Literary Elements and Parables Review PDF

ENGLISH Parables - are similar to fables, but they use human characters to convey their ideas. These stories are often associated with religious lessons, such as the parables of the bible that has secular meanings. EX: “The Boy Who Cried Wolf” is a famous parable about the dangers of dishonesty. Lit...

ENGLISH Parables - are similar to fables, but they use human characters to convey their ideas. These stories are often associated with religious lessons, such as the parables of the bible that has secular meanings. EX: “The Boy Who Cried Wolf” is a famous parable about the dangers of dishonesty. Literary Elements - These are the things that every story needs to have in order to exist - they’re the architectural foundation. WIthout them, your story is like a house without any support. : Setting, Characters, Plot, Theme Setting - is the time and location in which a story takes place. It includes the following: a.) Place - the geographical location (ex: Los Angeles, California, USA, in the house, etc.) b.) time - historical period, time of the day, year, etc. (May 29, 2013, 7:30 am, Tuesday, etc.) c.) weather conditions - warm, rainy, stormy, etc. d.) social conditions - the lifestyle or daily life of the characters (ex: unemployed, poor, rich, socioeconomic status, etc.) e.) local color - details related to a specific place’s speech, dress, mannerisms, customs/traditions, etc. (ex: “Manang, manong” you identified that it’s in the Philippines because they’re the only country to speak that language.) f.) mood or atmosphere - sentiments or emotions of the story; it could be eerie, mysterious, bright, and cheerful, or dark and scary Characterization - is the technique of the writer to reveal what the character is like. a.) Their physical description by using adjectives like handsome, pretty, tall, etc. b.) Their actions (ex: sloppy, refined, boyish, etc.) c.) Their thoughts, feelings, and speeches d.) The comments and reactions of other characters e.) Direct statements giving the writer’s opinion of the character Plot - It is the sequence of events in a story or play. Logical series of events to develop the basic idea (beginning, middle, end). “FREYTAG’S PYRAMID” 1.) Exposition (introduction) - Beginning of the story; characters, background, and setting are revealed. Exposition in “The Whistle”: When Franklin was a child of seven years old, his friends, on holiday, filled his pocket with copper. 2.) Rising Action - Events in the story become complicated; the conflict is revealed. These are events between the introduction and climax. Rising Action in “The Whistle”: With all of his money, he bought a mere whistle. 3.) Climax - Turning point of the story. Readers wonders what will happen next; will the conflict be resolved or not? Climax of “The Whistle”: His family, brothers, sisters, and cousins derided him for his actions, saying that he had paid four times the sum of an actual worthless whistle. 4.) Falling Action - resolution begins; events and complications fall into place. Falling Action of “The Whistle”: As he grew older and wiser, he realized that everyone he met always paid more than required for their whistles. He speaks about six categories of people who pay too much for the whistle: a.) The Ambitious Person d.) The man of pleasure b.) The person fond of popularity e.) The fond of appearance c.) The Miser f.) The sweet girl 5.) Resolution - Conclusion or the Formal Ending: It is the final note that the reader will walk away with. Final outcome of the events in the story. Some stories end in a cliffhanger/unresolved Resolution of “The Whistle”: The short story-cum-letter ends on a happy note, but Franklin has made his point clear on heaven and the afterlife. Temptation. What is The Journal? - It is a learning tool based on the idea you write to learn - To write about topics of personal interest, to note your observations, to imagine, to wonder and to connect new information with things you already know. - They are not diary entries without reflection or purpose. A diary is a record of actions or what you have done. - A journal is a record of reactions, mostly about your ideas, thoughts, dreams, and opinions. What is its purpose? - Clarify and reflect upon your thinking - You can record such things as ideas and feelings, special words and expressions you have heard, interesting things about you or information about interesting people - We are learning to use journals that show our understandings, knowledge, and ideas - The journal allows you to experiment as a writer. Sometimes a poem or a dialogue where you argue or debate with yourself is the only way to express an idea. Several Types of Journals 1.) Personal Journals - These journals allow the freedom to write about your feelings, opinions, expressions, and topics of personal interest. How should I write? - Write