social workers should actively ❖ Building strong client-professional involve clients in the decision- relationships making process, honoring their ❖ Social workers need to have a deep autonomy and promoting their self- understanding of their own values, determination biases, strengths and limitations STANDARDS OF ETHICAL ❖ It is a way of engaging authentically CONDUCT with clients to make a positive impact RELATIVE TO SELF AND THE REFLECTIVE PRACTICE PROFESSION ❖ It can help social workers examine their reactions, emotions and Adhere to the philosophy, principles, assumptions during client values and beliefs of the profession interactions. Honesty and transparency ❖ It allows for self-awareness and Professional advancement and enables professionals to make promotion of social work practice conscious decisions in their and share research knowledge and interventions practice wisdom Contribute in the cultural values, and EMPATHY AND ACTIVE promotion of respect for the integrity LISTENING and competence of social workers ❖ To develop empathy and actively and the profession listen to their clients Volunteerism ❖ By understanding their clients’ perspectives and emotional experiences, professional can build RELATIVE TO CLIENTS trust and rapport Uphold basic human rights and serve CULTURAL COMPETENCE without discrimination ❖ To provide effective and respectful Responsibility and accountability to services clients through self-determination ❖ Professionals should continually and confidentiality educate themselves about diverse Ensure equality and equity cultures and actively learn from their Special regard for disadvantaged or clients, allowing them to adapt their oppressed approaches accordingly SOCIAL WORK WITH INDIVIDUALS RELATIVE TO COLLEAGUES TOWARDS THE AGENCY Respect the professional expertise of Loyalty other disciplines and cooperate Cooperates in the achievement of accordingly goals Bring any violation of professional Participation in the formulation of ethics to the attention of the policies towards improvement appropriate bodies inside and outside Does not immediately oppose the profession without consultation To advocate with legislative and Observe agency rules and procedures policy bodies for the welfare of all and advocates for modification colleagues TOWARDS THE PUBLIC UNWRITTEN DUES AND Responds promptly to requests for OBLIGATIONS assistance Makes use of appropriate TOWARD CLIENTS opportunities to interpret her work to Deals with client openly and frankly the community but careful in dealing with client Helps bring about a sound and problems constructive public opinion in the Patient, tolerant and considerate of matters of social concerns the client’s point of view ETHICAL DILEMMAS Never uses threat or deceit Punctual and makes no compromises Never discriminate (hopeless vs 1. Manipulation promising cases) 2. Advocacy Act on the basis of adequate 3. Conflicting loyalties knowledge of client’s situation 4. Cultural and other realities TOWARD COLLEAGUES AND THE VALUES PROFESSION DIGNITY AND WORTH OF A PERSON Courteous and fair Cooperates - Inherent capacity Maintain high standards of honor, INTEGRITY integrity and morality Makes only constructive criticism - A person has obligation to Does not exploit professional seek ways of self- membership fulfillment and contribute to the common good SOCIAL WORK WITH INDIVIDUALS SOCIAL JUSTICE 4. PERSONALISM - Attaches major - Society has the obligation importance to the to facilitate an individual personal factor self-fulfillment o Tiwala COMPETENCE o Kilala 5. UTANG NA LOOB - Harmonious development - Showing gratitude by of abilities returning favor IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN 6. PATIENCE, SUFFER AND RELATIONSHIP ENDURANCE - It has religious - Interdependence of underpinnings individual and society PRINCIPLES SERVICE - Availability of social 1. Acceptance of people as they are resources 2. Participation of the client in problem DOMINANT FILIPINO VALUES solving 3. Self-determination 4. Individualization of clients 1. SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE 5. Confidentiality a. Smooth Interpersonal Relation 6. Worker self-awareness – Getting to avoid conflict 7. Client-Worker Relationship - Pakikisama - AMBIVALENCE - Euphemism o Human minds - Tulay function in b. Amor propio – sensitivity to dualistic way personal insult to protect the o Conflicting individual against loss of social feelings acceptance - TRANSFERENCE 2. EMOTIONAL CLOSENESS AND o Client SECURITY IN A FAMILY unconsciously - Sacrificing individual transfers to the interest for the good of social worker the family attributes or 3. AUTHORITY VALUE characteristics of - Authorities in the family some important or and community must be powerful persons respected and obeyed in his early life SOCIAL WORK WITH INDIVIDUALS - COUNTER- TRANSFERENCE o Unconscious response of the social worker to the client’s unconscious transference