Reviewer for Ethics

**Reviewer for Ethics** *Compiled by: Ms. Mielyn O. Teodosio, Instructor* Unit III. Feminism Defined: - **Feminism** is the belief in the social, economic & political equality of all genders. - Feminism is based on 2 premises: 1. Gender difference is the foundation of a structural ineq...

**Reviewer for Ethics** *Compiled by: Ms. Mielyn O. Teodosio, Instructor* Unit III. Feminism Defined: - **Feminism** is the belief in the social, economic & political equality of all genders. - Feminism is based on 2 premises: 1. Gender difference is the foundation of a structural inequality between men and women due to which women suffer social injustice. 2. The inequality between the sexes (male & female) is not because of biological necessity but is produced by the cultural construction of gender differences. - **Sex** here refers to the identity based on biological category (Male & Female) - **Gender** is the cultural meaning attached to biological identity.\ Gender is the product of cultural conditioning (women are stereotyped or forced to exhibit \'womanly\' qualities such as being domestic, submissive, tender, a good wife & mother) - **Various Types of Feminism** **Liberal Feminism** \- It advocates that women are rational beings. Thus they have the right to choose their sociopolitical economy. It seeks equality through legal reform not through revolution. **Radical Feminism** \- It aims to dismantle patriarchy rather than making adjustments to the system through legal changes. It tends to focus on culture change. Wants to bring a revolution. ***Marxist/Material Feminism:*** ***-*** ***Studies inequality in terms of both class & gender.*** ***Socialist Feminism:*** \- Blend of Radical & Marxist Feminism. They say that women are oppressed not only because of gender but also because of race, age, class & religion. ***Cultural Feminism:*** \- Refers to a philosophy that men & women have different approaches to the world around them. ***Black Feminism*** \- (Post-colonial Feminism): Black women have an acute understanding of the negative impacts of sexism, racism & class discrimination. Black & brown women face many problems due to not only their gender but also because of their color. **SEXUAL HARASSMENT** According to *rapecrisis.org.uk*, it is any **unwanted sexual behavior** that makes someone feel upset, scared, offended or humiliated, or is meant to make them feel that way. It is a **type** of *sexual violence*, a phrase to describe any sexual activity or act that happened without **[consent]**. \- Includes unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical harassment of sexual nature in the workplace, learning environment, anywhere. This does not always have to be specifically about sexual behavior or directed at a person. **COERCION** According to *Oxford Languages*, the practice of persuading someone to do something by using force or threats. It can be seen in both **Physical** (The threat of the use of force against the victim) and ***Psychological** (consist of threatening to kill a person or someone they love) **Coercion**.* **CONTEMPORARY ISSUES** Contemporary issues refer to current problems or challenges that affect society today. In the context of feminism, peace education, and indigenous studies, contemporary issues could include gender inequality, racial discrimination, climate change, indigenous rights and efforts to achieve peace and equality. **6 Pillars of Peace** 1. **[Personal Peace] -** Personal Peace refers to a state of inner calm, balance, and contentment. It is the feeling of being free from internal conflict, stress, and anxiety. Achieving personal peace often involves being at ease with oneself, accepting life's circumstances, and maintaining emotional and mental clarity, regardless of external situations. 2. **[Human Rights] -** Human rights are the fundamental rights and freedoms that belong to every person, simply because they are human. These rights are universal, inalienable, and apply to everyone, regardless of nationality, race, gender, religion, or any other characteristic. 3. **[Dismantling the Culture of War/Violence] --** Refers to the process of challenging and changing the societal norms, values and practices that promote conflict, aggression, and militarism. **Dismantling the culture of war/violence is referring to actively challenging and breaking down societal norms, institutions, and behaviors that promote, glorify, or normalize war and violence. It focuses on transforming a society from one that accepts or encourages conflict and aggression into one that prioritizes peace, justice, and nonviolent methods of conflict resolution in essence, dismantling.