Reviewer module 2 cs lect (1).pdf

Module 6 3-D printer: Printer that uses a process called additive manufacturing to create an object by adding material one horizontal layer at a time; can print solid objects, such as clothing, prosthetics, eyewear, implants, toys, parts, prototype...

Module 6 3-D printer: Printer that uses a process called additive manufacturing to create an object by adding material one horizontal layer at a time; can print solid objects, such as clothing, prosthetics, eyewear, implants, toys, parts, prototypes, and more. All-in-one printer: A single device that looks like a printer or a copy machine but provides the functionality of a printer, scanner, copy machine, and perhaps a fax machine. Aspect ratio: The proportional relationship between an object's height and width. Audio input: Any sound entered into a computer, such as speech, music, and sound effects. Bar code: A pattern of parallel lines of varying widths that represents data, typically used for product identification. Bar code reader: An optical reader that uses laser beams to read bar codes. Also called a bar code scanner. Bar code scanner: An optical reader that uses laser beams to read bar codes. Also called a bar code reader. Candela: The standard unit of luminous intensity. Command: A menu item that performs a specific action, such as saving a file. In Access, an SQL statement that causes an action to be taken. Contrast ratio: The difference in light intensity between the brightest white and darkest black that can be produced on a display. Data collection device: Reading device that obtains data directly at the location where the transaction or event takes place. Data projector: A device that projects the text and images displayed on a computer or mobile device screen onto a larger screen so that an audience can see the image clearly. Default settings: Standard settings that control how the screen is set up and how a document looks when the user first starts typing. Dot pitch: The distance in millimeters between pixels on a display. Untitled 1  DV technology: Technology used with DV (digital video) cameras that allows the user to input, edit, manage, publish, and share their videos. Ergonomic keyboard: Keyboard design that reduces the chance of repetitive strain injuries (RSIs) of wrist and hand. Eye gaze pointing devices: Devices that analyze the area of the screen the user is looking at; users can make a selection by blinking or other gesture. Foot mouse: A device that enables users with limited mobility in their arms or hands to control input using their feet. Force feedback: Technology that sends resistance to the device in response to actions of the user. Frame rate: The number of frames per second (fps) in a video. Function keys: Special keyboard keys, labeled with the letter F followed by a number, programmed to issue commands to a computer. Gaming keyboard: A keyboard designed specifically for playing games on a computer. Gesture: A motion the user makes on a touch screen with the tip of one or more fingers or with their hand. Gesture recognition: Computer capability that allows users to guide on- screen elements using air gestures. Also called motion input. Graphics processing unit: Chip that controls the manipulation and display of graphics on a display device. Graphics tablet: A hardware device used to create drawings with a pressure-sensitive pen. Handwriting recognition software: Software that translates the handwritten letters and symbols created on the screen into typed text or objects that the computer or mobile device can process. HDTV: A form of digital television that works with digital broadcast signals, transmitting digital sound, supporting wide screens, and providing high resolutions. Short for high-definition television. Impact printer: Printer that forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper by striking a mechanism against an inked ribbon that physically contacts the paper. Untitled 2  Ink-jet printer: A type of nonimpact printer that forms characters and graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper. Interactive whiteboard Keyboard shortcut: A key or combination of keys that the user presses to access a feature or perform a command, instead of using a mouse or touch gestures. Label printer: A small printer that prints on an adhesive-type material that can be placed on a variety of items such as envelopes, packages, optical discs, photos, and file folders. Landscape orientation: The position of a page, slide, or worksheet so that the page, slide, or worksheet is wider than it is tall. Large-format printer: Printer that uses ink-jet technology, but on a much larger scale, to create photo-realistic-quality color prints. Laser mouse: Mouse that uses laser sensors that emit and sense light to detect the mouse's movement. Laser printer: Type of high-speed, high-quality nonimpact printer that creates images using a laser beam and powdered ink called toner. LCD: Display technology that sandwiches a liquid compound between two sheets of material that presents sharp, flicker-free images on a screen when illuminated. Magstripe reader: Reading device that reads the magnetic stripe on the back of credit cards, entertainment cards, bank cards, identification cards, and other similar cards. MICR: Devices that read text printed with magnetized ink. Mobile printer: A small, lightweight, battery-powered