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BSCPE 1-1 GNED 08- UNDERSTANDING THE SELF LESSON 1- FROM THE PERSPECTIVE SOCRATES (470-399 BCE) OF PHILOSOPHY Great debater...

BSCPE 1-1 GNED 08- UNDERSTANDING THE SELF LESSON 1- FROM THE PERSPECTIVE SOCRATES (470-399 BCE) OF PHILOSOPHY Great debater Angered Sophist who brought him to trial where 🞆 Thinkers for centuries have searched for the he was finally sentenced to death. explanations and reasons for everything that exist around him. Sophist- people skilled in discussion and debate 🞆 Literally means Love for wisdom 🞆 Athens of Ancient Greece, approximately 600 BCE THE SOCRATIC/ DIALECTIC METHOD 🞆 Centered on the universe and what possible role man may play in it. - 🞆 The Greeks in search for knowledge came up with answers that are both cognitive and scientific. This method involves the search for the (Price,2000) correct/ proper definition of a thing. 🞆 Greek Philosophers (Miletus) seek natural He did not lecture, instead ask questions explanations instead of seeking for supernatural and engage people in a discussion. explanations from gods. Using this method, the questioner should: o 🞆 Their study of change led them to the idea of be skilled at detecting misconceptions o permanence. (Price, 2000) revealing misconceptions by asking the right questions. IDEA OF PERMANENCE The goal is to bring the person closer to final understanding. PRO PERMANENCE PRO CHANGEABILITY SOCRATES'S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE According to “Everything flows, you He believed that his mission in life was to seek Parmenides, can never step on the the highest knowledge and convince others everything in existence same river twice" Heraclitus who are willing to seek this knowledge with is permanent and him. unchangeable. Something exist "You cannot step on the Socratic Method allowed him to question because it is same river even once"- people’s beliefs and ideas, exposing their permanent. Cratulus misconceptions and get them to touch their souls. Touching of the soul - get in touch with true self. Early philosophers searched for the explanation into how the world works through mathematics, He was named by the Oracle of Delphi as the heavenly bodies and atoms. wisest of all man. Another group sought to understand the nature Most important knowledge: How to live right and how to make their soul good. of human beings. One of the big three (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle) Real understanding comes from within the Mentor of Plato person. Stone mason with a sharp mind  is composed of is composed of The aim of Socratic Method is to make people changing, sensible eternal things which think, seek and ask again and again. things which are are Reach inside the self to the one's deepest lesser entities and permanent and nature. therefore imperfect perfect. It is the and flawed source of reality and true knowledge. PLATO (428-348 BCE) Aristocles Born in Athens to one of Greece's aristocratic families. PLATO'S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE Nicknamed Plato because of his physical built Plato made use of Socratic Method which means wide or broad. He believed that knowledge lies within a person's Left Athens for 12 years after the death of soul. Socrates. Considered human beings as microcosms of the Established "The Academy" universal macrocosms Both Socrates and Plato believed that Philosophy is Humans have immortal rational soul, which more than analyses but rather a way of life. Plato Plato believed is created in the image of wrote more than 20 Dialogues with Socrates as the divine. protagonist in most of them. 3 COMPONENTS OF SOUL THEORY OF FORMS The Reason The Spirited The Appetites FORMS CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMS is rational and in non-rational v are is the and is the will or irrational Refers to what is o Forms are motivation the and lean o ageless and for goodness drive toward towards the real therefore are and truth. action. This part desire for Not encountered eternal of the soul is pleasures of o o Forms are initially neutral the body. with the senses unchanging and but can be Can only be therefore permanent influenced/ pull o o Forms are in two grasped unmoving and directions. intellectually indivisible Reason seeks the true goal of man which is to see things in their true nature. PLATO’S DUALISM Plato believed that people are intrinsically good. Sometimes, however, judgements are made in THE REALM OF THE REALM OF FORMS ignorance and Plato equates ignorance with evil SHADOWS (Price,2000). PLATO'S THEORY OF LOVE AND BECOMING Allegory of the Cave-what people see in the cave are  only shadows which they believe are real things and love paves the way for all beings to ascend to represents knowledge. higher stages of self-realization and perfection. love is the way of knowing and realizing the truth. Only forms are real. Once the people get out of the cave and into Think more the light, what they will see are the Forms o Christian philosophers held faith supreme over which is the real knowledge is. reason and logic. A question is raised then as to In knowing the truth, the person must become whether reason and logic could/should be used the truth. – Theory of Being to understand Christian truths (Price, 2000) To know is to be. The more a person knows, the more he is, and the better he is. Each individual has in his immortal soul a perfect set of Forms that he can recall which constitutes true knowledge. To recall/ remember the form - to know the truth ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (354-436 CE) and become just and wise From Hippo, Africa Initially rejected Christianity for it seemed to him then that Christianity could not provide him answers to questions that interested him. Wanted to know about moral evil and why it How to