System Integration And Architecture (CTSYSINL) PDF

WEEK 1 & 2 - SYSTEM information system (IS) - is a set of interconnected components and INTEGRATION AND processes that collect, store, ARCHITECTURE process, and disseminate (CTSYSINL)...

WEEK 1 & 2 - SYSTEM information system (IS) - is a set of interconnected components and INTEGRATION AND processes that collect, store, ARCHITECTURE process, and disseminate (CTSYSINL) information to support an organization's operations, Information - a complex concept management, and decision- that encompasses various aspects making. An IS is a vital tool for of knowledge, meaning, organizations to manage their organization, and relevance operations, improve efficiency, and System - set of interconnected gain a competitive advantage. components, elements, or parts Components of an Information that work together to achieve a System common goal or function. In other words, a system is a whole that is -Hardware: computers, networks, composed of multiple parts or peripherals subsystems that interact with each -Software: operating systems, other and with their environment. applications, utilities -Data: types, formats, storage, and Characteristics of a Useful retrieval System -People: users, developers, -A system is a whole. administrators -Components of a system interact. -Procedures: business process, -Systems are goal seeking. workflow -Systems have input and output. -Systems must be controlled. -Systems forms a hierarchy. -Systems exhibit differentiation. Information Systems (IS) Types Supply Chain Management Systems (SCM) - Manage the flow Transaction Processing Systems of goods, services, and information (TPS) - Handle routine transactions, from raw materials to end such as sales, inventory customers. management, and payroll processing. Management Information Other Systems related to IT Systems (MIS) - Provide managers Human Resource Information with relevant information to support Systems (HRIS) - These systems decision-making. manage HR-related data, such as Decision Support Systems (DSS) - employee records, benefits, and Assist decision-makers in making payroll. informed decisions by analyzing Financial Management Systems - data and providing These systems manage financial recommendations. transactions, including accounting, Knowledge Management Systems budgeting, and forecasting. (KMS) - Manage and share Inventory Management Systems - knowledge within an organization. These systems manage inventory Enterprise Resource Planning levels, tracking and controlling the Systems (ERP) - Integrate various movement of goods and materials. business functions, such as Network Management Systems - finance, human resources, and These systems monitor and supply chain management. manage network infrastructure, Customer Relationship ensuring reliable and secure Management Systems (CRM) - connectivity. Manage customer interactions and Database Management Systems relationships. (DBMS) - These systems manage and organize data in a database, allowing for efficient retrieval and Geographic Information System manipulation. (GIS) -These systems capture, analyze, and display geospatial Cloud Computing Systems - data. These systems provide on-demand access to a shared pool of Business Intelligence Systems - computing resources, such as These systems analyze data to gain servers, storage, and applications. insights and make informed business decisions. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Systems - These systems use machine learning algorithms to analyze data What is System Integration? and make decisions autonomously. -IT integration, or systems Internet of Things (IoT) Systems - integration, is the connection of These systems connect devices data, applications, APIs, and and sensors to collect data and devices across your IT organization automate processes. to be more efficient, productive, Telephony Systems - These and agile. systems manage phone calls, voice messages, and other communication protocols. -System Integration refers to the process by which multiple Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) - individual subsystems or sub- These systems provide secure and components are combined into one private access to networks over the all-encompassing larger system internet. thereby allowing the subsystems to Content Management Systems function together. In other words, (CMS) - These systems manage the symbiosis created through content creation, editing, and system integration allows the main publishing for websites and other system to achieve the overarching digital platforms. functionality required by the organization. System Architecture - is the Category of System conceptual model that defines the Integration structure, behavior, and more views of a system. A system architecture can consist of system components Enterprise Application Integration and the sub-systems developed, (EAI) - EAI is the process of that will work together to integrating different applications implement the overall system. within a single enterprise. This can include applications such as Types of system integration financial systems, CRM systems, Internal integrations: a company and ERP systems. connects its internal systems to Data Integration (DI) - the process streamline specific workflows of integrating different data sources Customer-facing integrations: a into a single system. This can company connects its product with include data from databases, customers’ applications to help spreadsheets, and text files. clients get more value from their Application Integration - connects solution different software applications to Business-to-business (B2B) enable them to interact and share integration: a company connects information. its ERP system with business Business Process Integration - partners’ to streamline aligns and optimizes business transactions processes across different systems Enterprise service bus (i.e., and departments. horizontal integration): systems connect to a “bus”, or a bus-like infrastructure, that facilitates communication between the various systems. Enterprise Application -Ensures data consistency and Integration (EAI) accuracy. -Focuses on connecting