Reviewer in Physical Science PDF

**REVIEWER IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE** **LESSON 1: FORMATION OF ELEMENTS** **MATTER** -- anything that occupies **SPACE** and has **MASS**. **CHEMISTRY** -- Deals with the study of **MATTER.** **ELEMENTS --** substances that **CAN'T BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES.** **ATOM -- SMALLEST** parti...

**REVIEWER IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE** **LESSON 1: FORMATION OF ELEMENTS** **MATTER** -- anything that occupies **SPACE** and has **MASS**. **CHEMISTRY** -- Deals with the study of **MATTER.** **ELEMENTS --** substances that **CAN'T BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES.** **ATOM -- SMALLEST** particle of an element **SUBATOMIC PARTICLES:** - **NEUTRON = ZERO** charge - **PROTON = POSITIVE** charge - **ELECTRON = NEGATIVE** charge **BIGBANG THEORY --** a theory that states that the universe was developed **13.7 billion years ago** from a very small, dense and hot state called **SINGULARITY** which started to collapse and expands. **BIGBANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS** -- a process which **CREATES NEW ATOMIC NUCLEUS** from preexisting nucleons. - Light elements formed in big bang nucleosynthesis: **HYDROGEN, HELIUM,** and some **LITHIUM AND BERYLLIUM** **NUCLEAR FUSION** -- a process of **COMBINING TWO NUCLEUSES** to produce new element. **STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS --** a process occurring **WITHIN THE STAR** by which **LIGHTER ELEMENTS** are fused together to create another element. **SUPERNOVA NUCLEOSYSNTHESIS --** responsible for creating **RARER ELEMENTS HEAVIER THAN IRON AND NICKEL.** **LESSON 2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE** **HISTORY OF THE ATOM** **LEUCIPUS AND DEMOCRITUS --** called the small pieces of matter as "**ATOMOS"** which means **INDIVISIBLE.** **ARISTOTLE --** affirmed that there are four elements **FIRE, WATER, EARTH** and **WIND.** **JOHN DALTON --** proposed the **MODERN ATOMIC THEORY.** **THE MODERN ATOMIC THEORY STATES THE FOLLOWING:** 1\. All matter is composed of atoms. 2\. Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed in [ordinary chemical reactions]. 3\. Atoms of an element have a characteristic average mass which is unique to that element. 4\. Atoms of any one element differ in properties from atoms of another element. **JOSEPH JOHN THOMPSON/J. J. THOMPSON** - formulated the **PLUM PUDDING MODEL** of the atom where he believed that the **ELECTRON** particles are like plums in a **POSITIVELY CHARGE PUDDING.** - Thompson used the **CATHODE RAY TUBE** experiment to formulate his model. **ERNEST RUTHERFORD --** formulated the NUCLEAR MODEL of the atom. - He believed that **ELECTRONS** revolves around a **POSITIVELY CHARGE CENTER** of the atom which he called the **NUCLEUS** - He used the **GOLD FOIL EXPERIMENT** where he bombarded it with alpha particle. **JAMES CHADWICK** - Conducted the same experiment as Ernest Rutherford. Instead of using gold, James used **BARIUM** in his experiment. - With his experiment he was able to discover the subatomic particle **NEUTRON**. **NEILS BOHR** - **MODIFIED AND IMPROVED** the nuclear model of the atom of Ernest Rutherford. In his model, he placed the **ELECTRONS** in **SPECIFIC ENERGY LEVEL**. - **PLANETARY ATOMIC MODEL** **ATOMIC NUMBER AND ATOMIC MASSES:** **No. of PROTON = Atomic Number** **No. of ELECTRON = NO. of PROTON** **No. of NEUTRON = Atomic mass minus No. of Proton** **ATOMIC MASS = No. of Proton plus No. of Neutron** **ISOTOPES --** elements with the same **ATOMIC NUMBER** but different **ATOMIC MASS** **Formula for Isotopes:** *Ᾱ = [(%)(A~1~) + (%)(A~2~)]* **The Periodic Table of Elements:** **JOHANN WOLFGANG DOBEREINER\'S LAW OF TRIADS** - First to arrange the elements into **THREE.** **JOHN A. NEWLANDS\' LAW OF OCTAVES** - arranged the elements according to **INCREASING ATOMIC WEIGHT** where the chemical properties **REPEAT IN AN INTERVAL OF EIGHT** **DMITRI MENDELEEV\'S PERIODIC TABLE** - arranged the elements according to increasing atomic weight - -first to tabulate the elements - arranged the elements according to **INCREASING ATOMIC NUMBER**