informally - Don’t worry too much about punctuation and grammar or spelling - You can use underlining, bold, or italics, or dashes to link ideas SCIENCE Circulatory System - The circulatory system transports nutrients throughout the body. - The circulatory system regulates the body temperature. - The circulatory system removes waste products from the body’s tissues. - Aids in immune response by transporting white blood cells. - The circulatory system transports oxygen to the cells. - Helps maintain pH balance in the body. - Distributes heat throughout the body and transports carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. - Helps in wound healing by transporting clotting factors and transports antibodies. - The heart has 4 chambers: two atria and two ventricles - The right atrium receives deoxygenated or oxygen-poor blood from the lungs. - The left ventricle pumps oxygenated or oxygen-rich blood to the body. - The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the pulmonary veins. - The right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary arteries. - The left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle. - The septum separates the left and right sides of the heart - The right atrium and right ventricle are connected by the tricuspid valve. - The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body. - The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle. - The left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta. - The left atrium and left ventricle are part of the systemic circuit. Blood Flow 1.) The Right Side a.) Deoxygenated blood passes through the vena cava into the right atrium. b.) Blood moves from the right atrium to the right ventricle, passing through the tricuspid valve. c.) Blood is pumped from the right ventricle and into the pulmonary artery through the pulmonary valve. The pulmonary artery then carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs. 2.) The Left Side a.) Oxygenated blood leaves the lungs via the pulmonary vein b.) The blood leaves the left atrium and passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. c.) The blood is pumped from the left ventricle, through the aortic valve and into the aorta. From the aorta, the blood is pumped around the rest of the body. Body Tissues → Vena Cava → Right Atrium → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary Veins → Left Atrium → Left Ventricle → Aorta Common Circulatory Diseases 1.) Congenital Heart Disease - It is an inherited disorder/heart defect or born with it. It is a malfunction that causes abnormal flow of blood. Symptoms: Excessive sweating, Extreme tiredness and fatigue, poor feeding, rapid heartbeat, rapid breathing, shortness of breath, chest pain, a blue tinge to the skin(cyanosis), clubbed fingernails 2.) Rheumatic Heart Disease - It is a possible consequence of rheumatic fever, it starts with a sore throat. Symptoms: Chest pain or swelling, Joint pain, inflammation, sore throat 3.) High Blood Pressure - It is sometimes called hypertension, happens when the force pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood is too high. Symptoms: Dizziness, Frequent headache, ringing in the ears, palpitation 4.) Leukemia - It is developed when there is an excessive production of abnormal white blood cells. Symptoms: Fatigue, Easy bruising, bleeding gums, paleness, headaches, night sweats, vomiting 5.) Anemia - It is characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells as a result of severe haemorrhage. Symptoms: extreme fatigue, pale skin, weakness, shortness of breath, chest pain, frequent infections, headache, dizziness Respiratory System Roles of the Respiratory System 1.) Gas Exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) - oxygen is inhaled into the lungs and transferred into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, is exhaled. 2.) Regulation of blood pH 3.) Protection from Inhaled Pathogens - The respiratory system includes structures like nasal cavity and cilia that filter trap and dust, pathogens, and other harmful particles. Mucus produced in the respiratory tract also helps capture these particles, preventing them from entering deeper into the lungs. 4.) Olfaction - sense of smell, allowing the detection of odors 5.) Phonation - essential for speech, air expelled from the lungs passes through the vocal cords in the larynx, causing them to vibrate and produce sound. Parts of the Respiratory System 1.) Nasal Cavity and the Mouth - air from the environment is inhaled and enters the body through the mouth and nasal cavity. It is warmed up through this process. 2.) Trachea - The air passes down the trachea, a long tube connecting the mouth and nasal cavity to the rest of the respiratory system. 3.) Bronchus - The trachea branches off into a bronchi, one bronchus enters each lung. Bronchi - these tubes are important for carrying air into lungs. 