get out of the Cave into the world of Forms? existed in people, his personal desire for sensual pleasures and questions about all love is the way by which a person can move from sufferings in the world. a state of imperfect knowledge and ignorance to a state of perfection and true knowledge. God as the so world. Let all reality an THE your lover change you Man is capable knowing etern (discovered t Decode the message of beauty mystical expe God - one eter Reform society Without God source of all tru ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO could never un eternal tru PLATO'S 4 BIG IDEAS FOR Those who kno MAKING LIFE MORE about God wil FULFILLED closest to ST. AUGUSTI understandi true nature o o Christianity's influence dominated the Western thought after the fall of the Hellenistic-Roman eras. o Christian philosophers during medieval era are  also theologians. o Concern is God and man's relationship with God. o Believed that man should rely on God's commands and his judgements of what constitutes good and evil. o Plato and other Greek philosophers see man as basically good and becomes evil through ignorance of what is good. o Christianity – sees man as sinners who reject/go against a loving God's command o Christian philosophy became so powerful that the church ordered Plato's Academy in Athens closed. (method) Man searches for happiness. In his search for an answer to his question, he had Real happiness can only be found in God. three dreams. This dream instructed him to For God is love and he created man for them to construct a system of knowledge using just the also love. powers of human reason. Problems arise because of the objects DESCARTES' SYSTEM humans choose to love. Through Mathematics, he discovered that Disordered love results when man loves the human mind has two powers wrong things. Intuition Deduction 1. Love of physical objects leads to sin of greed. 2. Love for other people is not lasting and excessive love for them is a sin of jealousy. 3. Love for self leads to sin of pride. The ability to The power to discover apprehend what is known by 4. Love for God is the supreme virtue and only direction of progressing in an orderly through loving God can man find real certain truths. way from what is already happiness. known. Truths are arrived All things are worthy of love but they must be using a step by step loved properly. process. RENE DESCARTES (1596-1650) Father of modern Philosophy One of the rationalist philosophers in Europe. Descartes believed that reasoning could produce Rationalist-group of philosophers who considered absolute truths about nature, existence, morality truth as a universal concept and reason is and God. superior to and independent of sensory a priori – truths that can be discovered. Ideas experience. They are impressed by the scientific discovered this way does not rely on some method and mathematics that they aimed to experiences because they are innate in human apply it in their philosophy. mind. Introduced the Cartesian method and invented Philosophy should progress from simple to analytic geometry. complex ideas. Is there anything I can know with certainty? DESCARTES' VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE  I think, therefore I am the mind at birth is a blank slate. o To doubt is to think. Ideas can be the result of o A thinker is a thing that doubts, understands, relection which affirms, denies, wills, refuses, imagines and feels demonstrate (Price, 2000) the power of thinking and The cognitive aspect of human nature is his volition or will. basis of existence of the self. THE MIND-BODY PROBLEM Simple ideas are repeated and compared to become Descartes considered the soul/mind as a complex ideas. substance that is separate from the body. All bodily processes are mechanical. LOCKE'S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE The body is like a machine that is controlled by Morals, religious and political values come from will and aided by the mind. sense experiences. Mental acts-are acts that produce the greatest possible good JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704) Knowing what is good does not necessarily mean Born in Wrington, England that people will always do what is good. Son of Puritan lawyer Morality-choosing or willing the good. Interested in politics and was a defender of the THREE LAWS ACCORDING TO LOCKE parliamentary system. Published a book on the scope and limits of Law of Opinion Civil Law Divine Law human mind at the age of 57. The book played a significant role in the new era thought known as Enlightenment Interested in the workings of the human mind, Where Where right Set by God on particularly the acquisition of knowledge. actions that actions are the actions of Believed that knowledge results from ideas are enforced by man. The true praiseworthy people with law for produced posteriori or by the objects that are called authority human were experienced. virtue and (ex. Courts, behavior. It is The process involves two forms: eternally true those that police) Sensation Reflection are not are and the one called vice. law that man should always Objects were By which the mind looks at the follow. experienced objects that were experienced through the to discover relationships that senses. may exists between them. DAVID HUME (1711-1776) Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. TABULA ROSA Lost his faith during the time that he was enrolled at the University of Edinburgh. Ideas are not Became cynical about almost everything except innate but rather philosophy and general learning.  