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The Origin of the Universe Red Shift ❖ Hubble used a spectroscope, a device that What is Universe? analyzes the different frequencies present in...

The Origin of the Universe Red Shift ❖ Hubble used a spectroscope, a device that What is Universe? analyzes the different frequencies present in light. He discovered that the light from ❖ Universe is the totality of known or galaxies far off in space was shifted down supposed objects and phenomena toward the red end of the spectrum. Where throughout space; the cosmos; macrocosm. in the sky each galaxy lay did not matter— the whole world, especially with reference all were redshifted. to humanity: a truth known throughout the universe. A world or sphere in which The Steady State Theory something exists or prevails: his private universe.  1940s Solar System  British astrophysicist Fred Hoyle and ❖ The solar system is the collection of eight others argued that the universe was not planets and their moons in orbit around the only uniform in space—an idea called the sun, together with smaller bodies in the cosmological principle—but also form of asteroids, meteoroids, and comets. unchanging in time, a concept called the perfect cosmological principle. This Theories of the Universe theory did not depend on a specific event like the Big Bang. Big Bang Theory  stars and galaxies may change, but  Big Bang is how astronomers explain the overall, the universe has always looked way the universe began. the way it does now, and it always will.  It began nearly 13.8 billion years ago Pulsating Theory with a MASSIVE EXPANSION!  It started from a single point.  the universe is supposed to be expanding and contracting alternately (pulsating). Alexander Friedmann and Georges Lemaitre At present, the universe is Pulsating and expanding. According to pulsating  The theory proposed that there was theory, it is possible that at a certain time, nothing and nowhere but due to random the expansion of the universe may be fluctuation in an empty void, there was a stopped by the gravitational pull and it great expansion. All mater and energy in may contract again. the universe were crammed into tiny compact point called singularity. Creationist Theory Edwin Hubble  God created the whole universe in seven days.  1929 EDWIN HUBBLE, noticed that other galaxies were moving away from Oscillating Universe Theory each other as seen on earth.  combines both the Big Bang and the Big Crunch as part of a cyclical event.   then the Universe in which we live in Tidal Hypothesis exists between a Big Bang and a Big  modern hypotheses of the origin of the Crunch. earth and the solar system. The Solar System  James Jeans postulated his hypothesis Our planetary system is named the "solar" system because of certain axioms (self-proved because our Sun is named Sol, after the Latin facts) as given below the solar system was word for Sun, "solis," and anything related to the formed from the sun and another Sun we call "solar." intruding star How old is the Solar System? Two Groups of Planet The Solar System is at least 4.5-4.6 billion years TERRESTRIAL old. PLANET Theories of the Solar System MERCURY  states that the solar system developed out VENUS of an interstellar cloud of dust and gas, called a nebula. EARTH  nebular theory states that the solar system MARS formed from a collapsing cloud of gas and dust billions of years ago. It is widely JOVIAN PLANET accepted by scientists today because it JUPITER explains the properties of the solar system remarkably well. When clumps of SATURN gas and dust collided, both took velocities nearer the average. URANUS Planetesimal Hypothesis NEPTUNE  planetary system is forming, there is a The Sun protoplanetary disk with materials from  the source of an enormous amount of the nebulae from which the system came. energy, a portion of which provides Earth This material is gradually pulled together with the light and heat necessary to by gravity to form small chunks. support life.  Chamberlin–Moulton planetesimal  The star at the center of the solar system. hypothesis was proposed in 1905 by geologist Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin  Ball of fire that is continuously burning and astronomer Forest Ray Moulton because of hydrogen reactions that happen inside the sun.  was proposed as a replacement for the Laplacian version of the nebular  70% hydrogen, 28% helium, and 2 hypothesis that had prevailed since the elements. 