core Example: Combining sales business applications like ERP, data from different regions into CRM, SCM, and HR systems. a central repository for analysis. -Employs middleware to facilitate communication and data transformation. Application Integration -Improves data consistency -Focuses on integrating both and reduces manual data internal and external applications. entry. -Can involve APIs, web services, or messaging protocols. Example: Integrating an ERP -Enables data exchange, process automation, and application system with a CRM system to composition. share customer data and automate order processing. Example: Integrating a customer- facing mobile app with a backend Data Integration database to provide real-time information. -Involves extracting, transforming, and loading (ETL) data from various systems. Business Process Integration -Creates data warehouses or -Focuses on streamlining workflows data marts for analysis and and improving efficiency. reporting. -Involves identifying and modeling business processes. -Requires close collaboration Common Integration between IT and business Challenges departments. Legacy system modernization Example: Integrating order processing, inventory management, Data migration and validation and shipping processes to reduce Application and platform lead times. integration API management and connectivity Benefits of Systems Strategies to Overcome Integration Challenges -Improved communication and -Thorough planning and data flow between systems. requirements analysis -Enhanced process efficiency and -Effective project management productivity. methodologies (e.g., Agile, Scrum) -Streamlined decision-making and -Collaboration and communication access to real-time information. across teams and stakeholders Challenges of Systems -Proper testing and quality Integration assurance -Technical complexity and -Continuous monitoring and post- compatibility issues integration support -Data quality and consistency -Integration project management Drivers of Systems and resource allocation Integration -Organizational resistance and -Increasing need for information change management sharing and real-time data. -Business process optimization and automation. -Digital transformation efforts. To help them, you can integrate with clients’ human resource -Customer-centricity and information systems (HRISs) and let personalized experiences. clients sync employees from their -Reduced operational costs and respective systems with your improved efficiency. platform. Streamline ticket creation - Best Practices for Successful Now imagine that you offer a Systems product that identifies security vulnerabilities in a client’s code Establishing clear goals and base. objectives Deliver actionable client Conducting a thorough system notifications - To help CSMs analysis and mapping manage accounts efficiently, Prioritizing data quality and integrate your data warehouse (e.g., governance Snowflake) with your business Ensuring system scalability and communication tool (e.g., Slack). future-proof solutions Set up a system that triggers a Slack notification to the assigned rep Engaging with experienced when a client surpasses a specified integration partners product usage threshold, ensuring they stay informed and proactive System integration examples with account management. Easily store key employee documents - Your employees are Automate user provisioning - Say likely to sign a wide range of you want to make it easier for documents over time, from offer clients to add, modify, and remove letters to non-disclosure users in your product. agreements. WEEK 3 - 4 – MODELING Unstructured Data REQUIREMENTS – PART 1 Data that does not have a predefined format, such as DATA documents, images, and videos. -A “given,” – or fact a number, a - statement, or an image Characteristics of Useful -Represent something (quantities, actions and objects) Information -The raw materials in the production Relevant of information Information must pertain to the Information problem at hand -Data that have meaning within a Complete context Partial information is often worse -Data that has been processed into than no information a form that is meaningful to the Accurate recipient and is of real or perceived Erroneous information may lead to value in the current or prospective disastrous decisions action or decisions of the recipient Current Decisions are often based upon the Types of Data latest information available Economical Structured Data In a business setting, the cost of Organized data that adheres to a obtaining information must be predefined schema, typically stored considered as one cost element in databases (e.g., tables in involved in any decision relational databases). What is System? adjust their behavior to maintain stability or improve efficiency. - A system is a collection of interconnected components Boundaries: Systems have defined working together to achieve a boundaries that separate them common goal from their environment. These boundaries determine what is Interconnected Components: A considered part of the system and system consists of multiple parts or what is external to it. components that are connected and interact with each other in a Emergent Properties: Systems can coordinated manner. exhibit emergent properties, which are characteristics or behaviors Common Goal: All components that arise from the interactions of within a system work together the system's components but are towards a shared objective or not present in any individual purpose. This goal could be component anything from performing a specific function to achieving a desired Hierarchy: Systems can be outcome. hierarchical, with subsystems within larger systems. This Input: Systems receive input from hierarchical structure helps in their environment or other systems. organizing complex systems into This input is processed within the manageable components. system to produce an output. Adaptability: Systems can adapt to Output: After processing the input, changes in their environment or a system generates an output, requirements. This adaptability which could be a product, service, allows systems to evolve and information, or any result