After reading the philosophy of Locke, he never impression of a self. again entertained any belief in religion (Prince, The self is a product of the imagination. He also 2000) stated that there is no such thing as personal Credited for giving empiricism its clear identity behind perceptions and feelings that come formulation. and go. There is a Relied on scientific method at the beginning of his permanent/unchanging self. (Moore and philosophy Bruder, 2002) Discovered the limitations of the mind and his optimism turned into skepticism. IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) Skepticism - an attitude of doubting the truth of something. Lived all his life in the town of Konisberg in East Prussia (presently Western Russia) THE HUMAN MIND Deeply spiritual 2 Types of Perceptions Rousseau made him realized and enabled him to Impression Ideas formulate his philosophical ideas. Stated that it was the philosophy of David Hume are immediate sensations are recollections that awakened and motivated him to be the of external reality. These of these founder of German Idealism. are more vivid than the impressions. Wrote 3 books: ideas it produces. Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Reason and Critique of Judgement Impressions and ideas make up the content of human mind. o Begins with impressions, without impressions there will be no form of complex ideas. KANT'S VIEW OF THE MIND o Imagination connect two ideas to form a complex Argued that the mind is not a passive receiver of idea. sense experience but rather actively o According to Hume, words are meaningful if and participates in knowing the objects it only if they can be traced to impressions and experiences. ideas Stated that, instead of the mind conforming to that copy impressions (Moore and Bruder 2002) the world, it is the external world that conforms to the mind. THE PRINCIPLE OF CAUSE AND EFFECT Combined Rationalism and Empiricism and defined knowledge as a result of human According to Hume, the idea of cause and effect arise understanding applied to sense experience. only when people experience certain relations between objects thus it cannot be a basis for knowledge. KANT'S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE AND THE SELF HUME'S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE Sensory impressions imply a unity of the self without which there would be no knowledge Hume called soul "the self" of experience He concluded that man does really have an idea of When the self sees an object, it tends to remember the so-called self because ideas rely on sense its characteristics and applies on it, the forms of impressions and people have no sense  the time and space. workings of the mind or one's mental life impacts The self must exist or there could be no memory strongly on the body resulting in either emotional or knowledge. stability or psychological dysfunctions. TRANSCENDENTAL APPERCEPTION the experience of the self and its unity with objects. transcendental is used because people do not experience the self directly but as a unit of all impressions that are organized by the mind through perceptions. Kant concluded that all objects of knowledge, which includes the self, are phenomenal. That true nature of things is altogether unknown and unknowable (Price,2000) Kant stated that the kingdom of God is within man. God is manifested in people's lives therefore it is man's duty to move towards perfection. TOPOGRAPHY OF THE MIND People should see duty as the divine command. SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) Austrian neurologists The tip of the iceberg represents conscious Still considered to be one of the pioneering awareness which characterizes the person as figures in the field of psychology. he deals with the external world. His psychodynamic theory has characteristics of The person's observable behavior, is further controlled by the unconscious/ philosophical thought. subconscious mind. Freud's then revolutionary ideas of the Subconscious serves as repository of past probable factors that determine the human experiences, repressed memories, fantasies behavior pave the way for science to look into and urges be achieved through the grace of the workings of the unconscious mind. God. o Repressed thoughts and memories have enough psychic energy to impose its control on the person's consciousness, Id Ego Superego o Kept hidden and unexpressed, these repressed memories resurface and are manifested some sort of psychopathology. o Hysteria- Freud made use of methods like free association and dream analysis. STRUCTURES OF THE MIND Psychodynamic Theory  the the the last In his book entitled, The Concept of Mind, Ryle structure structure structure to argues that dualism involves category mistakes that is that is develop and is and is a philosophical nonsense (Ryle, 1949) primarily based primarily based on on the dependent on How is a non-material mental substance known as the reality learning the the mind can influence a physical, material pleasure principle. difference body? principle. It This between right Many philosophical problems were caused by demands structure and wrong. the wrong use of language. immediate mediates between the Morality of The categorical mistake in Cartesian dualism was satisfaction actions is largely impulses of applying properties to a non-material thing that and is not dependent on the id and are logically and grammatically appropriate only hindered by childhood the for a category of material things. societal restraints of upbringing expectations. Stigmatized the mind as the "Ghost in the the superego particularly on rewards and Machine" punishments. FREUD'S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE Freewill was invented to answer the question of whether the action deserves praise or blame BEYOND THE PLEASURE PRINCIPLE Agrees with Kant who stated that freewill involves a 2 kinds of instincts moral responsibility which further assumes that man's actions must be moral for it to be free. Eros Thanatos 2 types of Knowledge life instinct, the energy of death instinct, eros is called libido