4.) Bronchioles - Each bronchus divides into smaller tubes called bronchioles, which the air passes through. 5.) Alveoli - are located at the end of each bronchiole. Alveoli are small/tiny air sacs which facilitate gas exchange. There are millions of them in the lungs. 6.) Diaphragm - is a sheet of muscle which facilitates inhalation and exhalation. The diaphragm contracts and moves downwards during inhalation. The diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards during exhalation. The Breathing Process a.) Inhalation (inspiration) - During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, while the intercostal muscles contract to expand the chest cavity. This expansion creates a vacuum, drawing air into the lungs through the nose or mouth, passing through the trachea, and reaching the bronchi, which branch into the lungs. b.) Gas Exchange in the Lungs - The air reaches tiny sacs in the lungs called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen from the air diffuses through the walls of alveoli and into the surrounding capillaries, entering the bloodstream. Simultaneously, carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled. c.) Exhalation (expiration) - The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, causing the chest cavity to decrease in size. This decrease in volume pushes air, now rich in carbon dioxide, out of the lungs and through the respiratory tract, eventually being exhaled through the nose or mouth. Common Respiratory Illnesses 1.) Common Cold - One of the most widespread illnesses globally, caused by various viruses, with rhinoviruses being the most common. While generally mild, it can lead to more serious infections. It is vulnerable to young children and the elderly. Treatment: There is no cure for common cold, but symptoms can be managed with rest, hydration, over-the-counter medications and home remedies like warm tea and saline nasal sprays. Most colds resolve within 7-10 days 2.) Influenza (flu) - highly contagious viral infection that occurs in seasonal epidemics and can lead to severe illnesses or death, especially in high-risk groups like elderly, young children, and people with chronic health conditions. Causes: Influenza viruses, spread through droplets from coughs or sneezes, or by touching contaminated surfaces Symptoms: Fever, chills, muscle aches, cough, congestion, runny nose, headaches, and fatigue Prevention: Annual flu vaccination, frequent hand washing, covering mouth when coughing or sneezing, avoiding close contact with sick individuals Treatment: antiviral medications, rest fluids, pain relievers, cough suppressants, hospitalization in severe cases 3.) Pneumonia - is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, which can be filled with fluid or pus. It remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Symptoms: Cough with phlegm, fever, chills, shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, confusion in older adults Prevention: vaccination(pneumococcal vaccine), avoiding smoking, keeping your immune system strong 4.) Asthma - is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that causes breathing difficulties. It often begins in childhood but can occur at any age. Influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Causes: Inflammatory condition often triggered by allergens (pollen, dust, etc.), air pollution Symptoms: Shortness of breath, chest tightness, wheezing, coughing, especially at night or early in the morning Treatment: Quick-relief medications, like inhalers 5.) COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) - is a group of progressive lung diseases, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis, that cause breathing difficulties. It is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Caused by long-term exposure to lung irritants, most commonly from smoking. Symptoms: Persistent cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, frequent respiratory infections, fatigue Prevention: Quitting smoking, avoid lung irritants Treatment: Medications, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation - a program that includes exercise, education, support, possibly surgery in severe cases 6.) Tuberculosis - a serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, spread through the air when an infected person speaks, coughs, or sneezes. Symptoms: Persistent cough that lasts more than three weeks, chest pain, coughing up blood, weight loss, fatigue, fever, night sweats 7.) Bronchitis - is an inflammation in the bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from the lungs. It can be acute or chronic, with the acute form often following a common cold or flu. Chronic Bronchitis, a form of COPD, is primarily caused by smoking. Symptoms: Persistent cough that produces mucus, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, fatigue