REVIEWER-COMP-001.pdf

Introduction to Computing COMP 001 | REVIEWER Topic Outline: MAINFRAME Elements of a Computer System  It is usually for bulk processing. Classification of Computers History of Computer...

Introduction to Computing COMP 001 | REVIEWER Topic Outline: MAINFRAME Elements of a Computer System  It is usually for bulk processing. Classification of Computers History of Computer o They are extensive computer Number System (Whole and Fractional Conversion) systems sensitive to temperature, ELEMETS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM humidity, dust, etc. 1. Hardware  Qualified and trained operators are required - Physical components of the computer to operate them. system.  They have a wide range of peripherals - Tangible aspects of the computer. attached. 2. Software o They have a large storage capacity - Instructions that run the computer and can use a wide variety of system software. - The program or, that makes the  They are not user-friendly and can be used hardware work. with mathematical calculations. 3. Peopleware  Installed in large commercial places or - The people involved in the information government organizations. technology system whether as users or o E.g., census data processing and developers. transaction processing. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS MINICOMPUTER ACCORDING TO SIZE  Lesser than a mainframe in terms of: SUPERCOMPUTER o Size,  It is used for intensive computation. o Price,  They are used for performing complex o Memory, mathematical calculations. o Speed,  They have huge memories & tremendous o Functionality. processing speed.  They offer a limited range of peripherals, o E.g., Weather forecasting, climate and software can be used. exploration, oil exploration, o They have less memory & storage molecular modeling, etc. capacity than mainframe computers. MSU is taking the world’s fastest supercomputer  The end users can directly operate it. to the final frontier, by Department of Energy  They are not very sensitive to the external computing grant, an MSU-led research team will environment. study galaxies like never before. MICROCOMPUTER  They are portable, cheap, and user-friendly.  The main components are a monitor, CPU, Keyboard, Mouse, Speakers, Modem, and Printer.  They have limited peripherals attached to them.  It can do simple processes and is not sensitive to the environment.  ACCORDING TO DATA HANDLING  Fujitsu and the government backed Rikken ANALOG COMPUTERS Institute developed it.  These are devices in which continuously  Fugaku can perform 415 quadrillion variable physical quantities such as computations per second, requiring a room to electrical potential, fluid pressure, or fit in that took at least 6 years to develop. mechanical motion are represented in a way  Housed at RIKEN Center for Computational similar to the corresponding quantities in the Sciences (R-CCS) in Kobe. problem to be solved.  It has a great scope in scientific simulation and artificial intelligence applications. DIGITAL COMPUTERS  It performs calculations and logical HISTORY OF COMPUTER operations with quantities represented as ABACUS (2400 BC) digital, usually in the binary number system  First computing device. of “0’ and “1”.  It supports multiplication, addition, subtraction, division, square root. A computer is capable of solving problems by PASCALINE (17TH CENTURY) processing information expressed in discrete form, from manipulation of the combination of the  An arithmetic machine, Pascal’s Calculator. binary digits.  