and Knowing-that Knowing-how man's behavior includes urges necessary directed for individual and species towards refers to knowing using facts in the survival like thirst, hunger destruction in facts/information, performance of and sex. considered as empty some skill or the form of intellectualism. technical aggression and abilities. violence. o A person may acquire a great bulk of knowledge FREUD'S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE but without the ability to use it to solve some Freud's psychoanalysis sees man as a product of practical problems to make his life easier, this bulk of his past lodged within his subconscious. Man's behavior knowledge is deemed to be worthless. by his pleasure-seeking life instinct and his destructive o Knowing involves an ability and not just an death instinct is said to be born with his ego already in intellect. conflict. Men then lives his life balancing the forces of life and death-opposing forces that make mere existence PATRICIA AND PAUL CHURCHLAND a challenge. Neurology- deals with the study of the nervous GILBERT RYLE (1900-1976) system, its structure, physiology and aberrations. An English philosopher whose ideas -Modern scientific inquiry looks into the contradicted Cartesian Dualism. application of neurology to age-old problems in  philosophy, one of which is the mind-problem. tune-in to the realities of the brain and extant reality. Neurophilosophy-coined by Patricia Churchland It can malfunction who, together with husband Paul (Canadian Man is a work of art, constantly evolving and at the philosopher), sought to guide philosophy with same time molded by experiences of the world. scientific inquiry. Philosophy of neuroscience- the study of the MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY (1908-1961) philosophy of the mind, the philosophy of science, neuroscience and psychology. It aims to French Phenomenological Philosopher whose explore the relevance of neuroscientific thoughts were greatly influenced by Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger. experiments/studies to the philosophy of the mind. Wrote books on perception, art and political thought. ISSUE OF MIND-BRAIN At the center of his philosophy is the emphasis Even if neuroscience found that there is no causal placed on the human body as the primary site relationship between the brain and the mind, the mind of knowing the world. would still be associated with the brain. MERLEAU-PONTY VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE AND THE SELF Churchland (born July 16, 1943) CanadianAmerican philosopher. Known for her claim that Developed the concept of body-subject and man's brain is responsible for the identity known as the contended that perceptions occur existentially. self. The consciousness, the world and the human body The biochemical properties of the brain are all interconnected as they mutually perceived according to this philosophy of neuroscience is really the world. Knowledge is perceived through the body responsible for man's thoughts, feelings, and behavior. with all its sensory functions which take place in the here and now. THERE ISN'T A SPECIAL THING CALLED THE The world and the self are emergent MIND. THE MIND IS JUST THE BRAIN phenomena in the ongoing process of man's - Patricia Churchland becoming. CHURCHLAND'S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE contentions The Phenomenology of Perception (1945) that are forwarded by neurophilosophy resulted from Described the nature of man's perceptual contact cases where individuals' deviant thoughts, feelings and with the world. actions stemmed from anomalies/aberrations in the Phenomenology provides a direct description of brain's anatomy and physiology. human experience while perception forms the It seems that what and who the person is, how he background of the experience which serves to makes decision, controls impulses and how he sees guide man's conscious actions. himself is largely determined by his neurons, The world is a field of perception and human hormones and overall genetic make-up. consciousness assigns meaning to the world. These data provide information on how normal brain Man cannot separate himself from his perception functioning facilitates accepted social behavior and of the world. how a compromised brain gives rise to aberrant He stated that consciousness is a process that behavior patterns. includes sensing as well as Human nature is complicated Interpreting/reasoning Despite research findings. neurophilosophy states that Objects may be seen from various perspectives. o self is real, that it is a tool that helps the person Merleau-Ponty has been known as the  philosopher of the body. o Made use of the concept of the body experience and activities. And self cannot be separated schema, which focus on the relationship from society. between DEVELOPMENT OF SELF selfexperience and the experience of other According to Mead three activities develop the people. self: language, play and games. 1. Language- develops self by allowing individuals to respond to each other through symbols, gestures, words, and sounds. Language conveys others' attitudes and opinions toward a subject or a person. Emotions such as anger, happiness and confusion, are conveyed through language. 2. Play - develops self by allowing individuals to take on different roles, pretend and express expectation of others. Play develops one's LESSON 2-FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF selfconsciousness through role-playing. During SOCIOLOGY roleplay a person is able to internalize the perspective of others and develop an SOCIOLOGY understanding of how others feel about is one of the disciplines in the social sciences which themselves and others in a variety of social aims to discover the ways by which the social situations. surrounding/ environment influences people's 3. Games - develops self by allowing individuals to thoughts, feelings, and behavior. understand and adhere to the rules of the The main focus is understanding human societies, the activity. Self is developed by understanding that need to know and be aware of social processes there are rules in which one must abide in order may make people see themselves better when they to win the game or be successful at an activity. realize how the social world impacts on their existence. 3 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT GEORGE HERBERT MEAD 1. The Preparatory Stage At this stage, children's behavior is primarily based Born February 1863 in Massachusetts, USA. on imitation. It was observed that children imitate Graduated and taught grade school at Oberlin the behaviors of those around them. As these College. In 1887, he enrolled at Harvard University, his children grow, they become familiar with symbols main interests were philosophy and psychology. He (verbal and non-verbal) that people use in their wrote and published many articles and book reviews, interactions. The symbols are the bases of but communication. At the first stage, knowing and did not publish any book. It was his students who put understanding the symbols are important for this together his numerous writings and edited them for constitute their way of communicating with others publication throughout their lives (Schaefer, 2012). Died due to heart failure in 1931. 2. The Play Stage (ages 3 to 6) At this stage, skills at knowing and MEAD'S SOCIAL SELF THEORY understanding the symbols of communication is According to Mead the Self is not there from important for this constitutes the basis for socialization. birth, but is developed over time from social Through communication, social relationships are  formed. Now children begin to role play and pretend to process of mentally assuming the perspective of be other people. Role-taking according to Mead is the another person to see how this person might behave or respond in a given situation (Schaefer, 2012) The play stage is significant in the development of the self. It is at this stage where the child widens his perspective and realizes that he is not alone and that there are others around him whose presence he has to consider 3. The Game Stage (about 8-9 years old) At this stage the child begins to consider several tasks and various relationships simultaneously. Through the learnings that were gained in stage two, the child now begins to see not only his own perspective but at the same time the perspective of other around him. In this final stage of self-development, the child now has the ability to respond not just to one but several members of his social environment. When the person When the person takes GENERALIZED OTHER initiates or performs the role of the other, the Generalized other - term Mead used to explain a social action, the self functions as an object. the behavior of the person when he sees/considers self functions as a The objective element of other people in the course of his actions. Through the subject. The the self is Me. generalized other, the person realizes that people in subjective element society have cultural norms, beliefs and values which of the self is I. Example: The students are incorporated to the self. This realization forms the around school voted for basis of how the person may evaluate himself Example: I will go me. (selfevaluation). on a date. MEAD'S THEORY OF THE SELF The self is not present at birth but begins as a Formation of the self does not end at the process of central character in a child's world. Children can see socialization. themselves as the center of their universe and is Socialization continues as long as the person is alive. having difficulty understanding others around them. As The self may change based on life circumstances that these children, there is a change in the self. They begin have strong impact on it. to see other people and is now concerned about Though a person may have no control over such people's reactions. People around him, particularly his events he has control over how he reacts and deals family, play a major role in the formation of the self. with it which is still an important aspect of the self They are the significant others who strongly influence (Macionis, his development (Schaefer, 2012) 2012) THE "I”AND “ME” Mead explained that the person's capacity to see the self through others implies that the self OTHER SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO is composed of two parts: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF I self Me self CHARLES HORTON COOLEY (1864-1929) He was an American Sociologist who used  sociopsychological approach to understand how the society works. LESSON 3- FROM THE PERSPECTIVE He earned his doctorate at the University of Michigan and taught at the same university as OF ANTHROPOLOGY sociology professor until the end of his life. He discussed the formation of the self through Anthropology is a field of social sciences that interaction in his written work "Human Nature and focuses on the study of man. Social Order (1902) From the Greek words Anthropos (human) and Cooley stated that people will learn who they truly logia (study), it is the study of human kind from are, through social interaction with other people. past up to present. The view of the self is significantly influenced by the It looks into man's physical/biological impression and perception of others. He coined the characteristics, social relationships and influences term "looking-glass self" or the self that is the of his culture from the dawn of civilization to product of social interaction. present. 3 Phases of the Process of Developing the Self 1. 4 SUBFIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY People imagine how they present themselves to others. 