that remain functional in dynamic reflects the system's activities. conditions. Feedback: Systems often incorporate feedback mechanisms to monitor their performance and Component of an Information used within the system. Processes System ensure that the system operates efficiently and effectively to achieve Hardware: Physical components of its objectives. the system, such as computers, servers, storage devices, Types of information system networking equipment, etc.. Operational Level Systems: These Software: Programs and systems are designed to automate applications that run on the and facilitate operational activities hardware to enable users to within an organization. perform specific tasks. This -They focus on processing includes operating systems, transactions, maintaining data database management systems, integrity, and supporting the daily productivity software, and custom functions of the organization. applications. -Operational-level systems are Data: Raw facts, figures, and typically used by front-line information that are collected, employees and managers to carry stored, processed, and used by the out routine tasks efficiently. system. Data can be structured (in databases) or unstructured (like Examples of operational- documents, images, or videos). level systems include: People: Users who interact with the Transaction Processing Systems system, including stakeholders, (TPS): These systems record and developers, administrators, and process day-to-day transactions end-users. People are essential for such as sales, purchases, and inputting data, using the system, payments in real time. and making decisions based on the Inventory Management Systems: system's outputs. Systems that track inventory levels, Processes: Procedures, guidelines, reorder supplies, and manage stock and workflows that govern how data in warehouses or stores. is collected, processed, stored, and Point of Sales (POS) Systems: -Includes processes for quality planning, assurance, control, and Systems used in retail improvement. environments to process sales transactions, manage inventory, -Often based on standards like ISO and generate sales reports. 9001. Employee Management Systems: Systems that handle tasks like Environmental Management scheduling, payroll processing, and System (EMS): employee record-keeping. -Aim to minimize the environmental impact of an organization's activities. Types of information system -Includes processes for compliance Management systems are tools or with environmental regulations, frameworks that organizations use waste management, and to plan, organize, control, and sustainability initiatives. direct activities to achieve specific goals and objectives. These -Often based on standards like ISO systems help in managing 14001. resources, processes, and people effectively. Health and Safety Management Examples of Management System: systems include: -Focuses on ensuring a safe and Quality Management System healthy work environment for (QMS): employees. -Focuses on ensuring that products -Includes processes for identifying or services meet quality standards and mitigating risks, conducting and customer requirements. safety training, and complying with health and safety regulations. At the strategic level of an anticipate future developments and organization, systems are focused plan accordingly. on long-term planning, decision- making, and shaping the overall direction and goals of the Transaction Processing Systems organization. Strategic level (TPS): systems support senior -Capture and process transactions management in setting goals, in real-time. defining strategies, and allocating -Often used for routine, repetitive resources to achieve competitive tasks like processing sales orders advantage and long-term success. or payroll. -Mainly concerned with operational Examples of strategic-level efficiency and data integrity. systems include: Types of information system Executive Information Systems (EIS): -These systems provide senior Management Information executives with summarized Systems (MIS): reports and key performance -Provide managers with reports and indicators to support strategic summaries of operational data. decision-making. -Help in decision-making at the Business Intelligence Systems: management level. -systems that analyze and visualize -Focus on structured data and large amounts of data to support predefined reports. strategic decision-making. Decision Support Systems (DSS): Scenario Planning Tools: -Assist in decision-making activities -Tools that help in creating and that require analysis of information. analyzing different scenarios to -Provide interactive tools for developed outlining the resources, analyzing data and making timelines, and tasks required. decisions. Analysis: Requirements are -Support unstructured and semi- gathered from stakeholders, and structured decision-making. the system's needs are clearly defined. This phase involves Executive Information Systems understanding the current system (EIS): (if any) and identifying what the new -Serve senior executives with system should do. strategic information. Design: Based on the requirements -Provide access to key performance gathered in the analysis phase, the indicators and critical success system architecture, interfaces, factors. and data are designed. This -Support high-level decision- includes creating detailed making and strategic planning. specifications for how the system will be built. Implementation: This phase involves the actual programming or building of the system based on the design specifications. Developers write code, create databases, and perform unit testing. Testing: The system is tested for bugs and errors to ensure it meets the requirements defined in the analysis phase. Testing can include Phases of SDLC unit testing, integration testing, Planning: In this phase, project system testing, and user goals, scope, constraints, and risks acceptance testing. are identified. A project plan is Deployment: Once testing is diagrams, and functional complete and the system is flowcharts are examples of approved, it is deployed to the functional modeling techniques. production environment. This Structural