Reviewer for Finals 1st Semester Religious Education 3 PDF

REVIEWER FOR FINALS 1ST SEMESTER RELIGIOUS EDUCATION 3 INTRODUCTION TO MORAL THEOLOGY Definition of theology: Theology is a “the science which interprets, explains, defends and unfold divine revelation” Theology is a “faith seeking understanding”-St. Anselm Dog...

REVIEWER FOR FINALS 1ST SEMESTER RELIGIOUS EDUCATION 3 INTRODUCTION TO MORAL THEOLOGY Definition of theology: Theology is a “the science which interprets, explains, defends and unfold divine revelation” Theology is a “faith seeking understanding”-St. Anselm Dogmatic Theology and Moral Theology Dogmatic Theology guides us in the contemplation of the truth about God One and Triune and his Creation: it is orthodoxy. Moral Theology points to us how to do the truth in love: it is orthopraxis. 4 Elements of The Christian Faith: The Creed- what we must believe The Our Father- what we should pray and hope for Sacraments- what we must receive to be able to do good The Commandments- what we ought to do Human person as the Object/Subject in Morality The human person is fundamentally a moral or ethical being that man is composed of Intellect and Will, Man is fundamentally free and responsible over his acts. 3 classifications of Acts: Moral- when he or she knows what is good and usually does it, and what is evil and ordinarily does not do it Immoral- when a person who knowing what he should do does not do it, or does the opposite: he possesses moral sense but has no moral strength Amoral- when a person does not have a moral sense, that is, he is blind to some moral values 2 main sources of Moral Theology: Sacred Scriptures Sacred Traditions HUMAN ACTS AND ACTS OF MAN Definition of Human Acts: is referred to as the human activity of man as man by which he attains an end he wants to obtain. Human Acts are those acts of rationality of man. An act which proceeds from the deliberate free will of a man. It is an action done by an agent, which does not have one or more determinants of Human Acts. 3 Determinants of Human Acts: 1. Knowledge- An action performed by conscious agent who is aware of its action and its consequences. 2. Freedom- it must be performed by an agent who is acting freely, without any external factors affecting its actions. 3. Voluntariness- it must be performed by an agent who decides willfully to perform the act. Classification of human acts 1. Elicited Acts Emanate from the will of agent. It is a will-act begun and completed in the will without bodily involvement. 1 3 Moral Determinants of an Elicited Acts: The object (the objective character) “Murder is objectively wrong” The end (intention) all intention must be in the conformity to the objective truth. The circumstances or individual conditions of specific acts in time and place 2. Commanded Acts Are body-mind acts done to carry out the elicited act of the subject or agent. ARISTOTLE’S DISTINCTION OF VOLUNTARY AND INVOLUNTARY ACTS Definition of Voluntary Acts: These acts are originating from the individual performing the act using knowledge about the situations of the acts. A. Voluntary- actions are performed from will and reason. B. Related to compulsion it is considered as mixed of voluntary and involuntary. It is more voluntary if the desire and choice has been performed in involuntary if it has considered preference or alternatives. Definition of Involuntary Acts: Acts that are done with force or coercion and ignorance where the doer failed to understand the effect and feels sorry on the result. 1. Under Compulsion – circumstances which are beyond the control of the agent and contributes none to the action B. Through Ignorance of Particular Circumstances. Example: a man steals and ignorant of the law, arrow or gun shot by mistake. Definition of Acts of Man: acts that happen “naturally” acts done without self-awareness without deliberation, reflection, consent. Instinctive spontaneous acts that human beings share with other animals. Qualities of acts of man: Done without knowledge Done without consent Involuntary HUMAN FREEDOM Definition of Freedom: “Freedom is the power, rooted in reason and will, to act or not to act, to do this or that, and so to perform deliberate actions on one’s own responsibility. By free will, one shapes one’s own will.” (CCC 1731) ‘the ability to do what one likes’ Conditions Affecting Morality: 1. Ignorance - lack of knowledge in a person capable of knowing. In some cases we are responsible for knowledge “Ignorance of the law” – lack of knowledge that a particular law exists. “Ignorance of the fact” – lack of realization that one is violating a law. 2. Fear – an agitation or disturbance of the mind resulting from some present or imminent danger. It is one of the emotions. 3. Concupiscence- the rebellion of passion against reason; or tendency of human nature toward evil. Concupiscence may be divided into two types: 1. Antecedent -precedes an act of the will and is not willfully stimulated, such as sudden anger. 2. Consequent -stimulated by the will, such as anger deliberately fostered. 