1. Archeology 2. People imagine how others evaluate them. The study of human activity through the 3. People develop some sort of feeling about recovery and analysis of material culture. themselves as a result of those impressions. I Studies artifacts in order to discover how am not what I think I am humans lived their lives. I am not what you think I am I am what I think You think I am Focuses on the past and how it may have contributed to the present ways of how humans conduct their lives. ERVING GOFFMAN (1922-1982) He was an a Canadian-American sociologist Archeological data suggests that humans did not go known for his role in the development of Modern extinct because of their cognitive skills, tools, American Sociology. learn from experience, adapt and gain dominance over Earth's creatures. Impression Dramaturgical approach Discoveries made people realize the most management important aspect of human nature: survival People the process of Goffman observed that either kill others or help each other. According to altering how the there are similarities the School of Functionalism, human behavior person between real social continues to adapt in order to survive. The manner presents himself to interaction and in which humans choose to survive differs. others. theatrical presentation. Nowadays, people still aim for survival and leaving a mark in the society. 2. BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Goffman used the phrase face-work to describe Biological anthropology explains how the another aspect of the self, usually observed in situations biological characteristics of human beings where face-saving measures are resorted to in affected how they lived their lives. maintenance of a proper image of the self in frustrating Focus primarily on how the human body adapts to or embarrassing situations (Schaefer, 2012) the different earth environments. Looks at probable causes of disease, physical  mutation and death. Do comparative studies on human beings both dead and living, and other primates. Human beings at present still share the same biological strengths and vulnerabilities. Anthropologists suggest that there is no universal or right way of being a human. Positive: Human beings can be shaped or 3. LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY formed to have the kind of life they prefer. Negative: People have no control over what Human survival is primarily linked to their ability to they learn. communicate. An essential part of human communication is language Cultural diversities are manifested in different ways and Language identifies a group of people. The words, at different levels of depth. Values are considered the sounds, symbols, writings and signs that are used core of culture. are reflections of a group's culture. Linguistic Anthropologists focuses on using Ways Culture Manifest itself on People language as a means to discover a group's 1. Symbols - are the words, gestures, pictures or manner of social interaction and his worldview. objects that have a recognized accepted meaning in a They aim to discover how language is used to particular culture. It can be shared or copied by other create and share meanings, to form ideas and culture who find them also fitting for their own culture. concepts and to promote social change Examples: Rings signify commitment which may also be Story of Babel copied/imitated by other cultures. Colors have English-Universal Language meanings that are similar in many culture. In the contemporary society, other forms of language have evolved which represent the 2. Heroes-are persons from the past or present who subculture of a particular group. Example: have characteristics that are important in a culture. language of LGBTs and social media terms. They may be real or fictitious and are models for behavior. Language is reflective of the time and mode of Examples: Real: Jose Rizal, Andres Bonifacio thinking of people using it. Fictitious: Spiderman, Darna 4. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY 3. Rituals - are activities (may be religious or social) Cultural anthropology is the study of human participated in by a group of people for the fulfillment ways of life in the broadest possible of desired objectives and are considered to be socially comparative perspective. essential. Cultural anthropologists are interested in Examples: Religious ceremonies: baptism and weddings knowing what makes one group's manner of Social ceremonies: birthday and graduation living particular to that group and forms an 4. Values - considered to be the core of every essential part of the member's personal and culture. Values are unconscious and can neither be social identity. An individual is a product of his discussed nor be directly observed but can only be culture. inferred from the way people act or react to Theory of Cultural Determinism - human nature is circumstances and situations. It involves human determined by ideas, meanings, beliefs, and values tendencies/preferences towards good or bad, right or learned as members of a society. Who or what a wrong. person is maybe determined by the kind of culture Examples: respect for elders, hospitality, nationalism he is born into and grew up. SUMMARY:  Anthropology makes the person aware that what he is 4. Thoughts deal with objects that are different from maybe determined by his past and present condition, and independent of consciousness itself. 