I was primarily an adding machine which could add and subtract numbers. HYBRID COMPUTERS BLAISE PASCAL (1623 – 1662)  It is a digital computer that accepts analog  He is a French mathematician, physicist, signals, converts them to digital, and inventor, writer, and a Christian philosopher. processes them in digital form. LEIBNIZ CALCULATOR (17TH CENTURY) ACCORDING TO PURPOSE  It is an improved version of Pascaline. SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTERS  It can perform addition, subtraction, division,  Dedicated to a specific task. multiplication.  May be more efficient because of  Also known as Stepped Reckoner. specialized programs (advantage). GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ (1646 – 1716) GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTERS  He is a prominent German polymath and  Handles a variety of tasks. one of the most important logicians,  Versatile (advantage) mathematicians, and natural philosophers of the enlightenment. Video transcript o Enlightenment era is the Age of  Japanese supercomputer Fugaku is the Learning/Reasons. But also, the age world’s fastest supercomputer. of war.  It is 2.8 times faster than the second-place Summit from IBM. ANALYTICAL ENGINE (18TH CENTURY)  The US and China usually compete for the top  It contained the features of a modern spot, but Japan took the place. calculator.  It helps the researchers in the battle against  It is incomplete due to lack of resources. the Coronavirus through diagnosis and  Punched card is used. simulations of the virus spread, including how o 12rows; 80 columns virus droplets spread in offices.  It will also help in finding the coronavirus cure. 2  CHARLES BABBAGE (1791 – 1871) KONRAD ZUSE (1910 – 1995)  Father of Computer.  He created Z1-Z4.  He is an English mathematician,  A German civil engineer, inventor, and philosopher, inventor, and mechanical computer pioneer. engineer. HARVARD MARK 1 (1937)  He invented the concept of a programmable computer.  It is used to produce mathematical tables.  It is a room-sized, relay-based calculator. LADY ADA LOVELACE (1815 – 1852) o Conceived by Harvard professor, Howard Aiken, and design and built  First computer programmer. by IBM.  She is an English mathematician. HP 200A AUDIO OSCILLATOR (1939) TABULATING MACHINE  It is a special machine used to make sound  A counting machine used in the 1890 US effects. census.  First product of Hewlett-Packard.  It used punched cards to represent an  Popular piece of test equipment for individual’s census data. engineers. HERMAN HOLLERITH (1860 – 1929) HEWLETT-PACKARD  He is an American business, inventor, and  Founded by David Packard and Bill statistician. Hewlett.  He developed an electromechanical tabulating machine. VACUUM TUBE  CEO of Tabulating Machine Company later *** become IBM International. ATANASOFF BERRY COMPUTER (1937 – 1942) TURING MACHINE  It is the first electronic digital computer.  It is an abstract computing machine that o Built at Iowa State College encapsulates the fundamental logical (University). principles of the digital computer.  Also known as ABC, was a center for patent dispute. ALAN TURING  Designed and built by Professor John  Founding Father of Artificial Intelligence. Vincent Atanasoff and graduate student o Modern Computer, Computer Cliff Berry. (1939-1942) Science and AI.  He is very helpful during WW2 in breaking COLOSSUS (1943) messages encrypted by the German cipher  It is designed to break the complex Lorenz machine. (1992) ciphers used by the Nazis during WW2.  Alan Turing law (2016) – pardoned  It is not known to the public until 1970s. thousands of gay and bisexual men.  It was designed by British Engineer Tommy Flowers. Z1-Z4 (1936 – 1943) (1948)  It slowly computes data, ranging around 1hz to 3hz.  It was hidden during WW2 and resurfaced in 1948. 3  ENIAC (1946) NEAC 2203 (1960)  Electronic Numerical Integrator and  A drum-based machine Computer. o The first to use transistors in Japan. o Given a title of, “Giant Brain.”  It is a general-purpose computer.  