Reviewer in English yappy 👊 PDF

1. Advocacy Definition: Advocacy refers to the act of supporting or promoting a cause, idea, or policy to bring about change or raise awareness. It often involves public efforts, such as campaigns, lobbying, or protests. “A group of citizens advocates for cleaner air by organizing a petition, writin...

1. Advocacy Definition: Advocacy refers to the act of supporting or promoting a cause, idea, or policy to bring about change or raise awareness. It often involves public efforts, such as campaigns, lobbying, or protests. “A group of citizens advocates for cleaner air by organizing a petition, writing to local officials, and hosting awareness events. They aim to reduce pollution levels in their city by urging lawmakers to pass stricter environmental regulations.” 2. Campaign Definition: A campaign is a planned set of actions designed to achieve a specific goal, often related to politics, social change, or marketing. It involves multiple steps like research, strategy, and public engagement. “A political candidate launches a campaign to run for mayor. They create ads, organize rallies, and engage with voters to promote their plans for improving education and public safety in the city.” 3. Research (Steps) Definition: Research involves systematically investigating a subject to gather information and draw conclusions. The steps in research include identifying a topic, collecting data, analyzing it, and reporting findings. ”A student is conducting research for a history paper.” Step 1: They identify their topic, "The impact of World War II on women's rights." Step 2: They collect data from books, articles, and interviews with historians. Step 3: They analyze the information to identify patterns. Step 4: They write a report presenting their findings and conclusions. (Identifying the Problem or Topic: Clearly define the issue or topic to be researched. Gathering Information: Collect data from credible sources (books, journals, interviews, etc.). Analyzing Data: Review and evaluate the data for relevance and reliability. Drawing Conclusions: Summarize findings and make inferences, reporting Findings: Present the research clearly through papers, presentations, etc. have strong caims/fact) 4.Assertion An assertion is a statement or declaration that is made with confidence or emphasis. It is often presented as a fact or belief, typically without providing detailed evidence or support at the moment it is made. Assertions can be used to convey strong opinions, arguments, or points of view in discussions or debates. 5. Essay Definition: An essay is a short piece of writing on a particular subject, often exploring ideas, arguments, or perspectives in a structured format. Parts of an Expository Essay: Introduction: Introduces the topic and presents the thesis. Body Paragraphs: Explains and supports the thesis with evidence. Conclusion: Summarizes the key points and reinforces the main argument. Situation: A student writes an expository essay about the benefits of physical exercise. They begin by introducing the topic, present scientific evidence in the body, and conclude with the importance of making exercise a daily habit. 6. Impromptu Speech Definition: An impromptu speech is a type of speech delivered without preparation, usually given on the spot. Situation: During a classroom discussion, a student is asked to speak about the importance of reading books. The student has no prior preparation but quickly organizes their thoughts and delivers a brief speech, explaining the benefits of reading for personal development. 7. Tone Definition: Tone refers to the attitude or emotional quality of the speaker or writer, conveyed through word choice and style. Situation: In an email to a friend, the tone might be casual and friendly: "Hey! Hope you're doing great!" In a formal letter to a company, the tone is polite and professional: "I am writing to inquire about your services." 8. Stress Definition: Stress refers to the emphasis placed on a particular syllable or word in speech, which can alter the meaning. Situation: In the word "record," the stress changes depending on its use: As a noun: "He set a record in the race." (stress on the first syllable) As a verb: "She will record the meeting." (stress on the second syllable) 9. Juncture Definition: Juncture refers to the pause or separation between sounds or words in speech, which helps distinguish meanings. Situation: Consider the difference between "I scream" and "Ice cream." The pause between the words in "I scream" creates a different meaning than the continuous phrase "ice cream." 10. Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS) Definition: Coordinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses that are of equal importance in a sentence. FANBOYS is an acronym for For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So. For: "She didn’t come to class, for she was feeling sick." And: "I love reading and writing." Nor: "He doesn’t like tea, nor does he like coffee." But: "I studied hard, but I still failed the exam." Or: "You can have tea or coffee." Yet: "He tried his best, yet he failed the task." So: "It was raining, so I took an umbrella." F -reason or purpose A- and connect two or more ideas N-nor join two negative ideas Bbut contrast or exception B-Contrast/exception 0-choice/ alternative Y-result/consequence S-result/consequence 11. Voice of Verb Definition: The voice of a verb shows whether the subject performs or receives the action. Active voice has the subject performing the action, while passive voice has the subject receiving the action. Situation: Active Voice: "The dog bit the man." (The dog performs the action) Passive Voice: "The man was bitten by the dog." (The man receives the action) 12. TYPES OF CLAIMS Factual Definition: A factual is a statement based on evidence or facts that can be verified. Situation: "Water freezes at 0°C" is a factual assertion because it can be tested and proven. Value Definition: A value is a statement expressing judgment or opinion about something’s worth or importance. Situation: "Freedom of expression is a fundamental human right" is a value assertion because it expresses a belief about the importance of free speech. Policy Definition: A policy uggests a course of action or solution to a problem. Situation: "The school should implement stricter rules to prevent bullying" is a policy assertion because it advocates for a change in policy. Differentiate the different types of claims (factual, value, and policy) Factual Key Characteristics “is,cause, results in” Can be proven true or false. And is supported by objective evidence its also based on observable reality. "The Eiffel Tower is located in Paris." Why it's factual: This statement can be easily verified by looking up geographical information or visiting Paris. It is not open to opinion. Value Definition: expresses a judgment or opinion about something’s worth, importance, or morality. It’s subjective, based on personal beliefs, ethical standards, or societal norms. Key Characteristics “vs , better than, important, worse, right, wrong” based on personal or societal values, not facts. It evaluates something as "good" or "bad," "important" or "unimportant." Therefore it cannot be proven true/false it’s a matter of belief or opinion. "Freedom of speech is essential for a democracy." Why it's value: This is a value assertion because it reflects a belief or opinion about the importance of freedom of speech. People may agree or disagree, but it cannot be objectively proven or disproven. Policy Assertion Definition: A policy assertion proposes a course of action, a change in behavior, or a recommendation,It suggests a solution to a problem or a change in current practices or laws. Key Characteristics: Advocates for a specific action or change. Addresses what "should" or "ought" to happen, Often used in persuasive contexts, such as politics, business, or social issues. The government should invest more in renewable energy to combat climate change." Why it's policy: This is a policy assertion because it suggests a specific action that should be taken (investment in renewable energy) to address a problem (climate change). Example: "The Earth revolves around the sun" (This is a fact). Example: "Equality is a fundamental human right" (This reflects a belief in equality). Example: "We should reduce plastic waste by banning single-use plastics" (This suggests a specific action). identifying:can be proven (factual), something that reflects personal belief (value), or something that proposes action (policy). An argumentative text presents a clear claim or position on a topic and supports it with evidence and reasoning to persuade the reader. It typically includes: 1. Introduction: Introduces the topic and thesis. 2. Claim: The main argument being made. 3. Evidence: Facts, examples, and expert opinions supporting the claim. 4. Counterarguments: Addresses opposing views and refutes them. 5. Conclusion: Reinforces the thesis and summarizes the argument. Example: In a debate about school uniforms, an argumentative text might argue that uniforms promote equality and reduce distractions, refuting the opposing view that they limit personal expression.