Modeling: Structural involves installing the system, modeling is concerned with the configuring it, and making it structure of the system, including available to users. its components, relationships Maintenance: After deployment, between these components, and the system enters the maintenance how they interact. Class diagrams, phase where it is monitored, object diagrams, and component updated, and enhanced as needed diagrams are commonly used in to meet changing requirements or structural modeling. to address issues that arise. Behavioral Modeling: Behavioral modeling describes how the system System Modeling behaves and responds to stimuli. It System modeling is a technique includes state diagrams, sequence used in software engineering to diagrams, and collaboration visualize and represent the various diagrams to illustrate the dynamic aspects of a system. It helps in aspects of the system. understanding complex systems by Data Modeling: Data modeling breaking them down into smaller, focuses on representing the data more manageable parts. requirements and structures of the system. Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ERDs) and data flow Types of system modeling diagrams are commonly used in Functional Modeling: This type of data modeling to visualize the flow modeling focuses on the functions of data within the system. or operations that a system Architectural Modeling: performs. It helps in defining what Architectural modeling involves the system does without detailing creating high-level views of the how it does it. Use cases, activity system's architecture, including its components, interfaces, and Functional Decomposition. interactions. Architectural models Functional decomposition is the help in understanding the overall process of breaking down a structure of the system and how its system's functionality into smaller, components work together. more manageable functions or modules. Functional Modeling Structural Modeling Techniques Structural modeling is a key aspect Functional modeling is a crucial of system modeling that focuses on aspect of system modeling that representing the components of a focuses on defining what a system system, their relationships, and does without specifying how it does how they interact with one another. it. It helps in understanding the This type of modeling is essential system's functionality from the for understanding the architecture user's perspective and ensures that of a system and ensuring that all the system meets the specified parts work together effectively. requirements. Key Concepts in Structural Use Cases. Use cases are a Modeling popular functional modeling Components. Components are the technique that describes how a individual parts of a system that user interacts with a system to encapsulate certain functionalities. achieve a specific goal. They can be software modules, Activity Diagrams. Activity hardware units, or any other entities diagrams are used to model the that contribute to the system's flow of activities and actions within overall functionality. Examples: In a system a software system, components might include user interfaces, Functional Flowcharts. Functional databases, and application logic flowcharts are another way to modules represent the flow of functions or operations in a system. Relationships. Relationships a rectangle divided into three define how components interact sections: the class name, with each other. This includes attributes, and methods. associations, dependencies, Relationships are represented by generalizations, and aggregations. lines connecting classes, with Examples: A class diagram may different styles indicating the type show that a Customer class is of relationship (e.g., inheritance, associated with an Order class, association). indicating that customers can Object Diagrams. Object diagrams place orders. provide a snapshot of the instances Hierarchical Structure. Structural of classes at a particular moment in models often represent systems in time. They are useful for illustrating a hierarchical manner, where larger how objects interact in a specific systems contain subsystems, scenario. Notation: Similar to class which in turn may contain smaller diagrams, but they show specific components. Examples: An instances (objects) of classes with enterprise resource planning their current state and (ERP) system may consist of relationships. modules for finance, human Component Diagrams. resources, and supply chain Component diagrams illustrate the management, each of which can organization and dependencies be further broken down into sub- among software components. They modules. are particularly useful in visualizing Structural Modeling the architecture of complex Techniques systems. Notation: Components are represented as rectangles with Class Diagrams. Class diagrams the component name, and are used to represent the static interfaces are shown as circles. structure of a system by showing its Dependencies are indicated by classes, attributes, methods, and dashed arrows. the relationships between classes. Notation: Each class is depicted as Deployment Diagrams. states might include "Red," "Green," Deployment diagrams show the and "Yellow," with transitions physical deployment of artifacts on triggered by timers or sensors. nodes. They are essential for Sequence Diagrams. Sequence understanding the hardware diagrams depict how objects requirements and configurations of interact in a particular scenario by a system. Notation: Nodes are showing the sequence of messages represented as 3D boxes, and exchanged over time. Use Case: In artifacts (like executables or an online shopping application, a libraries) are shown as rectangles. sequence diagram can illustrate the Connections between nodes are interaction between the user, the depicted as lines shopping cart, and the payment Behavioral Modeling processing system during a purchase. Behavioral modeling is a crucial aspect of system modeling that Collaboration Diagrams. focuses on capturing the dynamic Collaboration diagrams focus on behavior of a system and how it the relationships between objects responds to various events and and how they