Basic Pharmacology Review Questions 2024/25 PDF

Review questions on Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. 1. Pharmacokinetics is the study of what an administered drug does to our body. (True / False) 2. Pharmacokinetics is the study of how the drug dose affects our response to the drug. (True / False) 3. Pharmacodynamics is the st...

Review questions on Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. 1. Pharmacokinetics is the study of what an administered drug does to our body. (True / False) 2. Pharmacokinetics is the study of how the drug dose affects our response to the drug. (True / False) 3. Pharmacodynamics is the study of what the body does to an administered drug. (True / False) 4. Pharmacodynamics is the study of how the drug dose affects the plasma concentration of the drug. (True / False) 5. Absorption always occurs before metabolism. (True / False) 6. Drug metabolism occurs only in the liver. (True / False) 7. Main routes of drug excretions are kidneys, biliary tract, sweat, and breast milk. (True / False) 8. Drug elimination can be the combined results of metabolism and excretion. (True / False) 9. Drug elimination can solely by excretion. (True / False) 10. Drugs reaches their action site always via the systemic blood circulation. (True / False) 11. A drug that always carries a positive charge (such as a quaternary (4°) ammonium compound) is readily distributed into the CNS. (True / False) 12. A monoclonal antibody is readily being filtered through the glomerular endothelium. (True / False) 13. A drug with a high plasma protein binding distributes extensively into different tissues, resulting in a large volume of distribution. (True / False) 14. A drug that is ionized extensively in the plasma is readily distributed into adipose tissues. (True / False) 15. For oral drug absorption, carrier-mediated transport and active transport are responsible for majority of the drugs. (True / False) 16. Highly ionized drugs are readily absorbed orally. (True / False) 17. The absorption rate after oral administration is expected to be faster when the administered drug is in solution than that in tablet form. (True / False) 18. The extent of absorption after oral administration is always expected to be higher when the administered drug is in solution than that in tablet form. (True / False) 19. First-pass hepatic metabolism refers to the metabolism by the liver after drug absorption by any route of administration. (True / False) 20. When a drug with a high first-pass hepatic metabolism, the oral dose must be a lot smaller than injection dose. (True / False) 21. First-pass metabolism has no bearing on oral bioavailability. (True / False) 22. Drug metabolism always inactivate drugs. (True / False) 23. Drug metabolism may activate a drug. (True / False) 24. Drug metabolism always forms toxic metabolite during phase 1 reactions that follows by a detoxification with phase 2 conjugation. (True / False) 25. Prodrugs are designed to be activated after metabolism. (True / False) 26. Phase II reactions are catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzyme system. 27. Endogenous substrates such as glucuronic acid and glutathione are conjugated to parent drugs or drug metabolites during phase I metabolism. (True / False) 28. Drugs conjugated with glucuronic acid are more ready to be excreted by the kidneys, not by the biliary route. (True / False) 29. Conjugation in phase II metabolism can turn a lipophilic drug to a hydrophilic metabolite. (True / False) 30. Sulfation is a phase I reaction that turns a more hydrophilic drug into a more lipophilic metabolite. (True / False) 31. CYP stands for cytochrome P450 enzyme system. (True / False) 32. Significant drug interactions can be mediated by induction, but not inhibition of CYP enzyme system. (True / False) 33. CYP1A4 is the most significant isoform responsible for drug metabolism. (True / False) 34. CYP enzyme system is found in the intestine and the liver. (True / False) 35. Ritonavir is a drug that has inhibitory effects on a number of CYP isoforms. (True / False) 36. Renal drug excretion is not affected by the degree of ionization of the drug in the glomerular filtrate. (True / False) 37. pH of the urine does not affect renal drug excretion. (True / False) 38. A highly plasma protein bound drug is readily excreted by the kidneys. (True / False) 39. Area under plasma drug concentration-time curve (AUC in short) is a measure of drug dose for administration. (True / False) 40. AUC of a drug can be highly dependent on absorption and metabolism. (True / False) 41. Assuming first-order kinetics, elimination half-life (T~1/2~) of Drug B is 60 hours. The time to steady state is approximately 180 hours. (True / False) 42. For a drug with a long half-life (T~1/2~), it can be administered at long dosing intervals. (True / False) 43. For a drug with a short T1/2, a loading dose is often required when a fast onset of drug action is desirable. (True / False) 44. Two agonists of the same receptor, Drug C and Drug D have the same maximum response, but EC50 of Drug C is smaller than that of Drug D. Efficacy of Drug C is higher than that of Drug D. 45. For the same 2 drugs above, Drug C and Drug D are equivalent in potency. (True / False) 46. Two agonists of the same receptor, Drug E and Drug F have the same EC50, but the maximum response of Drug E doubles that Drug F. Drug E is more efficacious than Drug F. (True / False) 47. For the same 2 drugs above, combination of Drugs E and F achieves a high maximum response than that when they are administered individually. (True / False) 48. Combination of morphine (a full agonist) and buprenorphine (a partial agonist) is recommended. (True / False) 49. Therapeutic index is defined as the ratio of the dose that produce 50% of the maximum response in an individual person (EC50): the dose that produces a therapeutic effect in a population of individual persons (ED50). (True / False) 50. A drug with a narrow therapeutic index, it is a drug with a large safety margin and cautionary drug escalation is not necessary. (True / False) 51. A drug with a narrow therapeutic index and is extensively metabolized by CYP enzyme system, co-administration with a potent CYP inhibitor is advantageous because of a smaller dose of the drug can be used. (True / False) AUC of 1 mg of Drug A given intravenously (IV) is approximately 100 mg.h/L whereas the AUC of 10 mg given orally is also approximately 50 mg.h/L. Calculate the absolute oral bioavailability of Drug A in percentage (%). 20 mg of a drug is administered to 3 groups of volunteers with different forms and routes of administration. The AUC were reported from the 3 groups. AUC Oral liquid = 1340 mg.h/L, AUC oral capsule = 1190 mg.h/L, and AUC by IV bolus = 1620 mg.h/L. Calculate the absolute oral bioavailability from oral solution and oral capsule, respectively. NOT discussed in lecture, what is the relative oral bioavailability between oral solution and oral capsule. What factor may affect the difference? The bioavailability of a new investigational drug was studied in 30 volunteers, who receive a single dose of the drug in different forms and by different routes. Determine the absolute bioavailability of the drug from oral tablet and oral solution. What is the relative bioavailability of the drug from tablet compared to the oral solution? Should the bioavailability from tablet be smaller than the solution? Drug product Dose (mg) AUC (µg.hr/L) IV bolus injection 50 37.8 Oral solution 200 86.1 Oral tablet 200 89.5 Determine the therapeutic index of a drug if the TD50 is 200 mg and the ED50 is 20 mg. If two drugs can be used for the same indication, Drug ONE has a TI of 8 and Drug TWO has a TI of 3, which one is a safer choice and why? What does "ritonavir boost" mean? Discussion the combination of ritonavir with another drug for clinical use. With the metabolism pathway of paracetamol as an example, discuss (i) does a drug always undergo phase 1 metabolism before it can be further metabolized in phase 2 metabolism; (ii) does drug metabolism always occur in sequence. What is a prodrug? Illustrate with drug example the advantages of formulation of drug product as prodrug instead of the active drug. Identify the possible pharmacokinetic processes that can lead to termination of a drug action at its site of action. Explain why the onset of drug action from oral administration is expected to be fastest when the drug is in a solution form. What are the other dosage forms for oral administration? Discuss why transdermal is not a common route of drug absorption.