Prevention: Avoid smoking, practice good hand hygiene, and get vaccinated for influenza. Acute Bronchitis: often resolves on its own, treatment focuses on symptoms relief (rest, fluids, OTC medications) Chronic Bronchitis: Avoidance of smoking is crucial 8.) Pulmonary Embolism - is a blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs, usually due to a blood clot that has traveled from the legs or other parts of the body. It can cause permanent damage to the lungs and other organs if not treated promptly. Symptoms: Sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, cough(may produce bloody mucus), rapid heartbeat, dizziness, lightheadedness Prevention: Regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, and taking blood thinners if prescribed 9.) Cystic Fibrosis - is a genetic disorder that affects respiratory and digestive systems. It is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, leading to the production of thick and sticky mucus that can clog the airways. Symptoms: Persistent cough with thick mucus, wheezing, shortness of breath, poor growth, weight gain 10.) Whooping Cough (Pertussis) - is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the Bacterium Bordetella Pertussis. It is characterized by severe coughing spells that can interfere with breathing. It can be particularly dangerous for infants and young children Symptoms: Severe coughing fits followed by a “whooping” sound, vomiting after coughing, exhaustion after coughing fits, mild fever, runny nose Non-Mendelian Genetics Genetics - is a field of biology that studies how traits are passed from parents to their offspring Two Types of Genes: Dominant Genes - represented by at least 1 capital letter, manifested strongly Recessive Genes - represented by 2 small letters -There are 23 pairs of chromosomes that humans have - 4 types of Blood: A, B, AB, O Punnett Square - It is used to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from different crosses. Genotype - is an individual’s collection of genes, or the sex alleles inherited for a particular gene. Can be heterozygous or homozygous (talks about the structure of letters) Phenotype - The set of observable characteristic/s based on its genotype (Ex: Bb = purple hair, the phenotype is purple hair for the genotype Bb) Mendelian Pattern of Inheritance - Refers to reproducing organisms sexually where each parent gives one of the two possible alleles for a trait (Punnett Square) Non-Mendelian Inheritance - It is any pattern of inheritance wherein traits do not segregate following Mendel’s Law. 1.) Incomplete Dominance - pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are present resulting in an intermediate phenotype.(Ex: if Father = red hair, Mother = white hair, then offspring = pink hair) 2.) Codominance - is a heterozygote condition wherein both traits are present simultaneously, rather than one fully determining the phenotype. (Ex: if Father = red hair, Mother = white hair, then offspring = white and red hair simultaneously) 3.) Multiple Alleles - A single gene that has more than two alleles is called multiple alleles. Sex Chromosomes control whether the organism will be a male or a female. Autosomal Chromosomes - Both males and females have 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes. Male brings X or Y chromosomes (XY) Female brings both X chromosomes (XX) Sex Determination = 50% chance that the offspring will be male/female Sex Related Inheritance - these are inherited characteristics determined by sex 1.) Sex-Linked Traits - These diseases are caused by mutations in genes located located on the sex chromosomes (X or Y). The most common are X-linked, as the X chromosome contains more genes than the Y chromosome. Sex Linked Traits: a.) Hemophilia - example of X-linked trait in which a person lacks enough blood clotting proteins(manifested females) b.) Color-Blindness - also an X-linked trait. These traits will be manifested in females c.) Hypertrichosis Pinnae Auris - a Y-linked trait “hairy ears” which are expressed in males alone. 2.) Sex-Influenced Traits - are autosomal traits that are influenced by sex. One of the sex is dominant in that trait a.) Pattern Baldness - more common for men, this is influenced because of androgens (male hormones) b.) Gout - more common and severe for men, due to higher levels of uric acid in men compared to women c.) Osteoporosis - most common for women due to drop in estrogen levels, which accelerates bone loss. d.) Lupus - affects women more than men possibly due to hormonal factors like estrogen e.) Depression - more likely for women, especially during periods of hormonal changes such as puberty, pregnancy. Sex-Limited Traits - are those traits limited to only one sex. Examples: Pregnancy (female), Prostate development (male), breast development (female), menstruation (female), breast development (female)