collaborate to stimuli. By enhancing behavioral achieve a specific task. Use Case: modeling, we can gain a deeper In a hotel reservation system, a understanding of the system's collaboration diagram can show interactions and ensure that it how the user interacts with the meets the desired requirements. reservation system, the database, Here are several key examples of and the payment gateway. behavioral modeling techniques: Activity Diagrams. Activity State Diagrams. State diagrams diagrams represent the flow of illustrate the various states an control or data in a system, object can be in and how it capturing the dynamic aspects of transitions between those states the system's behavior. Use Case: In based on events or conditions. Use a payroll processing system, an Case: In a traffic light system, activity diagram can illustrate the steps involved in calculating within a system. This ensures that employee salaries, including data data is organized, stored, and input, calculations, and generating accessed efficiently. Here are paychecks. techniques related to data modeling: Timing Diagrams. Timing diagrams focus on the timing constraints of Entity-Relationship Diagrams events in a system, showing how (ERDs). ERDs visually represent the the timing of events affects the entities in a system and the system's behavior. Use Case: In a relationships between them. real-time monitoring system, a Components: timing diagram can illustrate the timing of data collection from Entities-Objects or concepts (e.g., sensors and the response time of Customer, Order) represented as the system to those inputs. rectangles. Use Case Diagrams. Use case Attributes- Characteristics of diagrams provide a high-level view entities (e.g., Customer Name, of the interactions between users Order Date) represented as ovals. (actors) and the system, outlining Relationships- Connections the system's functionalities. Use between entities (e.g., a Customer Case: In a library management places an Order) represented as system, a use case diagram can diamonds. depict how users interact with the Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs). DFDs system to check out books, return illustrate how data moves through a books, and search for available system, showing the flow of titles. information between processes, Data Modeling data stores, and external entities. Data modeling is a critical process Components: in software and systems Processes: Actions that transform development that involves creating data (represented as circles or a conceptual representation of data ovals). structures and their relationships Data Stores: Repositories where data is stored (represented as System Perspective open-ended rectangles). An external perspective, where External Entities: Sources or you model the context or destinations of data outside the environment of the system system (represented as squares). An interaction perspective, where Data Flows: Depict the movement you model the interaction between of data between processes, data a system and its environment or stores, and external entities. between the component of a Represented by arrows. system Normalization. A process used to A structural perspective, where organize data in a database to you model the organization of a reduce redundancy and improve system or the structural of the data data integrity. Forms: that is processed by the system Normalization involves several A behavioral perspective, where forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF) that define you model the dynamic behavior of rules for structuring data. the system and how its Dimensional Modeling. Used responds to event primarily in data warehousing, dimensional modeling organizes data into facts and dimensions to System Design facilitate querying and reporting. Components: System design is a critical phase in Facts: Quantitative data (e.g., sales the software development process amount) stored in fact tables. where the requirements gathered during the analysis phase are used Dimensions: Descriptive attributes to create a detailed blueprint for the related to facts (e.g., time, location) construction of the system. It stored in dimension tables. involves defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy User Interface Design: The user specified requirements. interface design focuses on creating an intuitive and user- friendly interface for interacting Key aspects of system design with the system. This involves Architectural Design: This involves designing layouts, navigation flows, defining the overall structure of the and incorporating principles of system, including the high-level usability and user experience components, their interactions, and design. the principles that guide their Security Design: Security organization. Common considerations are integrated into architectural styles include client- the system design to ensure that server, layered architecture, the system is protected against microservices, and more. unauthorized access, data Detailed Design: Once the breaches, and other security architecture is defined, the detailed threats. This may involve design phase focuses on implementing authentication elaborating on each component mechanisms, encryption, access and module identified in the control, and other security architecture. This includes defining measures. data structures, algorithms, and System Integration: Designing how interfaces. different system components will Database Design: Designing the interact and integrate with each database involves creating a logical other is crucial for ensuring that the and physical data model that system functions as a cohesive represents how data will be stored, whole. This includes defining organized, and accessed within communication protocols, APIs, the system. This includes defining and data exchange formats. tables, relationships, constraints, Scalability and Performance and indexing strategies. Design: Designing for scalability and performance involves ensuring that the system can handle Activity Diagram Notations increasing loads and maintain In UML (Unified Modeling acceptable performance levels as Language) activity diagrams, the user base