printer that allows a mobile user to print from a laptop, smartphone, or other mobile device while traveling. Morphing: Video editing technique that transforms one video image into another image over the course of several frames of video. Motion input: Computer capability that allows users to guide on-screen elements using air gestures. Also called gesture recognition. NFC: Type of wireless connection that uses close-range radio signals to transmit data between two NFC-enabled devices. Untitled 3  Nit: A unit of visible light intensity equal to one candela (formerly called candlepower) per square meter. Nonimpact printer: A printer that forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper without actually contacting the paper. OCR: Software that converts text to digital text so that it can be edited, copied, and searched directly within the program. Optical mark recognition: Devices that read hand-drawn marks, such as small circles or rectangles. Optical mouse: Mouse that uses optical sensors that emit and sense light to detect the mouse's movement. Optical reader: A device that uses a light source to read characters, marks, and codes and then converts them into digital data that a computer can process. Photo printer: A color printer that produces lab-quality photos. Plasma display: Display that uses gas plasma technology to sandwich a layer of gas between two glass plates. Plotter: A sophisticated printer used to produce high-quality drawings, such as blueprints, maps, and circuit diagrams. Pointer: A small symbol on the screen that becomes different shapes depending on the task the user is performing, the application they are using, and the pointer's location on the screen. Portrait orientation: The position of a page, slide, or worksheet so that the page, slide, or worksheet is taller than it is wide. QR code: Square-shaped graphic that corresponds to a web address or other information. Short for quick response code. Refreshable Braille displays: Output devices that use nylon pins or magnets to translate content into the Braille system that users can read with their fingers. Response time: The time in milliseconds (ms) that it takes to turn a pixel on or off. RFID: Radio frequency identification; technology that uses radio signals to communicate with a tag placed in or attached to an object, an animal, or a person. Untitled 4  Shortcuts: Links to a file, folder, or app that appear on the desktop. Signature capture pad Sip-and-puff: Technology that enables users to control a mouse or other computer or device functions using a tube that they either inhale (sip) or exhale (puff) to issue commands. Speaker Speech-to-text: Feature that recognizes a user's spoken words and enters them into email messages, text messages, or other applications that support typed text entry. Tactile output: Feature included with some input devices that provides the user with a physical response from the device. Thermal printer: Printer that generates images by pushing electrically heated pins against heat-sensitive paper. Toggle key: A button that turns a feature on and off. Toner: Type of powdered ink that is used by some laser printers and copy machines to produce output. Touch mouse: Touch-sensitive mouse that recognizes touch gestures, in addition to detecting movement of the mouse and traditional click and scroll operations. UHD User response: An instruction a user issues by responding to a message displayed by a program or app. Video input: The process of capturing full-motion images and storing them on a computer or mobile device's storage medium, such as a hard drive or optical disc. Module 7 Access time: The amount of time it takes the processor to read data, instructions, and information from memory. Address: A sequence of drive and folder names that describes a folder's or file's location in the file hierarchy. Beacons: Devices that send low-energy Bluetooth signals to nearby smartphones to alert customers who use a payment app. Untitled 5  Cache Capacity: The number of bytes (characters) a storage medium can hold. CMOS: Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor; technology used by some RAM chips, flash memory chips, and other types of memory chips that provides high speeds and consumes little power by using battery power to retain information even when the power to a computer is off. Cryptocurrency: Digital currency that can be used to transfer money or payment between users or corporations. Data as a service: Cloud computing service that allows users and applications to access a company's data. Data center: A secure location with many large computers that act as servers, which make files available to users. Density: The number of bits in an area on a storage medium. Digital wallet: An app that is connected to a specific payment card or financial account. External hard drive Flash memory: A type of nonvolatile memory that can be erased electronically and rewritten. Formatting: The process of dividing a disk into tracks and sectors so that the operating system can store and locate data and information on the disk. Hard disk: A storage device permanently housed (or fixed) inside a computer case. Hard disk drive: Storage device that includes one or more inflexible, circular platters that use magnetic particles to store data, instructions, and information. Infrastructure as a service: Cloud computing service that