It had a speed of one thousand times that of o Business, scientific, and engineering electro-mechanical machines. applications.  It was conceived and designed by John CDC 6600 (1964) Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert.  Control Data Corporation’s 6600 EDVAC (1947)  Fastest supercomputer during its period.  Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic  Designed by computer architect, Seymour Computer. Cray.  The successor of ENIAC. IBM SYSTEM 360 (1964)  It incorporates a high-speed serial access memory.  A mainframe computer.  A transition from discrete transistors to MANCHESTER MARK 1 (1949) integrated circuits and punched-card  The first stored program digital computer. equipment to electronic computer o Prototype for Ferranti Mark 1. systems. JOHN von NUEMANN (1903 – 1957) INTEGRATED CIRCUIT  He is credited for the stored-program  Also known as Chip, Microchip computer architecture. DEC PDP (1965)  A Hungarian-born American mathematician.  The first successful commercial EDSAC (1949) minicomputer.  Electronic Delay Storage Automatic o Sold for 50,000 units. Calculator.  Made by Digital Equipment Corporation.  It is an early British computer. APOLLO GUIDANCE COMPUTER (1968) o Second usefully operational  Its debut orbiting the Earth for Apollo 7. electronic digital stored-program o Steered Apollo 11 to the lunar computer. surface. TRANSISTORS  Communicated with the computer with two-  The next generation or improve vacuum digit codes and appropriate syntactic tube. category. UNIVAC (1951) IMP (1969)  Universal Automatic Computer.  Interface Message Processor  It is the first general purpose computer for  Seek to keep its network of computers alive commercial use. when certain nodes were destroyed in an o Unisys company. attack. SAGE (1954)  It featured the first generation of gateway,  Semi-Automatic Ground Environment. routers.  A special purpose computer used to help  Performed a critical task in the development the Air Force track radar data in real time. of the ARPANET (Advanced Research o Gigantic computerized air defense Projects Agency Network) – first operational system. packet switching network. o Predecessor of the contemporary global Internet. 4  KENBAK – 1 (1971) ATARI 400 (1979)  Considered the world’s first personal  A microcomputer serves as a game computer. (microcomputer) console. o Sold 40 units. ATARI 800 (1979)  Lacking a microprocessor, it had only 256 bytes of computing power.  A microcomputer serves as a home computer. ALTAIR 8800 IBM PC (1981)  Manufactured by MITS and invented by Ed Roberts.  IBM introduced its PC cheaper than Apple.  First mainstream personal computer.  The first PC ran on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 o Bill Gates and Paul Allen licensed microprocessor and used Microsoft’s MS- BASIC as the software language for DOS OS. Altair. OSBORNE (1981) Ed Roberts coined the term “personal computer.”  Portable APPLE 1  Conceived by Steve Wozniak (Woz), as a COMMODORE 64 (1982) build-it-yourself kit computer, and later *** offered to Silicon Valley’s Homebrew HAWLETT PACKARD 150 (1983) Computer Club with his friend Steve Jobs. ***  Sold for 200 units. APPLE LISA (1983) APPLE II (1977) ***  Hooked by the color television set, which produced brilliant color graphics. APPLE MACINTOSH (1984)  It became instant success with its printed *** circuit motherboard, switching power supply, keyboard, case assembly, manual, IBM PS2 (1987) game paddles, A/C power cord, and *** cassette tape with the computer game NeXT (1988) “Breakout.” *** CRAY (1976) DEEP BLUE (1997)  During the time of release, Cray-1 was the  Used on the game Chess. fastest computing machine in the world. o Supercomputer-prioritized I PHONE (2007) processing capacity and speed of *** calculation.  