IB Biology Past Paper Review 1

Body Regions Orientational Terms Frontal Orbital, ocular Temporal Otic, auricular Nasal Buccal Oral Mental Cervical Region A is the region. A. otic B. ocular C. temporal D. frontal Region B is the region. A....

Body Regions Orientational Terms Frontal Orbital, ocular Temporal Otic, auricular Nasal Buccal Oral Mental Cervical Region A is the region. A. otic B. ocular C. temporal D. frontal Region B is the region. A. mental A B. cervical C. oral B D. buccal  Cervical Thoracic Thoracic Abdominal Lumbar Pelvic Sacral  Pollex Carpal Digits Antebrachial Brachial Metacarpal Axillary  Femoral Patellar Calcaneal Digits Tarsal Popliteal Metatarsal Hallux Region A is the region. A. axillary B. antebrachial A C. carpal D. brachial Region B is the region. A. thoracic B. abdominal C. lumbar D. sacral B Region A is the region. A. tarsal B. metatarsal C. calcaneal D. digital A B Region B is the region. A. femoral B. patellar C. popliteal D. sural Anatomical Position Reference point for orientational terms Humans: – Standing – Limbs aligned with body – Palms forward – Soles of feet on ground Orientations Quadrupeds, fishes – Cranial: toward head cranial caudal – Caudal: toward tail anterior posterior – Anterior: toward head – Posterior: toward tail cranial caudal anterior posterior Orientations superior Humans – Superior: toward head – Inferior: toward feet inferior Orientations Fishes, quadrupeds – Ventral: belly side dorsal – Dorsal: back side Humans ventral – Anterior: belly side – Posterior: back side dorsal ventral Orientations Medial: toward midline of body Lateral: toward side of body Deep/internal: toward core Superficial/external: toward surface Orientations Proximal: toward attachment point with trunk Distal: away from attachment point with trunk Orientations Intermediate: in between Ipsilateral: on same side of body Contralateral: on opposite sides of body ipsilateral contralateral X is relative to Y. A. anterior B. posterior C. cranial D. caudal X Y X is relative to Y. A. cranial X B. caudal C. superior D. inferior Y X is relative to Y. A. deep B. superficial C. medial D. lateral X Y X is relative to Y. A. distal B. proximal C. anterior D. posterior X Y X is relative to Y. A. dorsal B. ventral C. posterior D. anterior Y X X and Y are ipsilateral. A. True B. False X Y Bipedal Lying Positions Supine: face up Prone: face down Sagittal Section – Plane divides body into right and left sections Frontal, coronal, longitudinal section – Plane divides body into anterior/posterior sections Transverse, horizontal, cross section – Plane divides body into superior/inferior sections Matching Coronal/frontal. Sagittal. Horizontal/transverse. Prone. Position D Section A Section B Section C Cartilage and Bone Cartilage Bone Flexible support Rigid support Has tensile strength Has tensile strength Resists compression Does not resist compression as well Resists shearing Doesn’t resists shearing as well Doesn’t resist twisting as well Resists twisting Less dense Denser Cartilage— Chondrocytes Flexible extracellular matrix Collagen fibers Perichondrium: membrane surrounding cartilage Prevents overexpansion; aids in repair Generally avascular Generally not innervated Structure of Cartilage— Perichondrium Outer fibrous layer Fibroblasts, dense irregular connective tissue Inner chondrogenic layer Chondroblasts: lay down new matrix; mature into chondrocytes Growth of Cartilage— Interstitial growth Endogenous growth, from within Division of chondrocytes and production of new extracellular matrix Lengthening of long bones Growth of Cartilage— Appositional growth Exogenous, from the outside Production of new matrix on the surface of cartilage by chondroblasts Thickening  Cartilage A. resists twisting better than bone B. does not resist compression C. has tensile strength D. all of the above The perichondrium. A. is a membrane around cartilage B. has an inner fibrous layer C. has an outer chondrogenic layer with chondroblasts D. all of the above Cartilage generally lacks nerves and blood vessels. A. True B. False Interstitial growth involves production of new matrix within cartilage. A. True B. False Types of Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage Most abundant type Thin collagen fibers Nose, trachea, costal cartilage, most joints, fetal skeleton Types of Cartilage Fibrocartilage Thick collagen fibers; between vertebra Elastic Cartilage Thin collagen fibers, elastic fibers; ear Hyaline cartilage A. is prominent in intervertebral disks and the ears B. has abundant thick collagen fibers and elastic fibers C. is the most common type of cartilage D. all of the above Bones Rigid, mineralized matrix: collagen, hydroxyapatite crystals (calcium phosphate) Human bones: vascular, innervated Functions of Bones Support Protection (cranium, vertebrae, rib cage) Movement, locomotion (leverage, with muscles) Mineral storage (calcium, phosphate) Blood cell production (red marrow) Chemical Composition of Bone Collagen fibrils Hydroxyapatites Calcium phosphate Crystalized: tightly packed Types of Cells in Bone Tissue Osteoblasts: Help build extracellular matrix; mature into osteocytes Osteocytes: mature bone cells; maintain bone matrix Osteoprogenitor cells: can give rise to osteoblasts Osteoclasts: break down extracellular matrix; aid in bone repair Each of the following is true about human bones EXCEPT A. they provide support and protection B. they produce blood cells C. they store minerals such as calcium and phosphate D. they lack nerves and blood vessels Bones have A. collagen fibers B. hydroxyapatite crystals C. calcium and phosphate D. all of the above Osteoblasts A. produce new bone matrix B. are mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix C. break down bone matrix D. produce osteoprogenitor cells Bones Lamellar bone Orderly, layered orientation of collagen fibers and bone cells Grows slowly, strong Non-lamellar bone/woven bone Irregular arrangement of collagen fibers in bone matrix (not layered) Faster-growing, but not as strong Bones Compact bone/cortical bone— Dense outer layer; resists stress Spongy bone/cancellous bone— Internal honeycomb of trabeculae (meshwork of rods); lightens bone Bones Osteons In compact bone, lamellar Weight-bearing columns Concentric layers of matrix (lamellae) Collagen fibers arranged in different directions in adjacent lamellae (resist twisting) Bones Osteons Central canal Runs through center of osteon, passage for nerves and blood vessels Perforating canal Runs toward center of bone; passage for nerves and blood vessels Each of the following is true about compact bone EXCEPT A. it has osteons B. central canals run lengthwise through osteons C. it is primarily located in the outer parts of a bone D. it is very dense E. it is comprised of a network of rods called trabeculae. Lamellar bone grows more quickly than non-lamellar/woven bone, but isn’t as strong. A. True B. False The layers of matrix in osteons are oriented in different directions to help the bone resist twisting. A. True B. False Bones Periosteum Outer fibrous layer: fibrous connective tissue Inner cellular layer: osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts Nerves and blood vessels Fibers of periosteum extend into bone matrix Attachment point for tendons and ligaments Endosteum Thin, inner membrane Types of Bones Based on Shape Long bones: e.g., limbs, hands, fingers, feet, toes Short bones: e.g., wrist (carpals), ankle (tarsals) Flat bones: e.g., cranial bones, ribs, sternum, scapula Irregular bones: e.g., vertebrae, pelvic bones, heel Types of Bones Based on Shape Long bones Diaphysis: shaft Epiphysis: end Metaphysis: between diaphysis and epiphysis Apophysis: outgrowth; attachment of tendon or ligament Each of the following is true about the periosteum EXCEPT A. it has an outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer B. it the thin membrane lining spaces inside of bones C. it has fibers that extend into the matrix of the bone D. it is the attachment point for tendons and ligaments Ribs are A. long bones B. short bones C. flat bones D. irregular bones An outgrowth on a bone that acts as an attachment point for tendons is a A. diaphysis B. metaphysis C. epiphysis D. apophysis Endochondral Bones Epiphyseal plate: Develop from hyaline cartilage growth region e.g., long bones Cartilage template Primary ossification center  Secondary Endochondral Bones ossification center Epiphyseal plate: growth region Primary ossification center Epiphyseal plates: growth Long Bones: Interstitial Growth Production of new cartilage Lengthening Epiphyseal plate Replacement of cartilage with bone Epiphyseal plate Bone Growth: Lengthening Bone growth ceases when adult size is reached Epiphyseal cartilage disappears Epiphyseal plate becomes epiphyseal line Bone Growth Appositional bone growth Thickening, increase in diameter Growth at periosteum Intramembranous Bones No cartilage precursor Bones develop within sheets of mesenchyme E.g., cranial bones Fontanels Spaces between developing bones Allow newborn’s head to compress during birth Sesamoid bones Form within tendon or ligament e.g., patella “Extra” bones can form within tendons or ligaments  bones develop from a cartilage template. A. intramembranous B. endochondral C. fontanel D. all of the above The epiphyseal plate A. is the growth region of long bones B. is comprised of fibrocartilage C. is present throughout the lifespan D. all of the above Appositional growth involves lengthening of a bone. A. True B. False Bone Remodeling Occurs throughout lifetime Bones may thicken in response to physical stresses Bones may become weaker in response to inactivity, aging, malnutrition Osteoclasts break down bone matrix Osteoprogenitor cells produce osteoblasts Osteoblasts produce new bone matrix; mature into osteocytes Bone Repair Fibrocartilage callus forms Fibrocartilage replaced by woven bone Woven bone replaced by lamellar bone Physical stress can cause bones to thicken. A. True B. False In the repair of a broken bone A. a fibrocartilage callus forms B. the fibrocartilage is replaced with lamellar bone C. the lamellar bone is replaced with non-lamellar/woven bone D. all of the above