grows. This may various symbols and notations are involve strategies such as load used to visually represent the flow balancing, caching, and optimizing of activities and actions within a resource utilization. system or business process. Start and End Nodes: UML diagram types Start Node: Represents the Activity Diagrams beginning of the activity flow. -It show the activities involved in a End Node: Marks the end of the process or in data processing activity flow. -It is basically a flowchart to Action or Activity: represent the flow from one Action or Activity Symbol: activity Represents a specific task or action to another activity. The activity can that needs to be performed. be described as an operation of Decision Points: the system. The basic purpose of Decision Node: Represents a point activity diagrams is to capture the where the flow of activities can take dynamic behavior of the different paths based on system… it is also called objected conditions. oriented flowchart. Merge Node: Combines multiple -This UML diagram focuses on the paths back into a single path. execution and flow of the behavior of a system instead of Control Flow: implementation. Activity diagrams Control Flow Arrow: Shows the consist of activities that are flow of control from one activity to made up of actions that apply to another. It is represented by arrows behavioral modeling technology connecting activities. Fork and Join: A Use Case Diagram is one of the most common types of UML Fork Node: Splits the flow of diagrams used to illustrate the control into multiple concurrent interactions between users and a flows. system. It helps to visualize the Join Node: Merges multiple different ways that users might concurrent flows back into a single interact with a system flow. Use-Case Diagram Notations Guard Conditions: Actor: Represents a user or another Guard Condition: Represents system that interacts with the conditions (usually in square system. An actor can be a person, brackets) that determine which an external system, or even a time- path to take at a decision point. based trigger. Use Case: Represents a specific functionality or a task that the Swimlanes: system performs. Each use case Swimlanes: Used to group describes a sequence of actions activities based on the responsible that the system performs, yielding entity or system component. Each an observable result for a particular swimlane represents a separate actor. entity or system component. Association: A relationship Object Node: Represents an object between an actor and a use case. It or data input/output in an activity. shows that an actor is involved in a Flow Final Node: Represents the particular use case. Associations end of a flow within an activity. are usually depicted using a line connecting an actor to a use case. Initial Node: Marks the starting point of a flow within an activity. System Boundary: The box that encloses all the use cases of a system. It represents the system itself and defines its scope. Include Relationship: Denotes (denoted by a solid line) or that one use case includes the asynchronous (denoted by a functionality of another use case. dashed line). They show the flow of control from one object to another. This relationship is shown with a dashed arrow from the including Activation Bar: A solid rectangle on use case to the included use case. a lifeline that represents the time an object is performing an operation. It Extend Relationship: Denotes that shows when an object is active a use case can be extended with during the execution of a particular additional functionality under message. certain conditions. It is represented by a dashed arrow with a Return Message: Represents the '' stereotype. return value from a method call. It shows the flow of control back to A Sequence Diagram is a type of the calling object. UML diagram that shows how objects interact in a particular scenario of a use case. It illustrates UML Diagram Types the sequence of messages exchanged between objects in a A Class Diagram is a type of UML system over time. diagram that represents the structure of a system by showing the classes of the system, their Sequence Diagram Notations attributes, methods, and the relationships between the classes. Lifeline: A vertical dashed line that represents the existence of an object over a period. The lifeline is Class Diagram Notations drawn from the top of the object down to the bottom. Class Name: The name of the class appears in the first partition Message: Represents communication between objects. Messages can be synchronous Class Attributes model the dynamic behavior of Attributes are shown in the second a system in response to partitions external stimuli. The attributes type is shown after State the colon State: Represents a condition or Attributes map onto member situation during the lifecycle of an variables (data members) in code object or an interaction. Class Operations (Methods): Initial State: Represents the state of an object before any Operations are shown in the third partition. They are events occur. services the class provides. Final State: Represents the completion of an object's lifecycle. The return type of a method is Decision box shown after the colon at the end of the method signature. It contains a condition. Depending upon the result of an evaluated The return type of method guard condition a new path is taken parameters are shown after the for program execution colon following the parameter Transitions name. Operations map onto class methods in code Transition: Represents a change from one state to another triggered by an event. Unified Modeling Language Event: An occurrence that triggers a (UML) includes several types of transition. diagrams to represent different Guard Condition: A condition that aspects of a system. One of must be true for a transition to take these types is the State place. Diagram, which is used to Action: Activity that is executed during a transition. State box It is a specific moment in the lifespan of an object. It is defined using some condition or a statement within the classifier body. It is used to represent any static as well as dynamic situations. Example of State diagram