4. Violence –an external force applied by someone on another in order to compel him to perform an action against his will. 2 Violence may be divided into two types: 1. Perfect violence - complete resistance is given maybe either physically or morally perfect. Morally perfect violence is that in which all powers of resistance that should be used are employed. 2. Imperfect violence – some resistance is shown but not as much as should be MORAL CONSCIENCE Definition of Moral Conscience: Etymology: con (with) + scientia (knowledge) From scire (to know)]. The word “conscience” derives from the Latin cum (together) and scientia, scire (to know). Conscience is one of the functions of our intellect to judge (goodness or badness) of one’s actions (past, present or future) Conscience is our lived knowledge of good and evil, our judgment about how we should act, and our commitment to do so. Conscience is a judgement of reason about the moral nature of our actions or inactions. 2 Essential parts of Conscience: 1. Synderesis Synderesis’ discovers very basic moral principles; the use of right reason by which we learn basic moral principles and understand that we have to do good and avoid evil. (the starting point) We consider whether the action exist of did exist 2. Conscientia ‘Conscientia’ (conscience) = practical reason which tells us what to do in particular situations (end – judgement of concience) Considers whether an action is correct or incorrect. Role of Conscience: Investigate one’s moral action Judge one’s moral action Pass the judgement on one’s moral action KINDS OF CONSCIENCE AND ITS BINDING FORCE A. CONSCIENCE IN THE PROCESS OF TIME: Antecedent -Judgment on morality of action and obligation to perform or omit is passed before action is translated to reality. Concomitant -During the action; refers to one’s actual awareness of being morally responsible for the goodness and the badness of the particular act while one is doing it. Consequent -if it evaluates an act already done or omitted. It is the process of looking back to review and evaluate the morality of what we have done. B. CONSCIENCE SEEN ACCORDING TO THE OBJECTIVE NORM: Erroneous or False Conscience Invincibly erroneous or Vincibly Erroneous Conscience Perplexed conscience C. CONSCIENCE IN RELATION TO CERTITUDE Certain Conscience Doubtful Conscience Lax conscience Scrupulous conscience 3 LAW AND MORALITY Definition of Law? “An embodiment of reason, whether in the individual or the community” (Plato) Law is also defined as a set of rules and principles which enforce types of behavior. A society’s code of morality may be defined as a set of beliefs, values, principles and standards of behavior. It is possible to describe law as the body of official rules and regulations, generally found in constitutions, legislation, judicial opinions, and the like, that is used to govern a society and to control the behavior of its members, so Law is a formal mechanism of social control. Reasons of Law: A main difference between a RULE and a LAW is its level of enforceability 4 Classifications of Law: (In general) 1. INTERNATIONAL LAW International Law is a classification of law that deals with the rules for how countries interact with each other. It’s a set of guidelines that countries follow when they have dealings with one another. These rules are based on traditions and agreements that countries agree to follow when they interact. 2. NATIONAL LAW National Law refers to the laws of a specific nation, the laws that apply within a country’s borders. It’s the internal law that governs the people who are part of that country. Municipal Law handles things like how individuals relate to each other within the country and how the country’s government interacts with its citizens. The government approves these laws. It’s usually limited to the country’s territory. 3. CIVIL LAW Civil law refers to the legal area that deals with actions that cause harm to an individual or a private party, like a company. Examples of civil law cases include instances of defamation, breaking contracts, negligence that results in harm or death and causing damage to property. In civil law cases, individuals (called plaintiffs) start the legal process by filing suits. 4. CRIMINAL LAW Criminal law involves actions that are considered crimes against the public, society or the state, even if an individual is the immediate victim. Examples include murder, assault, theft and driving under the influence. In criminal law, the focus is on protecting public interests. This includes punishing and rehabilitating offenders while safeguarding society. SOCIETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY DEFINITION OF SOCIETY: ❖ The term society is derived from the Latin word ‘socius’, which means companionship or friendship. ❖ Two primary components of a society are its culture and its social structure. ❖ In general the word society denotes a group of people. However in sociology it refers to the relationships between them ❖ Society is also defined as the web of social relationships MAN is a social being….. ENJOYS group life…….. NEEDS society…… NATURE OF SOCIETY 1. Society consists of people Society is composed of people. Without people there can be no society, no social relationship and no social life at all. 2. Mutual awareness and mutual interaction 4  Society is a group of people in continuous interactions with each other. A social interaction is made possible because of mutual awareness. Society is understood as a network of social relations. Thus, social relationships imply mutual awareness. 3. Cooperation and division of labor Division of labor involves the assignment to each unit or group to a specific share of a common task. 4. Society is dynamic Society is not static, but it is dynamic. Changeability is an inherent quality of human beings. No society can even remain constant for any length of time. 5. Social control Absolute freedom makes man’s life like other rational beings. So, society has its own ways of controlling the behavior of its members. For this, society has formal and informal means of social control. Traditions and manners are the informal means of social control, whereas LAW are formal means of social control. 2 COMPONENTS OF THE SOCIETY: CULTURE 5 Factors on why Culture is one of the components of a Society: 1. Culture is learned Cultural learning is unique to humans. Cultural learning is the accumulation of knowledge about experiences and information transmitted to our society by means of interaction. 2. Culture is shared Culture is located and transmitted in groups. The social transmission of culture tends to unify people by providing us with a common experience. The commonalty of experience in turn tends to generate a common understanding of future events. Culture is shared when these take place: migration, tourism, trade, conquest, change of political and/or religious systems. Aiding by improving information and communication technologies. 3. Culture is symbolic The human ability to use symbols is the basis of culture in our society, a symbol is something verbal or nonverbal within a particular language or culture that comes to stand for something else. Other societies have demonstrated fundamental ability to use symbols that our cultural abilities develops by way of learning and to communication. 4. Culture is all-encompassing Culture is an all-encompassing term that identifies not only the whole tangible lifestyle of people but also their prevailing values and beliefs. - it is closely identified with the discipline of anthropology that is the concept of culture is a model that includes all aspects of human group behavior. Everyone is cultured, not just wealthy people with an elite education. 5. Culture is integrated A culture is a system: changes in one aspect will likely generate changes in other aspects. Core values are sets of ideas, attitudes, and beliefs which are basic in that they provide an organizational logic for the rest of the culture. SOCIAL STRUCTURE 5 Factors on why Social Structure is one of the components of a Society (Filipino Context): A. Self-identity First, we Filipinos are family-oriented. The anak-magulang relationship is of primary importance to us Filipinos. Ama, ina, and anak are culturally and emotionally significant to us Filipinos who cherish our filial attachment not only to our immediate family, but also to our extended family (ninongs, ninangs, etc.). This family-centeredness supplies a basic sense of belonging, stability and security. It is from our families that we Filipinos naturally draw our sense of self-identity. 5 B. Meaning in Life (meal-oriented) Second, we Filipinos are meal-oriented (salu-salo, kainan). Because Filipinos consider almost everyone as part of their family (parang pamilya), we are known for being gracious hosts and grateful guests. Serving our guests with the best we have is an inborn value to Filipinos, rich and poor alike. We love to celebrate any and all events with a special meal. Even with unexpected guests, we Filipinos try our best to offer something, meager as it may be, with the traditional greeting: “Come and eat with us.” (Tuloy po kayo at kumain muna tayo.) C. Sufferings in Life (kundiman-oriented) Third, we Filipinos are kundiman-oriented. The kundiman is a sad Filipino song about wounded love. Filipinos are naturally attracted to heroes sacrificing everything for love. We are patient and forgiving to a fault (“magpapaka-alipin ako nang dahil sa iyo”). This acceptance of suffering manifests a deep, positive spiritual value of Filipinos’ kalooban. D. Life-Commitment (bayani-oriented) Fourth, we Filipinos are bayani-oriented. A bayani is a hero. We Filipinos are natural hero- followers. For all our patience and tolerance, we will not accept ultimate failure and defeat. We tend instinctively to always personalize any good cause in terms of a leader, especially when its object is to defend the weak and the oppressed. E. World View (spirit-oriented) Fifth, we Filipinos are spirit-oriented. We are often said to be naturally psychic. We have a deep- seated belief in the supernatural and in all kinds of spirits dwelling in individual persons, places and things. Even in today’s world of science and technology, Filipinos continue to invoke the spirits in various undertakings, especially in faith-healings and exorcisms. 6