Designed by Seymour Cray. I PAD (2010) *** TRS (1977) *** GOOGLE GLASS *** VAX 780 (1978) APPLE WATCH (2014)  A minicomputer that provides hundreds *** more times of capacity.  The VAX 11/780 from by Digital Equipment Corp. featured the ability to address up to 4.2 gigabytes of virtual memory. 5  NUMBER SYSTEM II. Octal – Divisor is 8  Decimal o 0123456789 Division Quotient Remainer 426 = 6528  Binary o 01 426 / 8 53 2  Octal 53 / 8 6 5 o 01234567  Hexadecimal 6/8 0 6 o 0123456789ABCDEF or WHOLE NUMBERS CONVERSION 8 426 - 424 2 CONVERSION FROM DECIMAL TO ANY NUMBER SYSTEM 8 53 - 48 5 1. Divide the decimal number by the divisor the quotient becomes zero (0) 8 8-8 6 2. The remainder should be noted down for each division step. 8 0 3. Then the remainders are read in reverse 426 = 6522 order. III. Hexadecimal – divisor 16 I. Binary – Divisor is 2 Division Quotient Remainer 348 = 15C16 Division Quotient Remainer 348 / 16 21 12 26 / 2 13 0 26 = 110102 21 / 16 1 5 13 / 2 6 1 1 / 16 0 1 6/2 3 0 or 3/2 1 1 16 348 – 336 12 1/2 0 1 16 21 – 16 5 or 16 1 - 0 1 2 26 – 26 0 16 0 2 13 – 12 1 348 = 15C16 2 6–6 0 2 3–2 1 2 1-0 1 2 0 26 110102 6 CONVERSION FROM ANY NUMBER SYSTEM TO DECIMAL  Take note of the positional weight of the digits in the number systems. o Binary 2 o Octal 8 o Hexadecimal 16  Multiply each digit to be converted with its positional weight depending on the base of the number. CONVERSION FROM ANY BINARY SYSTEM TO DECIMAL  Multiply each bit with its positional weight depending on the base (radix) of the number system. CONVERSION FROM ANY HEXADECIMAL SYSTEM TO DECIMAL = 1 x 2 4 + 1 x 23 + 0 x 2 2 + 1 x 2 1 + 0 x 20  Multiply each digit with its positional weight = 1 x 16 + 1 x 8 + 0 x 4 + 1 x 2 + 0 x 1 depending on the base of the number system. = 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0 1 1 0 1 02= 2610 = 1 x 162 + 5 x 161 + 12 x 160 = 1 x 264 + 5 x 16 + 12 x 1 = 264 + 80 + 12 15C16 = 34810 CONVERSION FROM ANY OCTAL SYSTEM TO DECIMAL  Multiply each bit with its positional weight depending on the base (radix) of the number system. = 6 x 8 2 + 5 x 81 + 2 x 8 0 = 6 x 64 + 5 x 8 + 2 x 1 = 384 + 40 + 2 6528 = 42610 7  CONVERSION FROM BINARY TO OCTAL AND VICE CONVERSION FROM BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL AND VERSA VICE VERSA  In an octal number system, the maximum  The maximum digit is 15, which is digit is 7, which is represented in binary as represented in binary as 11112. 1112. To convert binary to hexadecimal, 0 000 0 1 000 8  Group the digits 4s starting at the least 0 001 1 1 001 9 significant bit (LSB). o 0001 0110 1010 0 010 2 1 010 A  Replace each group by the hexadecimal 0 011 3 1 011 B equivalent. o 0001 0110 1010 0 100 4 1 100 C 1 6 A 0001011010102 = 16A16 0 101 5 1 101 D CONVERSION FROM BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL 0 110 6 1 110 E  Each hexadecimal digit is converted into a 4-bit-equivalent binary number. 0 111 7 1 111 F o 1 6 A 0001 0110 1010  Combine all the digits to get the final binary To convert binary to octal, equivalent. o 16A16 = 1011010102  Group the digits by 3s starting at the least significant bit (LSB). CONVERSION FROM OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL AND VICE o 101 101 010 VERSA  Replace each group by the octal equivalent.  Convert the octal number to its binary o 101 101 010 equivalent. 5 5 2 o 1 6 C 1011010102 = 5528 0001 0110 1100  Form groups of 4 bits starting from LSB. CONVERSION FROM OCTAL TO BINARY o 0001 0110 1100 -> 101 101 100  Each octal digit is converted into a 3-bit-  Write the equivalent hexadecimal for each equivalent binary number. group of 4 bits. o 101 101 010 o 101 101 100 5 5 2 5 5 4  Combine all digits to get the final binary 16C16 = 5548 equivalent. o 5528 = 1011010102 8  FRACTIONAL CONVERSION  Read the integer portions from top going CONVERSION DECIMAL TO OTHER NUMBER SYSTEM down. o 0.52510 = 0.4146318 CONVERSION FROM DECIMAL FRACTION TO BINARY FRACTION CONVERSION FROM DECIMAL FRACTION TO  Multiply the fraction by 2. HEXADECIMAL FRACTION o.625 * 2 = 1.250  Multiply the fraction by 16.  The integer and fraction portions of the o.85 * 16 = 13.60 product are separated, and the integer  The integer and fraction portions of the portion is extracted. product are separated, and the integer o 1.250 -> 1 portion is extracted.  Only the fraction portion is multiplied again o 13.60 -> 13 by 2.  Only the fraction portion is multiplied again o.625 * 2 = 1.250 -> 1 by 8. o.250 * 2 = 0.500 -> 0 o.85 * 16 = 13.60 -> 13 -> D o.500 * 2 = 1.000 -> 1 o.60 * 16 = 9.60 -> 9 o.60 * 16 = 9.60 -> 9 The operations are repeated until the fraction o.60 * 16 = 9.60 -> 9 becomes 0. o.60 * 16 = 9.60 -> 9  Read the integer portions from the top going o.60 * 16 = 9.60 -> 9 down.  Read the integer portions from top going o 0.62510 = 0.1012 down. o.8510 = D9999916 Some procedure is used to convert from decimal fraction to octal fraction and CONVERSION FROM ANY NUMBER SYSTEM FRACTION hexadecimal fraction except that instead of TO DECIMAL FRACTION multiplying the fraction part by 2, it will be  Take note of the positional weight of the multiplied by 8 (for octal) and 16 (for digits in the number systems. hexadecimal). Binary number 1 0. 1 1 0 12  It will not be rounded of and stopped at the Exponents 1 0.-1 -2 -3 -4 6th fractional position instead. Octal number 1. 4 2 68 Exponents 0. -1 -2 -3 CONVERSION FROM DECIMAL FRACTION TO OCTAL Hexadecimal numbers 5. 1 5 C 16 FRACTION Exponents 0. -1 -2 -3  Multiply the fraction by 8.  Multiply each digit to be converted with its o.525 * 8 = 4.200 positional weight depending on the base of  The integer and fraction portions of the the number system. product are separated, and the integer portion is extracted. CONVERSION FROM BINARY SYSTEM TO DECIMAL o 4.200-> 4 (WITH FRACTION)  Only the fraction portion is multiplied again  Multiply each bit with its positional weight by 8. depending on the base (radix) of the o.525 * 8 = 4.200 -> 4 number system. o.200 * 8 = 1.600 -> 1 o.600 * 8 = 4.800 -> 4 o.800 * 8 = 6.400 -> 6 o.400 * 8 = 3.200 -> 3 o.200 * 8 = 1.600 -> 1 9  CONVERSION FROM OCTAL SYSTEM TO DECIMAL  Replace each group of 4 by its hexadecimal (WITH FRACTION) digit equivalent.  Multiply each bit with its positional weight o 0. 1011 1100 0100 depending on the base (radix) of the 0. 11 12 4 number system. 0. B C 4 0.1011110001002 = 0.BC416 CONVERSION FROM HEXADECIMAL FRACTION TO BINARY  Replace each hexadecimal digit by its 4 bits equivalent. o 0. 8 E CONVERSION FROM HEXADECIMAL SYSTEM TO 0. 1000 1110 DECIMAL (WITH FRACTION) 0.8E16 = 0.100011102  Multiply each bit with its positional weight CONVERSION FROM BINARY FRACTION TO OCTAL depending on the base (radix) of the number system.  The fraction conversion from octal to hexadecimal and vice versa are also the same as with integer conversion from octal to hexadecimal and vice versa.  The 2-step process is: o Convert octal/hexadecimal to binary. o Convert binary to octal/hexadecimal equivalent. CONVERSION FROM BINARY FRACTION TO OCTAL  The steps are the same as with binary integer conversion. Group the bits by 3, starting from the bit right after the fractional point. o 0. 101 111 000 1002  Replace each group of 3 by its octal digit equivalent. o 0. 101 111 000 1002 0.1011110001002 = 0. 5 7 0 48 CONVERSION FROM OCTAL FRACTIONS TO BINARY FRACTIONS  Replace each octal digit by its 3-bit equivalent. o 0. 5 6 7 0. 101 110 111 0.5678 = 0.1011101112 CONVERSION FROM BINARY FRACTION TO HEXADECIMAL  Group the bits by 4, starting from the bit right after the fractional point. o 0.1011 1100 01002 10