uses software to emulate hardware capabilities, enabling companies to scale, or adjust up or down, storage, processing power, or bandwidth as needed. Longitudinal recording: Storage technique in which magnetic particles are aligned horizontally around the surface of the disk. Untitled 6  Magnetic stripe card: A credit card, entertainment card, bank card, or other similar card with a stripe that contains information identifying the user and the card. Main memory: Memory chips that can be read from and written to by the processor and other devices. Also called RAM (random access memory). Mashups: Applications that incorporate data from multiple providers into a new application. Memory cache: Temporary storage area that helps speed the processes of a computer by storing frequently used instructions and data. Memory card: Removable flash memory, usually no bigger than 1.5 inches in height or width, that the user inserts and removes from a slot in a computer, mobile device, or card reader/writer. Mirroring: RAID storage design that writes data on two disks at the same time to duplicate the data. Also referred to as level 1. Network attached storage: One or more hard drives that connect directly to a network and provide a centralized location for storing programs and data on large and small networks. Operating system: A program that manages the complete operation of the user's computer or mobile device and lets them interact with it. Optical disc: Type of storage medium that consists of a flat, round, portable disc made of metal, plastic, and lacquer that is written and read by a laser. Optical media Payment apps: App type that enables users to transfer money between a credit card or bank account to another user. Perpendicular recording: Storage technique in which magnetic particles are aligned vertically, or perpendicular to the disk's surface, making much greater storage capacities possible. Platform as a service: Cloud computing service that allows developers to create, test, and run their solutions on a cloud platform without having to purchase or configure the underlying hardware and software. Platter: Component of a hard disk that is made of aluminum, glass, or ceramic and is coated with an alloy material that allows items to be Untitled 7  recorded magnetically on its surface. Read/write head: The mechanism that reads items and writes items in the drive as it barely touches the disk's recording surface. Reading: The process of transferring items from a storage medium into memory. Redundancy: A database condition in which database data is stored in more than one place. RFID tag: Tag that includes an antenna and a memory chip that contains the information to be transmitted via radio waves. Secondary storage: The physical material on which a computer keeps data, information, programs, and applications. Also called a storage medium. Sector: An individual block of data; a segment of a track. Smart card Solid-state media: Media that consist entirely of electronic components, such as integrated circuits, and contain no moving parts. Storage: Long-term, permanent access of data and information. Storage area network: A high-speed network with the sole purpose of providing storage to other attached servers. Storage as a service: Cloud storage service that offers file management services, such as storing files online, system backup, and archiving earlier versions of files. Storage device: Device that records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items to and from storage media. Striping: RAID storage technique that splits data, instructions, and information across multiple drives in the array. Tape: A magnetically coated ribbon of plastic that is capable of storing large amounts of data and information at a low cost. Track: One of the series of concentric circles on one of the surfaces of a magnetic hard disk platter. Transfer rate: The speed with which data, instructions, and information transfer to and from a device. Untitled 8  USB flash drive: A removable storage device for folders and files that the user plugs into a USB port on their computer; makes it easy to transport folders and files to other computers; also called a pen drive, flash drive, jump drive, keychain drive, or thumb drive. Virtual desktop: In Windows 10, an additional desktop that the user can create using the Task View button on the taskbar. Writing: The process of transferring data, instructions, and information from memory to a storage medium. Module 8 Backward compatible: Term used to refer to a program's or device's capability of supporting older programs or devices, as well as newer programs or devices. Buffer: An area of memory that stores data and information waiting to be sent to an input or output device. Button: Icons the user clicks to execute commands they need to work with an office app. Chromebook: A specialized laptop that runs Chrome OS. Chromebox: A specialized desktop that runs Chrome OS. Chrome OS: Operating system based on Linux that uses the Google Chrome browser as its user interface and primarily runs web apps. Closed source: Programs that keep all or some of the code hidden, enabling them to control and profit from the program they create. Desktop operating system: An operating system installed on a single computer. Also called a PC operating system. Device-dependent: A program that runs only on a specific type or make of