Review Concepts for Unit Test.docx

Review Concepts for Biochemistry All biochemicals must contain carbon and hydrogen (some contain oxygen and nitrogen) All biochemical are made from the following four elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON) Water is inorganic because it does not contain both carbon and hydrogen; car...

Review Concepts for Biochemistry All biochemicals must contain carbon and hydrogen (some contain oxygen and nitrogen) All biochemical are made from the following four elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON) Water is inorganic because it does not contain both carbon and hydrogen; carbon dioxide is inorganic because it does not contain carbon and hydrogen The four biochemical are: carbohydrates (polysaccharides), lipids (triglycerides), proteins (polypeptides), and nucleic acids Also called MACROMOLECULES Simple compounds called MONOMERS combine to make POLYMERS (COMPLEX COMPOUNDS) Carbohydrates: contain carbon and hydrogen in 1:2 ratio (some have oxygen); are used as energy sources (both short term and long term); simple carbohydrates (monosaccharides and disaccharides) are “quick” energy resources (glucose, fructose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, etc.); complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) are long term energy resources (starch and cellulose (plants), glycogen (humans)), end in -ose Lipids: contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (no particular ratio); are made from fatty acids (3), and glycerol; called triglycerides; used as long term energy storage (fat in animals, oils in plants), found in cell membranes (phospholipid bilayer), waterproof coverings, lubricants (oils), capturing bacteria/dirt (wax in your ear); examples: fats, oils, waxes; saturated fats are: solids with single carbon bonds, unsaturated fats are liquids with double carbon bonds Proteins: contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; formed from 20 different amino acids, function of protein is determined by: shape of protein and types of amino acids bonded; also called peptides: 2 peptides bonded together is called a dipeptide, more than 2 peptides bonded together is a polypeptide (proteins are generally hundreds or thousands of peptides) Enzymes: also called organic catalysts (compounds that speed up a chemical reaction without changing themselves); enzymes make chemical reactions more efficient; enzymes end in –ase; rate of reaction is affected by: concentration of substrate and/or enzyme, temperature (enzymes operate best at an optimal temperature ( change in temperature decreases rate of reaction (high temperature denatured (deformed) enzyme)), pH (enzymes operate at best at optimal pH (change in pH decrease reaction rate) All organic compounds can be combined by dehydration synthesis (removing water to combine together) and can be broken down by hydrolysis (adding water to break apart) How to recognize the diagrams of different organic molecules: