Reviewer - Philippine Armed Forces (AFP) - 2024-2025

**REVIEWER** **AFP** -- Armed Forces of the Philippines **PHILIPPINE REVOLUTIONARY ARMY:** -- The Tejeros Convention on 22 March 1897 gave birth to the Philippine Army. **CONSTITUTIONAL MANDATE** "Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the military." (Art II, Sec 3) **SUPREMACY OF C...

**REVIEWER** **AFP** -- Armed Forces of the Philippines **PHILIPPINE REVOLUTIONARY ARMY:** -- The Tejeros Convention on 22 March 1897 gave birth to the Philippine Army. **CONSTITUTIONAL MANDATE** "Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the military." (Art II, Sec 3) **SUPREMACY OF CIVILIAN AUTHORITY** -- COMMANDER IN--CHIEF OF AFP -- SECRETARY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE -- CHIEF OF STAFF OF THE AFP **MISSION OF THE PHILIPPINE ARMY** **402ND COMMUNITY DEFENSE CENTER** -- MAJ ARTEMIO J ALOSADA (MI) PA **CvSU Main Campus ROTC Commandant** -- MAJ EUGEM G ESPINO (INF) PA **CvSU Main Campus ROTC Assistant Commandant** -- MAJ FELIMON S CAPA PA (RES) **CvSU-- Main ROTC unit** **Corps Commander** -- C/COL KATHLEEN JOYCE C DEL MUNDO **Executive Officer** -- C/LTC MARINYL B POLINES **Corps S1** -- C/LTC RACHELLE V TEJADILLA **Corps S3** -- C/LTC JULIE L QUIMSON **Corps S4** -- C/LTC SHAINA MAE REYES **Corps S7 --** C/LTC MA. RONNA MAE C PUDA  **THE ARMY CORE VALUES** -- Army core values is an essential weapon of individual soldiers in carrying out his missions which are to defend the sovereignty and integrity of the Republic and to support all initiatives for national development. **HONOR** -- Honor is the military's crowning value, the hallmark of military conduct, the quality of the soldier's consciousness dignity and self--worth. -- also means truthfulness, sincerity, honesty, uprightness, credibility -- Personal dignity; Self Worth; Integrity; Discipline **PATRIOTISM** -- Love of country; Loyalty; Courage; Allegiance to the constitution -- Foremost among these values is the soldier's unwavering love for his country. **DUTY** **--** Duty is a personal act of responsibility manifested by accomplishing all assigned tasks -- Duty is selfless service in which the welfare and the accomplishment of the mission come ahead of our individual desires. **MILITARY COURTESY AND DISCIPLINE** -- Pertains to the wholesome relationships between juniors and seniors, between young and old, with all persons. -- Military courtesy means good manners and politeness in dealing with other people. -- Most forms of military courtesy have some counterpart in civilian life. For example, we train soldiers to say sir or ma'am when talking to a higher--ranking officer. **DISCIPLINE ** --  is a combination of Army Values, attributes, skills and actions that relates directly to the physical and mental sides of each soldier.  -- The highest form of discipline is the willing obedience of subordinates who; 1\. Trust and follow their leaders without question. 2\. Understand and believe in the mission's purpose. 3\. Respect his/her unit and dutifully perform his/her task and obligation, and 4\. Ensures the accomplishment of mission at all cause. **MILITARY DISCIPLINE** -- is a state of order and obedience existing within a command. It involves the ready subordination of the will of the individual for the good of the group. -- is the result of effective training, it is manifested in individuals and units by unity, bonding and a spirit of; by smartness of appearance; by cleanliness and maintenance of equipment; by respect to seniors and subordinate personnel justice; justice and equality for all soldiers, regardless of religion and belief, gender and what group they respect. **SALUTING** -- highest form of military respect. -- In saluting, turn your head and eyes toward the person or flag you are saluting. Bring your hand up to the correct position in one, smart motion without any preparatory movement. When dropping the salute, bring your hand directly down to its natural position at your side, without slapping your leg or moving your hand out to the side. **Salute is also rendered:** A. When the Philippine National Anthem, or foreign national anthems is played. B. To uncased National Color outdoors. C. On ceremonial occasions such as changes of command or funerals. D. In reveille and retreat ceremonies, during the raising or lowering of the flag. E. During the sounding of honors. F. When turning over control of formations. G. When rendering reports. H. To officers of friendly foreign countries. **Salute is not required when:** A. Indoors, unless reporting to an officer or when on duty as a guard. B. Sentinel armed with pistol does not salute after challenging. C. An enlisted man in ranks and not in attention comes to attention when addressed by an officer. D. A prisoner. E. In churches, theater or public assemblies **MILITARY LEADERSHIP** **LEADERSHIP** --  leadership is **influencing** people--by providing purpose, direction, and motivation--while **operating** to accomplish the mission and **improving** the organization. **INFLUENCING**   -- means getting people to do what you want them to do. It is the means or method to achieve two ends: operating and improving. **PURPOSE** -- gives people a reason to do things. This does not mean that as a leader you must explain every decision to the satisfaction of you subordinates **DIRECTION** -- You prioritize tasks, assign responsibility for completing them **MOTIVATION** -- motivation gives subordinates the will to do everything they can do to accomplish a mission. **IMPROVING** -- army leaders also strive to improve everything entrusted to them: their people, facilities, equipment, training, and resources. **LEVELS OF LEADERSHIP** **DIRECT LEADERSHIP** -- it is face--to--face, first--line leadership. **ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP** -- influence several hundred to several thousand people. **STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP** -- strategic leaders are responsible for large organization and influence several thousands and hundred of thousands people. **LEADERSHIP FRAMEWORK "BE" VALUES** **LOVE OF COUNTRY** -- Put the welfare of the nation, the army, and your subordinates before your own, means doing what is right for the nation, the army, your organization, and your people by putting these responsibilities above your own interest**.** **VALOR** -- Face fear, danger, or adversity. Valor flows naturally from ones love of country. It is the power and strength, courage and ability to overcome fear in carrying out the mission. -- 2 forms of Valor a. **PHYSICAL COURAGE:** To overcome the fear of bodily harm and doing your duty. b. **MORAL COURAGE:** Is the willingness to stand firm on your values, principles, and Convictions even when threatened. **HONOR** -- Live up all the army values means putting the army values above your self--interest, career, comfort, and self--preservation. **INTEGRITY** -- Do what is right legally and morally. **LOYALTY** -- bear true faith and allegiance to the Philippine constitution, the Army. your unit, and other soldiers. **DUTY** -- Fulfill your obligations is acting orders or direction from others based on inner sense of what morally and professionally right. **SOLIDARITY** -- is the benchmark for action, growth, and resilience as it protects the country and nurtures its development. **MENTAL ATTRIBUTES** a. Will b. Self--discipline c. Initiative d. Judgment e. Self--confidence f. Intelligence g. Cultural Awareness **PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES** a. Health fitness b. Physical fitness c. Military and Professional Bearing **EMOTIONAL ATTRIBUTES** a. Self--control b. Emotionally balanced c. Stability **MILITARY INTELLIGENCE** -- Intelligence is a command responsibility. The commander himself should know his enemy. -- is the process of gathering, evaluating, and interpreting information about potential or actual enemy areas of operation, including weather and terrain **INFORMATION** -- Information, derived from observation, commo, reports, rumors, and imagery, is raw materials that have not yet been processed, containing true or false, accurate or inaccurate information. **SOURCE OF INFORMATION** -- are persons, things or action from which information about the enemy, weather of terrain is derived. **COMBAT INTELLIGENCE** -- is the type of intelligence that a unit commander needs before and during the actual battle. **COUNTER INTELLIGENCE** -- Part of intel which seek to deny any enemy or potential enemy information that can be assimilated into its intel system. a\. **PASSIVE OR OFFENSIVE CL** are those who measures design to conceal information from the enemy. b\. **ACTIVE OR DEFENSIVE CL** are those who measures design to physically block an attempt of the enemy to gain info or his effort to engage in sabotage and subversion. **BASIC SIGNAL COMMUNICATION** **SIGNAL COMMUNICATION** -- is a method or means of conveying information from one person or place to another except by direct conversation. **MEANS OF SIGNAL COMMUNICATION** -- is a medium by which information is conveyed from on person or place to another. **AGENCY OF SIGNAL COMMUNICATION** -- are the facilities which embraces the personnel and equipment necessary to provide signal communication. **3 TYPES OF PHYSICAL COMMUNICATION** **MESSENGER** -- The oldest and relatively most secure means of communication. **TRAINED ANIMALS** **--** Dogs had been known to had been effectively used. **MALE** -- is resorted to it if there is enough time and be message in crypto graphic form or by use of other method of hiding the secret content of the message. **TELECOMMUNICATION** \- is derived from the Greek word \"tele\" meaning far, far of; or broadly, operating at a distance. a. **RADIO** -- is considered a practical means of communication hence enough radio equipment enables a unit to make radio communication b. **WIRE** -- is one of principle means of communication and includes the use of field wire, cable assemblies, wire laying and recovery equipment, sound and powered and battery--operated telephones, switch boards, teletype writers, and associated equipment. c. **VISUAL** -- this is a supplementary means of communication that is available to all units. d. **SOUND** -- this is also a supplementary means of communication that is available to all unit\'s sound signals are transmitted by whistles, bugles, horns, gongs, Laxon\'s, weapons, and other noise--making devises **HAND GRENADE** -- a small high explosive (HE) or chemical fills and missile designed to be hand thrown. 40 meters is the maximum range that can be thrown by a trained soldier. **PYROTECHNIC** -- a chemical device that produces a smoke or brilliant light as it burns. Used for signaling and illuminating. Can also used to conceal the activities of individuals or small unit. **TYPES OF GRENADE** **FRAGMENTATION HAND GRENADE** -- used to produce casualties by high velocity projection of fragments of the grenade case. **OFFENSIVE HAND GRENADE** -- cylindrical type of container filled with approximately 8 ounces of TNT. **CHEMICAL HAND GRENADE** -- Used for incendiary, screening, signaling, training, riot control purposes. **PRACTICE AND TRAINING GRENADE** -- Used for training personnel in care, handling and used service grenades**.** **3 CHARACTERISTICS OF GRENADE** a. **THE RANGE** b. **THE EFFECTIVE CASUALTY RADIUS** c. **THE TIME DELAY EFFECT** **3 MAIN PARTS OF GRENADE** 1. **THE BODY** -- It is a container, which holds the filler. 2. **THE FILLER** -- It is a substance; either explosive or chemical with the body of grenade is filled 3. **THE FUSE ASSEMBLY** -- It is a mechanical and chemical device that causes the filler to deteriorate or burn. **THROWING POSITION** a. STANDING POSITION b. KNEELING c. THE UNDERHAND d. PRONE **MAP READING AND LAND NAVIGATION** **Cartography** -- is the art and science of expressing the known physical features of the earth graphically by maps and charts. **MAP** -- is graphic representation of a portion of the earth's surface drawn to scale, as seen from above. **SCALE** -- to determine ground distances between objects of location on the map, the size of the area covered, and how the scale may affect the amount of detail being shown. a. **SMALL** -- those maps with scales of 1:1,000,000 and smaller b. **MEDIUM** -- those maps with scales larger than 1,000,000 but smaller than 1:75,000 c. **LARGE** -- those maps with scales of 1:75,000 and larger **TYPES OF MAP** **PLAINMETRIC MAP** -- this is a map that presents only the horizontal positions for the features represented **TOPOGRAPHIC MAP** -- this is a map that portrays terrain features in a measurable way **PHOTO MAP** -- This is a reproduction of an aerial photograph **JOINT OPERATIONS GRAPHICS** -- This map is based on the format od standard 1:250,000 medium--scale military topographic maps, but they contain additional information needed in joint air--ground operations. **PHOTOMOSAIC** -- commonly called a mosaic in topographic usage. **TERRAIN MODEL** -- this is a scale model of the terrain showing features, and in large--scale model showing industrial and cultural shapes. **MILITARY CITY MAP** -- This is a topographic map (usually 1:12,550 scale, sometimes up to 1:5,000), showing the details of a city. **SPECIAL MAPS** -- These are maps for special purposes, such as trafficability, communications, and assault maps. **STANDARD COLORS OF A MAP** **BLACK**-- represents man--made objects **BLUE**-- represents drainage or bodies of water **BROWN**-- depicts relief and elevation such as contours on older maps **RED**-- depicts classification of roads, built up areas & special features **MAJOR TERRAIN FEATURES** 1\. Ridge  2\. Gentle 3\. Steep  4\. Concave 5\. Convex  6\. Hill 7\. Saddle  8\. Valley 9\. Depression  **MINOR TERRAIN FEATURE** 1\. Draw 2\. Spur  **M16 RIFLE CAL. 5.56 MM** **M16A1 RIFLE** -- US Rifle Cal. 5.56mm M16A1 commonly known as "ARMALITE" was invented by Eugene M Stoner in early 1950's as replacement of US Cal 30, M14, garand as basic infantry weapon. -- Characteristics a. Lightweight b. Air Cooled  c. Magazine Fed d. Shoulder Hip Weapon  e. Gas Operated f. Automatic And Semi--Automatic -- Parts **Upper Receiver Group ** 1\. Flash Suppressor 9. Carrying 2\. Front Sight Assembly 10. Gas Tube 3\. Dust Cover 11. Rear Sight 4\. Bayonet Stud 12. Windage Drum 5\. Barrel 13. Slip Ring 6\. Upper Sling Swivel 14. Charging Handle 7\. Bolt Carrier 15.Forward Assembly 8\. Hand Guard  **Lower Receiver Group** 1\. Rubber Recoil Pad 2\. Trigger 3\. Magazine Release Button\ 4. Butt Stock 5\. Magazine Catch\ 6. Rear Sling Swivel 7.Selector Level\ 8.Takedown Pin\ 9. Bolt Catch\ 10. Pistol Grip\ 11. Receiver Pivot Pin\ 12. Trigger Guard  **Bolt Carrier Assembly** 1.Bolt Carrier 2\. Retaining Pin 3.Bolt 4\. Bolt Cam Pin 5\. Firing Pin 6\. Extractor **INTERIOR GUARD DUTY** **GENERAL ORDER** **-** The orders applied to all sentries to the main and special guard. **SPECIAL ORDER** **-** The Orders promulgated by the Commanding Officer prescribed the special Duties for the main and special guards. **INTERIOR GUARD DUTY** **-** This is one of the very important jobs of every personnel in the AFP because it deals with the security and protection of life of every personnel to include the properties of the AFP or government. **SENTINEL** **-** An individual of the guards whose duties are prescribed by general or special orders, also referred to as guard, sentry or lookout. **GUARD HOUSE** **-** A building occupied by men detailed for Interion guard duty. It might guard tent or any other designated location for the headquarters for the guard. **CHALLENGE** **-** The Command "HALT" WHO IS THERE? Is used to cause an unidentified. If secret challenge is used, it follows the original challenge and consist of a word or distinctive sound.