5. his biological characteristics, the way he communicates Consciousness can focus on particular objects and the language that he uses and the manner which he not others. chooses to live his life. o James believed that the self is made up of two parts: the self and the Me self LESSON 4- FROM THE PERSPECTIVE Me Self I Self OF PSYCHOLOGY a separate object or The self that individual that the person knows and Psychology is a field of social sciences that deals refers to when discussing or recognizes who with the description, explanation, prediction, describing their personal they are and what and control of behavior (Ciccarelli and Meyer, experiences. The Empirical they have done. 2006) Self. The Pure Ego or It further believes that the world of material the things including people exists independently of thinking self. the perceiving human mind Nature vs Nurture Controversy-Concept of the Self. Nature Nurture 3 COMPONENTS OF THE ME SELF Genetics Environment 1. Material Self Physical Upbringing social influences Consists of things and objects that belong to the appearance person or entities that a person belongs to. Biological Bodily Self Extracorporeal Self Influences parts of the body any material possessions that extends our body WILLIAM JAMES (1842-1910) American Philosopher and Psychologist. He was professor of psychology and philosophy The more attached and identified the person is to his at Harvard University and was known for being material things, the more he will be affected if any of one of the great pragmatists. them changes. He is also known for his Theory of the Self. He 2. Social Self wrote many articles on both philosophy and Refers to who the person is in particular situation. psychology and published several books, one of The person chooses the self that would smoothly which is The Principles of Psychology in 1890. It adapt to the social situation for him to fit in. is in this book where his theory of the self is explained. 3. Spiritual Self Refers to the self that is more concrete or permanent The "Me" and the "I" when compared to the material and social selves. Five Characteristics of Thoughts This self is the most subjective and intimate part of the 1. All human thoughts are owned by some personal self. self. 2. All thoughts are constantly changing or are never Includes introspection (self-observation) static. 3. There is a continuity of thoughts as its focus shifts from one object to another. OTHER SELVES IN PSYCHOLOGY  and friends. 1. Global and Differentiated Self-Models Global SELF is the product of all experiences that 2. Real and Ideal Self Concept person had in the society which shows what kind of person he is. CARL ROGERS (1902-1987) MURRAY BOWEN (1913-1990) American psychologists who proposed the American Psychiatrist and Professor of Psychiatry personality theory known as the Person- Centered He was among those who developed the FAMILY Theory. THERAPY/SYSTEMIC THERAPY He stated that the term self-concept is used to came up with the concept of DIFFERENTIATED SELF refer to how a person thinks about or perceives by observing on HIS OWN FAMILY himself. 2 FORCES AFFECTING THE PERSON 2 TYPES OF SELF-CONCEPT TOGETHERNESS INDIVIDUALITY Real Self-Concept Ideal Self-Concept too much too much refers to all information is the model togetherness individuality results and perception the version the creates conflict and in distant and person has about person has of prevents the estrange feelings himself. himself development of the towards family and person's sense of self other people. SELF-DISCREPANCY THEORY Individuals compare their "actual” self to In this theory, Murray stated a BALANCE should be internalized standards or the “ideal/ought self". maintained between these two forces. Inconsistencies between "actual”, "ideal” (idealized version of yourself created from life experiences) and DIFFERENTIATED SELF "ought” (who persons feel they should be or should has the ability to separate feelings and thoughts become) are associated with emotional discomforts. person recognizes he has his own personality Self-discrepancy is the gap between two of these therefore he endowed with unique characteristics selfrepresentations that leads to negative emotions. not found in other members of the group a person can attain self-fulfillment by separating 3. Multiple and Unified Selves himself from the group, live his own life and fulfill Multiple Selves Theory suggests that there exists in the his destiny being free from the influence of others individual different aspects of the self. It makes sense a person allows him to define HIMSELF that the self is a whole made up of parts. Unified self- Identity of a person consists in the continuity of consciousness. What makes me "me" is the network of the memories, hopes, expectations, fantasies, a person can be who truly he is by differentiating convictions and other thoughts that constitute my own himself from unwanted influences in from others consciousness. and taking an identity that is prescribed by family or society. enables the person to develop and sustain his 4.True and False Selves unique identity, makes his own decision and accept responsibility for his behavior and still be True self False Self able to stay emotionally connected with his family  The self is seen as a mask that hides 1. Intentionality actions performed by the person creative, the true person intentionally or with full awareness of his behavior. 2. spontaneously for Forethought person's anticipation of likely outcomes experiencing each fear of the pain of of his behavior. day of their lives, rejection and 3. Self-Reactiveness process in which the person is appreciating being failure. motivated and regulates his behavior as he observes his alive, real, integrated it enables the progress in achieving his goals. and connected to the person to form 4. Self-Reflectiveness person looking inward and whole of existence superficial but evaluating his motivations, values, life goals and other Aware of who he is productive social people's effect on him. relationships. 