computer or mobile device. Device-independent: Operating systems that run on computers and mobile devices provided by a variety of manufacturers. Dialog box: A window with controls that lets the user tell Windows how they want to complete an application program's command. Disk cleanup utility: Program that finds and removes unnecessary files, such as temporary Internet files or files in the Recycle Bin, and frees up Untitled 9  disk space by reorganizing data. File: A collection of information stored on the user's computer, such as a text document, spreadsheet, photo, and song. File extension: A three- or four-letter sequence, preceded by a period, at the end of a filename that identifies the file as a particular type of document, such as.docx or.xlsx. Folder window: A File Explorer window that displays the contents of a folder, drive, or device. Foreground: Program with which the user currently is interacting. Graphical user interface: A collective term for all the ways the user interacts with a device; a GUI controls how they interact with menus, programs and apps, and visual images such as icons by touching, pointing, tapping, or clicking buttons and other objects to issue commands. Icon: A small picture that represents a program, file, or hardware device. Kilobytes: Thousands of bytes of data. Library: In Windows, a special folder that catalogs specific files and folders in a central location, regardless of where the items are actually stored on the user's device. Linux: UNIX-based operating system for desktop computers, laptops, and some tablets; distributed under the terms of a General Public License (GPL), which allows the user to copy the OS for their own use, to give to others, or to sell. macOS: The operating system for Apple desktop and laptop computers; includes the Siri virtual assistant, coordination with Apple mobile devices, and cloud file storage. Menu: A list of related items, including folders, applications, and commands. Microsoft Windows: The Windows operating system. Mobile operating system: Has features similar to those of a desktop operating system, but is focused on the needs of a mobile user and the capabilities of the device. Untitled 10  Natural user interface: An interface that enables a user to train it to respond to the user's gestures and voice commands. Open source Page: The amount of data and program instructions that can swap at a given time. Partition: A section of a hard disk that functions like a separate disk; also called a volume. Performance monitor: In Windows, a tool that displays graphs of system performance. Personal computer: An operating system installed on a single computer. Also called a desktop operating system. Program window: On a desktop or laptop computer, displays a running program. Proprietary software: Software that is privately owned and limited to a specific vendor or computer or device model. Resource Server operating system: Multiuser operating system because it controls a single, centralized server computer that supports many users on networked computers. Shortcut menu: A list of frequently used commands that relate to an object, typically displayed by right-clicking; the commands on a shortcut menu are related to the item the user right-clicked. Background: The area behind text and objects on a slide. Sign in: To select a user account name and enter a password when a computer starts up, giving access to that user's files; also called log in. Spooling: Placing data into a buffer. Submenu: A list of additional commands associated with the selected command on a menu. System software: The software that runs a computer, including the operating system. Thrashing: Problem that occurs when an operating system spends more of its time paging instead of executing apps, causing the whole system to Untitled 11  slow down. Thumbnails: A reduced-size version of a larger graphic image. UNIX: Multitasking operating system with many versions, as the code is licensed to different developers. Upward compatible: Applications that may not run on new versions of an operating system. User accounts: Identifies to Windows the resources, such as apps and storage locations, a user can access when working with the computer. Utility Virtual machine: Enables a computer or device to run another operating system in addition to the one installed. Virtualization Window: A rectangular-shaped work area that displays an app or a collection of files, folders, and Windows tools. Module 9 802.11: A series of network standards that specifies how two wireless devices communicate over the air with each other. Bluebugging: When cyberthieves exploit Bluetooth devices that have been paired. Bluetooth: A wireless short-range radio connection that simplifies communications among Internet devices and between devices and the Internet. Body area network: A form of personal area network that consists of small, lightweight biosensors implanted in the body. Booster: An amplifier used to improve reception and extend the range for a wireless router or wireless access point. Also called a repeater. Cable modem: Device that sends and receives digital data over a cable TV connection. Client: A computer or mobile device on the network that relies on the server for its resources. Untitled 12  Client/server network: Network architecture in which one or more computers act as a server, and the other computers on the network