19th century.  Its atmosphere is composed of major layer.  Photosphere – refers to the surface ❖ consists of 10,000 volcanoes. and main body of the Sun. ❖ was named after the Roman God of Chromosphere – refers to the Love and Beauty. different disturbances by solar flares or storms. ❖ Greek: Aphrodite Corona – refers to the outmost layer of the Sun’s atmosphere. Core – center (hottest region) MERCURY ❖ the smallest planet. ❖ hot planet ❖ It has no air to breath that’s why no living creature can live on this planet. ❖ It is the fastest revolving planet around the Sun (88 days). ❖ It is made of rocky crust and it has an iron core. ❖ Mercury was named after a Roman God of Commerce, Travel and Thievery ❖ Greek: Hermes VENUS ❖ called a morning and evening star, ❖ similar in size and interior structure to Earth. ❖ the hottest planet in the solar system. ❖ The atmosphere on Venus is mostly carbon dioxide, which is extremely poisonous. It can be compared to the exhaust from a car. ❖ has a thick cloud of sulfuric acid.  EARTH presence of Iron Oxide on the surface of Mars. ❖ largest terrestrial planets. ❖ Mars has the highest mountain ❖ the only planet that has animals, (Olympus Mons) and the largest plants and human being. canyon (Valles Marineris). ❖ only planet recognized where life ❖ has two moons named Phobos and exists. Deimos. ❖ Earth considered not so hot and not Deimos – it is the outermost and smaller so cold planet. satellites of the planet Mars. ❖ Its blue color represents that there is Phobos – it is the larger satellite of a lot of water in the Earth’s surface. Mars. o named after the Roman God ❖ It takes 365 ½ days to revolve around the sun and rotate about 23 hours and of War. 56 minutes. Greek: Ares ❖ It has a known Moon. ❖ Roman Name: Terra Mater (“Mother JUPITER Earth”) ❖ Greek; Gaia ❖ It is the biggest and largest planet of the Solar System. ❖ It spins on its axis faster than any other WHAT MAKES THE EARTH SPECIAL planet. AND UNIQUE COMPARED TO ITS NEIGHBORING PLANET? WHAT MAKES ❖ Its atmosphere is subject to high winds IT HABITABLE? or resulting to extreme storm. ❖ Right distance from the sun ❖ It is a Gas Giant Planet that which has ❖ Magnetic field that protects it from a core made of liquid rocks. harmful solar radiation ❖ It has a Great Red Spot, which is ❖ Insulating atmosphere that keep the actually sign of an intense storm. planet warm ❖ Right chemical ingredients for life ❖ a larger number of moons (79 moons) including water and carbon ❖ It is the fourth brightest object in our MARS skies after the Sun, Moon, and Venus. ❖ fourth planet from the Sun. ❖ The four largest are the Galilean moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede and ❖ second smallest planet in the solar Callisto. system. ❖ It was named after the principal God ❖ called as the red planet due to the  of Roman Mythology. ❖ It has 14 known moons. ❖ Greek: Zeus- king of the god ❖ It was named after the Roman God of the Sea. SATURN ❖ It takes 164 years to orbit around the ❖ It is the sixth planet from the sun and sun. the second largest planet in the Solar System. ❖ Greek: Poseidon ❖ It is the least dense of all the planets in PLUTO the solar system, with only one-eight ❖ It is no longer considered a planet and density of the Earth. its moon is considered to be a region. ❖ Saturn has the only gas giant that have ❖ It is the largest object in the Kuiper bright and colorful visible rings, belt. It was named after the Roman which composed of ice particles, dust God of the Underworld. It has five and some rocky debris. known moons: Charon, Nix, Hydra, ❖ Greek: Cronus Kerberos, and Styx. URANUS ❖ Greek: Hades ❖ The axis of rotation is sideways. THE EARTH AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS ❖ It is bluish green in color as it is very cold and cloudy. (due to absorption of ATMOSPHERE red light by atmospheric methane). ❖ gaseous blanket of air that envelops, shields, and insulates Earth. ❖ It is discovered by the used of modern ❖ Variations in atmospheric components and process create the telescope and credited to William changing conditions that we know as Herschel in 1781. weather and climate. bottom of an invisible ocean. ❖ Uranus comes from Ouranos, the Greek word for “sky”. Weather ❖ It has 27 moons. And has 6 known ❖ Short term state of the atmosphere moons. ❖ Can