Reviewer in ELS PDF

Reviewer in ELS Universe - the universe comprise everything it is the entirely of space and time, all forms of matter, energy and momentum and the physical laws and constants that govern them. It is 13.7 billion years old. Creationism - it is based...

Reviewer in ELS Universe - the universe comprise everything it is the entirely of space and time, all forms of matter, energy and momentum and the physical laws and constants that govern them. It is 13.7 billion years old. Creationism - it is based on the creation story from the biblical book of Genesis. Oscillating Universe - It states that the universe will undergo series of expansions and contractions. Steady-state theory - Describe the universe to be the same. Multiverse Theory - It states that there are multiple universe in our galaxy. Big Bang Theory - From singularity that expanded. Earth ( h2o, atmosphere, temperature, distance from the sun, moon, and diversity of life.) 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases. The earth is a system. What is a system? A set of connected items device that operate together. Earth System Science (ESS) the study of the interaction between and among events and earth's sphere. A relatively new science (1988) Cryosphere: Ice, snow, and glacier connected to hydrosphere and a solid form of it. Biosphere(plants) living things/organism: connected to geosphere, hydrosphere, life and mountain range. narrow zone - sustain life (soil, water, and air) All of us relay on biosphere same goes for the animals. Because it provide us with things that we need to survive. (ecosystem) Geosphere or Lithosphere: connected to the layers of the earth Atmosphere - melts/ change the appearance of the rocks. Biosphere - holds provide materials. Hydrosphere - helps change rocks and chemical reactions. Cryosphere - cause the erosion of the geosphere’s surface. The earth’s layer: composed of Four layers Crust - Thin layer, makes the outermost layer part of the earth. Mantle - thickest layer of the layers. Made of iron, magnesium, and silicon. Hot and semi- solid. Outer Core - Also made from Iron and nickel but in liquid form. Easy to deform and can easily get destroyed. Inner Core - a solid metal that can be found 1,220km or 178 miles deep. It has a temperature of 5400 C. Hydrosphere: revolves around water which is 70% of our planet. a small portion of the Earth’s water is fresh water. Water is essential for sustaining life around us. ( Precipation, Evaporation, Melting and Freezing) Water cycle - transfer water from one reservoir to another. The solar energy causes the transfer. Importance: It helps maintain water cycle. Interconnected Sphere’s - Sphere’s are closely connected, changes are often reactions from another sphere, A change in one sphere results in changes in other sphere. Minerals Characteristic 1. naturally - occurring Formed by geologic process without humans. 2. Inorganic Formed by humans 3. Solid Stable t room temperature. 4. Crystalline Structure looks like a crystal. 5. Represented by chemical formula Most minerals are in the periodic table. And they are represented by it. Characteristics of Minerals 1. Optical properties (luster, light transmission, color and streak) 2. Mineral Strength(tenacity, hardness cleavage, and fracture) 3. Specific Gravity Luster - quality of light that is being reflected. Metallic - Shiny Sub-metallic - not that shiny but it still has a shine within. Non-metallic - not shiny more on glassy, earthy, pearly and greasy. Light transmission - ability to transmit light Opaque - the light does not shine through the minerals. Translucent - the light does shine through ally clear. Transparent the mineral looks like a glass an example of this is a diamond. Color - Easiest to identify but considered to be unreliable. Streak - color powdered form of the mineral Mineral Strength - determines how hard the mineral is. Tenacity to breaking or deforming of a mineral. Hardness - resistance to abrasion or scratching. Cleavage - smooth flat surface. Fracture - does not have cleavage. Rocks - a rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals Rock cycle - The process which rocks of one kind change into rock of another kind. Cooling and solidification, weathering and Eroding, Compaction and cementation, Metamorphism and Melting. 1. Igneous Rocks - formed by cooling and solidification. Types of igneous rocks: Extrusive - Forms when makes it makes to Earth’s surface Intrusive - It cools slowly beneath the Earth’s surface. a. Composition - color Felsic - light color Mafic - dark in color Intermediate - in-between mafic and felsic. Ultramafic - very dark in color b. Texture - appearance Aphanitic - fine grained Phaneritic - coarse Porphyritic - large crystal with small crystal Glassy - Non-ordered solid from rapid quenching. Pyroclastic - Composite of ejected fragments Examples: Scoria, Dacite, Granite, Gabbro, Diabase , Diorite , Pegmatite and Peridotite  2. Sedimentary Rocks - Formed from deposits of pre existing rocks/pies of once living organism that accumulate on the Earth’s surface. Clastic - formed from accumulation of clasts. Little pieces of broken rocks and shells. Chemical - formed when dissolved minerals precipitate from a solution. Organic - formed from the accumulation of animals debris. 3. Metamorphic Rocks -Form by igneous, sedimentary, or other rocks under going metamorphism. Reginal - due to changes in pressure and temperature. Contact - mainly by heat due to the contact with magma. Example: gneiss, schist, quartzite, phyllite. Petrology - It is the study of the rocks. Petrologist is the one who study the rocks it’s classified rocks based on how they were. Weathering vs Erosion Exogenic process - includes geological phenomena and process that originate externally to the Earth’s surface. Weathering - breaking down of rocks and minerals. Erosion - the transport of rocks and Soll by wind, water, and other agents Types of weathering Mechanical Weathering - or physical weathering is the breakdown of rocks into pieces without any change in its composition. Factors: Pressure, temperature, frost wedging, abrasion organic activity, human activities, burrowing of animals. Chemical Weathering - There are changes in the composition of rocks due to the chemical reactions. Chemical reactions: 1. Dissolution - dissolving f rocks. 2. Hydrolysis - reaction to water 3. Oxidation - rusting of rocks. Agents of Erosion: Ice, water, wind ,and gravity. Deposition - is the process in which the weathered materials carried out by erosion settle down in a particular location. Mass Wasting - The movement of sediments downslope under the influence of gravity Types of mass wasting: Fall, slide, flow, spread, and topple. Endogenic Process - those that occur or are created under the Earth’s surface. Tectonic movements - Folding and Faulting are the two most important in endogenic processes. Volcanism - is the eruption of molten rock(magma) onto the surface of a planet. Magmatism - refers to the formation and movement of magma. Magma is the hot, molten rock under the crust of the Earth. As magma comes to the surface , as commonly happen in Faults occur when rocks break due to the forces acting on them. Types of faults: A normal fault, a reverse fault, a strike-slip fault an oblique fault. Folding - occurs when tectonic processes put stress on a rock and the roc bends instead of breaking. This can create a variety of land forms as the surface of the folded rocks are eroded. Types of folding: Monoclines, Anticlines, and Synclines. Earth’s internal heat Heat energy plays vital role in our planet. It is one of the extreme factors in what makes the world livable. Internal heat - shifts continents, creates mountains and produce earthquake.