5. Self-regulation allows the person to set goals that are better and higher than the former, challenging his capabilities and making him a wiser and self actualized 5. Self as Proactive and Agentic individual. Albert Bandura (1925-present) proponent of the personality theory known as The Social Cognitive Theory In his theory, the person is seen as proactive and agentic which means that he has the LESSON 5-THE SELF IN EASTERN AND capacity to exercise control over his life WESTERN THOUGHT Is acting in advance of a future situation, rather INDIVIDUALISTIC SELF than just reacting Though he is aware that he is not alone and that It means taking control and making things he exists with others in society, he sees himself as happen rather than just adjusting to a situation being capable of living his own life, doing things or waiting for something to happen. that he would love to do, making his own mistakes Behaves like an agent, assuming no and learning from his experiences. responsibility for actions or their consequences Individual who is aware of his rights and the only following the orders of someone in limitations of his freedom in the extant society. authority. Fosters independence and individual achievement. Self-expression, individual thinking, personal choice. In his Triadic Many cultures in the West encourage Reciprocal Individualism. Causation The development of an individualistic self Paradigm, he begins after birth and is observed in the child explains further how rearing practices of parents in the west. human beings are In United States, off-springs who reached the affected by the age of 18 are expected to move-out of the house, interaction among support himself, and make his own decisions. environment, events, Individual freedom and the ability to stand on his behavior and own is expected. personal factors (Feist &Feist, 2008) COLLECTIVE SELF In Eastern culture collective self is ingrained Features of Human Agency into the individual.  The identity of the individual is lost and does not exist except as a part of the group. Self is capable of actions that entitles it to have the It is observed that strong bonds of unity are rights as an autonomous agent. Inspired the formed and developed in collectivism. When the recognition of human rights for the individual freedom. group decides, every member should follow. Ecological Self - Self as a process undergoing Collectivistic cultures give birth to individuals development. who develop collective selves. In the contemporary society, both the Factors that influence self-development: individualistic and collective self may exist in a Race single individual. Gender Social status Education Traits of Collectivistic Culture Culture Social rules focus on promoting selflessness The self is seen as dynamic, different and unique in each Working as a group individual and is constantly exposed to an everchanging Doing what's best for society world. Families and communities have a central role THE SELF IN CONFUSIAN THOUGHT Contrasting Values Osterman, Coon & Kemmelmeier (2002) Was the name for which Kong Zhongni of China was known in the West. Individualism Collectivism He was born in the period of Zhou Dynasty in 551 BCE in the state of Lu. Came to be known as 'Master Kong' and as Independent Related Great Sage and Teacher' (Koller 2007) Goals Belong His philosophy came to be known as humanistic Compete Duty human philosophy. This philosophy's primary Unique Harmony focus is on human beings and the society he Private Advice finds himself in. self-knowledge Context... that although the way of humans is grounded in Direct Hierarchy the way of heaven and operates in harmony communication Group with the way of nature, it is to the ideals of the human way that people must turn for guidance in reforming and renewing society. The philosophical concept of Confucianism is THE SELF IN WESTERN THOUGHT centered on the Ren which can be manifested Self plays a central role. through: 1. Li (propriety) 17th Century 2. Xiao (filiality) 3. Yi (rightness). Descartes The Ren can be understood as human goodness. The dictum "I think, therefore I am." The cognitive basis of the person's thoughts is proof for the 1. Li (Propriety) existence of the self. To guide human actions, rules of propriety Kant should be followed such as the rituals of the community. These are the customs,  ceremonies, and traditions that form the basis 2. Ruler and subject, of Li which persisted and is strengthened by 3. Older and younger brother, human practice through generations. 4. Husband and wife; and Self-mastery includes self-development. It 5. Friend and friend rejects selfish behavior and instead cultivates These acts whether religious or cultural inner qualities of humanity. highlight the social and public character of Self-mastery is characterized but self-control and human nature. the will to redirect impulses and change these to 2. Xiao (Filiality) socially accepted impressions of human nature. It is the virtue of reverence and respect for Confucius believes that everyone has duties and family. responsibilities, hence the five relationship; 1. Children show respect to their parents by Father and son, exerting efforts to take care of themselves. Relationships that exist in the family reflect how the person relates to other in the community. The family is a reflection of the person. 3. Yi (Rightness) It is the right way of behaving. Yi is unconditional and absolute. Right is right and what is not right is wrong. Actions must be performed and carried out. In addition, Confucius emphasized that actions should be performed because they are right and not for selfish benefits that they provide. Li Xiao & Yi are virtues observed in a person whose humanity is developed, morally cultivated and aware. According to Confucianism: Virtuous people = well rounded, civilized, humane society. Do not do to others what you do not want them to do to you. Obedience to parents, for instance is expected of children because it is morally right and obligatory to do so.