** 4. **[Living with Justice and Compassion] - it focuses on fostering a fair, empathetic, and humane society where people coexist harmoniously, ensuring that everyone is treated with dignity and respect. It is both an internal and external practice that seeks to promote justice and alleviate suffering through compassionate actions and policies.** 5. **[Living with Harmony with the Earth] -** Living in harmony with the Earth means recognizing our interconnectedness with nature and striving to live in a way that benefits both humans and the environment. Today, we face a double crisis: a climate crisis that threatens the very fabric of our planet and a social crisis where women continue to face discrimination, violence, and limited opportunities. These crises are not separate but interconnected. The fight for a healthy planet and the fight for gender equality are two sides of the same coin 6. **[Intercultural Respect, Reconciliation and Solidarity] -** Building cultural respect, reconciliation, and solidarity involves creating an environment where different cultures are understood, accepted, and valued. It requires acknowledging past conflicts or injustices and working towards reconciliation while fostering unity and cooperation among diverse cultural groups **INDIGENOUS STUDIES** A. **KALIBO STO. NIÑO ATI-ATIHAN** - The Ati Atihan Festival is a week-long celebration in January that honors the indigenous Ati people and the Santo Niño through cultural practices and Catholic devotion, featuring street parades, costumes, and traditional dances. - The festival embodies the harmonious blend of indigenous and Spanish colonial influences, marked by participants wearing dark makeup to resemble the Ati people, and integrates Catholic elements like the veneration of the Santo Niño. - Named in honor of the indigenous Ati tribe, this festival commemorates the original settlers of Panay Island and venerates the Santo Niño, the infant Jesus. The name 'Ati-Atihan' translates to 'emulate the Ati people', reflecting the festival's homage to indigenous culture and its significant religious aspect dedicated to the Santo Niño. - The Ati Atihan Festival pays tribute to the indigenous Ati people of the Philippine island of Panay and their cultural traditions that have a history of over 800 years. Events such as the community mass are an integral part of the festivities, showcasing the locals' deep faith and community spirit. B. **THE AKEANON BUKIDNON** - The Akeanon Bukidnon are an indigenous group found here in the province of Aklan. They are known for their rich cultural heritage, which includes unique traditional music, dances, and crafts. The Akeanon Bukidnon are primarily agriculturalists, cultivating rice, corn, and various fruits and vegetables. Their social structure is centered around extended families and community cooperation. - Akeanon Bukidnon people reveal the cultural memories contained in the objectivation of memories such as their bamboo musical instruments. They share their past experiences and brings to mind interesting folk stories, history and tales through the following instruments: C. **BANGA CROSSING MASSACRE** - Banga Crossing Massacre is popularly known for the commemoration of the event celebrated every October 21. It is called the "Pag-aeaw-aeaw Festival," meaning 'Welcome Festival,' to remember the lives of those who were killed in the massacre. - Edgar Orola, 8 years old, set out to the "crossing" with his half-brother Diogenes "Genes" Retino, his cousins Frederico Jr. and Rodolfo Rigodon and his father Perfecto. - By 7:00 a.m., there were over 300 welcomers although Mayor Duran and Orquiola were not among them. - At 8:00 a.m., Luis and about a hundred members of the first group left for Barrio Libas while the second group stayed at the crossing. - It was about 9:30 a.m., a resident reports that people in Libas have been killed, but many do not believe him. - At 10:30 a.m., 10 Japanese soldiers reached the crossing. "When we saw the Japanese soldiers, everybody shouted, 'Banzai! Banzai!' until they came to the crossing," Edgar said. The soldiers ask who has guns. Macho Trompeta raises his hand, and he and his daughter are taken forward. - The Japanese officer waved a little red flag and shouted, "Ready, fire!" The soldiers fired at the unsuspecting Bangahons in the assembly. Hundreds of people lay lifeless at the crossing rotunda. The blood of the eager welcomers covered the municipality's landmark. Edgar was stabbed but pretends to be dead to survive. - The soldiers went around to make sure everyone was dead. The living were brutally kicked and stabbed with bayonets. After making sure everybody was dead, the soldiers proceeded to Barrio Bacan to search for more people. Edgar manages to get help from a local man named Oyo, who takes him home. **Study the last two PPT's I have sent on the GC. (1. Global and ASEAN Ed., and 2. The Role of Religion in Ethics)** **Types of Exam:** Identification Multiple Choice Matching Type True or False