change within minutes or hours ❖ Greek: Ouranos Climate NEPTUNE ❖ Long term-pattern of weather ❖ It is blue in color as it is the coldest Average weather over many years in one planet in the solar system and the specific place. farthest planet form the sun. GAS CONTENT OF ATMOSPHERE ❖ It is the smallest but also the densest o NITROGEN of gas giants. o OXYGEN 99% GASES  o GASES DRY AIR o ARGON EXOSPHERE o CARBON DIOXIDE o HELIUM o Upper limit of our atmosphere o NEON o Extends from the top of the o VAPOR AND DUST thermosphere up to 10,000 km (6,200 mi). LAYERS WITHIN THE EARTHS ATMOSPHERE HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHERE o total amount of water on planet. planets hydrosphere can be liquid, vapor or ice. o Extends to 14.5 kilometers high (5 to 9 miles) LITHOSPHERE o Most dense o Almost all weather is in this region. o makes up the solid earth such as; landforms. rocks, soils, minerals STRATOSPHERE o lithosphere coolest and most rigid part o Start just above the troposphere of the earth. outer layer of the earth. and extends to 50 kilometers (31 miles) high BIOSPHERE o Known as ozone layer that absorbs and scatters the solar ultraviolet radiation. o composed of all living things such as people, other animals, and plants MESOSPHERE where life exist o States just above the stratosphere WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF and extends to 85 kilometers (53 THE BIOSPHERE? miles) high o Where the meteors get burn up. CONSERVATION- to contribute to conservation of landscapes, ecosystem, species THERMOSPHERE and genetic. o Starts just above the mesosphere and extends to 600 kilometers (372 miles) DEVELOPMENT- to foster socio-culturally high and ecologically sustainable economic and o Aurora and satellites occur. human development. IONOSPHERE LAYERS OF THE EARTH o Abundant layer of electrons and ionized atoms and molecules that o Explain that the Earth consists of four stretches from about 48 kilometers (30 subsystems, across whose boundaries miles) above the surface to the edge of matter and energy flow space at about 965 km (600mi), overlapping into the mesosphere and INNER CORE thermosphere. o SOLID METAL BALL IONOSPHERE o radius of 1,220 kilometers (758 miles) o Critical link in the chain of sun-earth o EXTREMELY DENSE interactions. o MADE IN IRON AND NICKEL o Region that makes the radio o INTENSELY HOT, 5,400° communication possible.  Celsius Inorganic (9,800° Fahrenheit). o Don’t include carbon atoms OUTER CORE Mineral Properties o Used to identify minerals o also made from iron and nickel, just Color in liquid form. o Least useful property in o 5,180 to 2,880 kilometers (3,220 to identifying minerals. 1,790 miles) o generate Earth’s magnetic field Streak o The color of a minerals THE MANTLE powder. “Streak test” o thickest layer on earth Luster o 3,000 kilometers (1,865 miles) thick o How the minerals surface reflects o Made mostly of iron, magnesium and light. Metallic vs. non- metallic. silicon, it is dense, hot and semi-solid (think caramel candy). Hardness o The ability of a mineral to resist THE CRUST being scratched. o “Scratch test” o like the shell of a hard-boiled egg o extremely thin, cold and brittle MOH’S HARDNESS SCALE o made of relatively light elements, especially silica, aluminum and oxygen. o 30 to 70 kilometers (18.6 to 43.5 miles) thick. Minerals o naturally occurring, inorganic elements or compounds with specific physical and chemical properties. o Minerals are the ingredients of rocks o Rocks are made up of minerals o Solid substances that are present in nature and can be made of one element or more elements. Native Elements o Minerals that form on their own o Example: gold, silver, carbon Fracture Four Characteristics of a mineral o Inorganic o Mineral breaks unevenly or irregularly o Similar chemical make-up o Naturally occurring Cleavage o Has crystalline structure o The tendency of a Mineral to break evenly along its weakest Organic plane. o Are generally compounds that include carbon atoms, Crystal Form  o Some minerals tend to form crystals -The longer the rock takes to cool, the larger that aid in the identification of the the crystals! mineral. Cools slow …..Large crystals Specific Gravity Cools fast …….small crystals o The ratio of the density of the Cools immediately……NO Crystals (glass) mineral to the density of water (1 g/cm3) Vesicular- gas pockets Others Metamorphic: Acid test – Calcite Rocks that are changed due to extreme heat Magnetic – Magnetite and/or pressure. Taste – Halite DO NOT MELT!!! (they recrystallize) Monomineralic Metamorphic rocks become; o 1 Mineral o Harder o More dense Polymineralic o Banded or foliated o More than 1 Mineral o Distorted Sedimentary Rocks: Metamorphic Rocks can be classified as foliated or non-foliated based on texture. Clastic o Rocks that form when sediments (sand, silt etc.) are lithified. Foliated o Compacting and cementing. Vary o Have layered or banded appearance due to grain size! (see ref tables p. produced 7) Non-Clastics o by regional metamorphism, exposure to o Form from sand doesn’t contain high temperatures and pressures. living things. o Examples: slate, phyllite, schist, and gneiss. o Organics (bioclastics) Form from living things. Non-Foliated o Do not have layered appearance and was o Chemical (crystaline) Formed from formed that have undergone contact the evaporation or precipitation of metamorphism where rocks are not sea water. exposed to the intense pressure. Igneous: Regional Metamorphism - Form when liquid rock cools and solidifies o Occurs when large areas of rock Intrusive are changed. -Cools below the earth’s surface (slowly!) o Usually deep below the surface -Magma where crustal plates collide. -“Plutonic” Contact Metamorphism -Extrusive o Occurs when liquid rock comes into contact with other rocks. -Cools at the Earth’s surface (quickly!) -Lava Rock Cycle -“Volcanic” o A process in which rocks are continuously transformed between the  three rock types Igneous. Sedimentary Formed over thousands of years from and Metamorphic. the buried remains of ancient sea plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. Normally bad for environment. DIFFERENT SOURCES OF RESOURCES SOLAR ENERGY Primary source of energy is the sun Solar harvests the energy of the sun by using collector panels to create conditions that can then be turned into a kind of power. ENERGY RESOURCES WIND ENERGY The new innovations that are allowing Produces heat, power life, move objects, wind farms to appear are making them a or produce electricity. more common sight. Fuel- matter that stores energy By using large turbines to take available Opportunities an area offers to generate wind as the power to turn, the turbine electricity based on its natural can then turn a generator to produce conditions and circumstances. electricity. Coal, oil, wood, or gas. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY TYPES OF ENERGY RESOURCES Energy that is produced from beneath the earth. High temperature temperatures are produced continuously inside the earth’s crust by the slow delay of radioactive particles. Hot rocks present below the earth heats up the water that produces steam. The steam is then captured, which helps to move turbines. The rotating turbines then power generators. HYDROGEN ENERGY Hydrogen is an energy carrier that can RENEWABLE RESOURCES be used to store, move, and deliver Natural resource that can replace it energy produced from other sources. quickly and dependably. Available with water (h₂0) and is the Sustainable, plentiful, naturally most common element available on replenished and good environment. earth. NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY TIDAL ENERGY Energy sources with a limited supply Uses the rise and fall of tides to convert that we can mine or extract from the the kinetic energy of incoming and earth, and it’ll eventually run out. outgoing tides into electrical energy. HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY Towns in the world rely on hydropower, and have for the past century. Every time you see a major dam, it is providing hydropower to an electrical station somewhere. BIOMASS ENERGY Produced from organic material Includes crops, plants, trees, yard clippings, wood chips and animal wastes. NUCLEAR POWER ENERGY While nuclear power remains a great subject of debate as to how safe it is use, and whether or not it is really energy efficient when you take into account the waste it produces, it still remains one of the major renewable sources of energy available issues to the world. FOSSIL FUELS (COAL, OIL AND NATURAL GAS) Fossil fuels provide power for most of the world, primarily using coal and oil. Oil is converted into many products, the most used of which is gasoline. Natural gas for heating applications. Gas-powered for vehicles