request resources from the server. Communications software: Apps that provide tools for sharing or receiving information. Data plan: Specifies the amount of data a user's provider offers per month. Dedicated line: A type of always-on physical connection that is established between two communications devices. Digital modem: A communications device that sends and receives data and information to and from a digital line. Also called a broadband modem. Downstream rate DSL modem: A device that uses existing standard copper telephone wiring to send and receive digital data. EDI: Standard that defines how business documents transmit across transmission media. Electronic funds transfer: Service in which users connected to a network can exchange money from one account to another via transmission media. Ethernet: The most common network standard for wired networks. Extranet: Allows outsiders (such as customers, vendors, and suppliers) to access an organization's intranet. File sharing network: P2P network configuration on which users access each other's hard drives and exchange files directly via a file sharing program. GPS: A navigation system that consists of one or more earth-based receivers that accept and analyze signals sent by satellites in order to determine the receiver's geographic location. Internet peer-to-peer (Internet P2P) network: A type of P2P network where users share files with each other over the Internet. Intranet: An internal network that uses Internet technologies. Untitled 13  IP hijacking: Internet security threat that occurs when cyberthieves tap into home routers or cable modems or other Internet access points to intercept a paid Internet service. IrDA: Standard for devices to transmit data wirelessly to each other via infrared (IR) light waves. Local area network: A type of network installed to link multiple PCs together so they can share hardware and software resources. LTE: A network standard that defines how high-speed cellular transmissions use broadcast radio to transmit data for mobile communications. Metropolitan area network: A type of wide area network (WAN) that is operated by a city or county. Multiplexing: Process that combines multiple analog or digital signals into a single signal over a shared medium, such as a cable. Network architecture: The logical design of all devices on a network. Network standards Packet sniffer: Software that monitors and logs packet traffic for later analysis. Peer-to-peer: A network architecture in which a small number of computers (often fewer than 10) communicate directly with one another and can share each other's resources. Personal area network: Network that connects personal digital devices within a range of approximately 30 feet, such as a smartwatch that connects to the user's cell phone. Protocol Repeaters: An amplifier used to improve reception and extend the range for the user's wireless router or wireless access point. Also called a booster. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) Topology: The method by which computers and devices are physically arranged on a network. Untitled 14  Upstream rate: The transfer rate that is achieved when data is being sent on a communications channel. UWB: A network standard that specifies how two UWB devices use short-range radio waves to communicate at high speeds with each other. Value-added network: A third-party business that provides networking services, such as EDI services, secure data and information transfer, storage, or email programs. Wide area network: Network that connects devices in a large geographic region, such as a multinational company or national retail chain. Wired network: Sends signals and data through cables to connect to other network devices; tend to be more secure and transmit data faster than wireless networks. Wireless LAN: A LAN that uses no physical wires. Wireless network: Sends signals through airwaves, and usually does not require cables; tend to be more convenient and easier to set up than wired networks, but can be less secure. Wireless network key: A series of numbers and/or letters sometimes also referred to as a network security key, to encrypt data sent between devices. Module 10 back-end database: Part of a split database that contains table objects and is stored on a file server that all users can access. blockchain: A series (or chain) of records stored in encrypted blocks across a network. business intelligence (BI): Software tools designed to extract useful information from Big Data. character: A letter, number, symbol, or punctuation mark. check digit: Validity check consisting of a number(s) or character(s) that is appended to or inserted in a primary key value. Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA) triad: Classic security model that addresses database concerns by defining the need for confidentiality (C), integrity (I), and availability (A). Untitled 15  continuous backup: A backup plan in which changes are backed up as they are made. dashboards: A page or screen providing informative visuals of data, key performance indicators, and statistics. data analytics: The study of data's patterns and insights that help inform business decisions and strategies. data dictionary: A DBMS element that contains data about each file in a database and each field in those files. Sometimes called a repository. data entry form: A window on the screen that provides areas for entering or modifying data in a database. data file: A collection of related records stored on a storage medium, such as a hard drive, or on cloud storage. data lake: A central repository that stores both structured and unstructured data collected from existing databases and live data streams. data redundancy: A condition that occurs when the user stores the same data in more than one place; it wastes space and can cause inconsistencies. data type: The field property that determines what field values the user can enter for the field and what other properties the field will have. data visualization: Power View tables, charts, and maps that present data in a visual way. data warehouse: A central repository that stores data collected from existing databases and live data streams. database administrators (DBAs): Specially trained persons who work with a database's back-end components to ensure a company's business data is safe, secure, and well managed. database as a service (DBaaS): A DBMS that runs on servers owned by a cloud provider and which users access remotely using a browser. database management system (DBMS): A software program that lets you create databases and then manipulate data in them. file processing system: System used to store and manage data in which each department or area within an organization has its own set of files. Untitled 16  foreign key: A primary key field from one table that the user includes as a field in a second table to form a relationship between the two tables. front-end database: Part of a split database that contains the user interface and other objects, but not the tables that are needed for an application. function creep: Problem that occurs when a company uses the technology intended for one purpose for an entirely different purpose. index information technology (IT): The use of computers and other electronic devices, networks, and software for collecting, storing, retrieving, processing, manipulating, and distributing data and information. input mask: A field property that provides a visual guide for users as they enter data. Key-value databases: A database that creates key-value pairs for each record. key-value pair: A database element that consists of two related items: a constant that defines the set (key) and a variable that belongs to the set (value). log: A listing of activities that modify the contents of a database. many-to-many relationship: A relationship between two tables in a database in which one record of one table relates to many records in the other table and vice versa; to create such a relationship, the user must establish a third table called a junction table that creates separate one- to-many relationships with the two original tables. navigation pane: In Access, a pane in the program window that lets the user move between objects (tables, queries, forms, reports, macros, and modules) in the database. nonrelational database NoSQL databases: An unstructured database that uses a variety of approaches to store many kinds of data. Also called a nonrelational database. one-to-many relationship: A database relationship that connects each record in one table to one or more records in another table. Untitled 17  one-to-one relationship: A relationship between two tables in which each record in the first table matches at most one record in the second table, and each record in the second table matches at most one record in the first table. primary key: The field in a database that contains unique information for each record; also called a unique identifier. query by example (QBE): A search term entered into a search engine on the web to obtain results. query language: A database object used to specify criteria that extract data based on criteria that the query creator specifies. recovery utility: Tool that uses logs and/or backups, and either a rollforward or a rollback technique, to restore a database when it becomes damaged or destroyed. relational database management system (RDBMS): A software program in which data is organized as a collection of tables, and relationships between tables are formed through a common field. relationship: An association between entities. report generator: DBMS feature that allows users to design a report on the screen, retrieve data into the report design, and then display or print the report. Also called a report writer. report writer: DBMS feature that allows users to design a report on the screen, retrieve data into the report design, and then display or print the report. Also called a report generator. repository: A DBMS element that contains data about each file in a database and each field in those files. Sometimes called a data dictionary. rollback: Recovery technique where the DBMS uses the log to undo any changes made to the database during a certain period. Also called backward recovery. rollforward: Recovery technique where the DBMS uses the log to reenter changes made to the database since the last save or backup. Also called forward recovery. Structured Query Language: A popular query language that allows users to manage, update, and retrieve data. Untitled 18  validation: The process of comparing data with a set of rules or values to determine if the data meets certain criteria. wizard: A tool that guides the user through the steps of a process or task by asking a series of questions or presenting options. Untitled 19