Chapter 1 Lecture Outline PDF

1 Chapter 1 Lecture Outline © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.1 Anatomy and Physiology 2 Compared Learning Objectives 1. Describe the science of...

1 Chapter 1 Lecture Outline © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.1 Anatomy and Physiology 2 Compared Learning Objectives 1. Describe the science of anatomy. 2. List the subdivisions in both microscopic and gross anatomy. 3. Describe the science of physiology. 4. List the subdivisions of physiology. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.1 Anatomy and Physiology 3 Compared 1 Anatomy studies the form and structure of the body Physiology examines how the body functions Form and function are interrelated © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.1 Anatomy and Physiology 4 Compared 2 Scientific method refers to a systematic and rigorous process by which scientists Examine natural events through observation Develop a hypothesis for explaining a phenomenon Experiment and test hypothesis by collecting data Determine if the data support the © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.1a Anatomy: Details of 5 Structure and Form 1 Microscopic anatomy Examines structures that cannot be observed by unaided eye Specimens examined under microscope Divisions: Cytology is the study of body cells and their internal structure Histology is the study of tissues © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.1a Anatomy: Details of 6 Structure and Form 2 Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy Investigates structures visible to the unaided eye Specimens dissected for examination Divisions: Systemic anatomy studies the anatomy of each body system Regional anatomy examines the structures in a body region Surface anatomy focuses on superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.1a Anatomy: Details of 7 Structure and Form 3 Divisions focusing on diagnosis or research: Pathologic anatomy examines macroscopic and microscopic anatomic changes resulting from disease Radiographic anatomy investigates internal structures visualized by scanning procedures © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.1b Physiology: Details of 8 Function Physiologists examine the function of body structures, focusing on the molecular and cellular level Physiology subdisciplines: Cardiovascular physiology examines functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood Neurophysiology studies functioning of nerves and nervous system organs Respiratory physiology explores functioning of respiratory organs Reproductive physiology investigates functioning of reproductive hormones and the reproductive cycle © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Section 1.1 What did you 9 learn? 1. How might knowledge of surface anatomy be important for a health-care worker during a CPR emergency? 2. What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology? 3. _____________ physiology examines how the heart, blood vessels, and blood function. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.2 Anatomy and Physiology 10 Integrated Learning Objectives 5. Explain how the studies of form and function are interrelated. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.2 Anatomy and Physiology 11 Integrated Form (anatomy) and function (physiology) are interrelated Integrating these disciplines is the easiest way to learn about both Both disciplines must use information from the other field Form follows function (anatomical structures are designed to perform their specific function) Without a thorough knowledge of anatomical structures, the physiologist can not truly understand the structure’s function © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Section 1.2 What did you 12 learn? 4. Compare and contrast how anatomists and physiologists specifically describe the small intestine. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 1.3 How to Study Anatomy and 13 Physiology Effectively Learning Objectives 6. Describe best practices for studying anatomy and physiology effectively. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 1.3 How to Study Anatomy and 14 Physiology Effectively 1 Best practices: 1. Schedule regular daily study sessions well before exam 2. Multiple, short study sessions 3. Minimize distractions 4. Utilize active learning methods Organize material in tables Draw and label anatomic structures Flowcharts describing physiology Quiz yourself repeatedly © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education Explain concepts to a partner 1.3 How to Study Anatomy and 15 Physiology Effectively 2 Best practices, continued: 5. Study with partner or group 6. Utilize the textbook resources Learning Strategy boxes Concept Connection boxes Concept Overview figures Assessments in chapter LearnSmart Anatomy and Physiology Revealed (APR) © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Section 1.3 What did you 16 learn? 5. Why would studying with a partner be more effective than just studying alone? © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.4 The Body’s Levels of 17 Organization Learning Objectives 7. List the characteristics common to all living things. 8. Describe the levels of organization in the human body. 9. Compare the organ systems of the human body. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.4a Characteristics That 18 Describe Living Things 1 Properties common to all organisms: Organization All organisms exhibit a complex structure and order Metabolism—the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body Anabolism—small molecules joined to form larger ones Catabolism—large molecules broken down into smaller ones Growth and development © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.4a Characteristics That 19 Describe Living Things 2 Properties common to all organisms (continued) Responsiveness—ability to sense and react to stimuli Regulation Ability to adjust internal bodily function to accommodate environment changes Homeostasis—ability to maintain body structure and function Reproduction Produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.4b The View from Simplest 20 to Most Complex Levels of organization from simplest to most complex: Chemical level – atoms and molecules Cellular level – cells, basic units of life Tissue level – similar cells performing common functions Organ level – multiple tissues working together Organ system level – related organs work together © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Levels of Organization in the 21 Human Body Figure 1.2 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.4c Introduction to Organ 22 Systems 11 organ systems of the human body: 1. Integumentary system 2. Skeletal system 3. Muscular system 4. Nervous system 5. Endocrine system 6. Cardiovascular system 7. Lymphatic system 8. Respiratory system 9. Urinary system 10. Digestive system 11. Male and female reproductive systems © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  23 Organ Systems 1 Figure 1.3 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  24 Organ Systems 2 Figure 1.3 (continued) © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  25 Organ Systems 3 Figure 1.3 (continued) © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Section 1.4 What did you 26 learn? 6. What does it mean if an organism is “responsive,” and how does this characteristic relate to the survival of this organism? 7. Does a higher level of organization contain all the levels beneath it? Explain. 8. Which organ system is responsible for filtering the blood and removing the waste products of the blood in the form of urine? © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.5 The Precise Language of 27 Anatomy and Physiology Learning Objectives 1 10.Describe the anatomic position and its importance in the study of anatomy. 11.Describe the anatomic sections and planes through the body. 12.Define the different anatomic directional terms. 13.Identify the major regions of the body, © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.5 The Precise Language of 28 Anatomy and Physiology Learning Objectives 2 14.Describe the body cavities and their subdivisions. 15.Explain the role of serous membranes in the ventral cavities. 16.Compare the terms used to subdivide the abdominopelvic region into nine regions or four quadrants. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  29 1.5a Anatomic Position Common reference position Characteristics of anatomic position Upright stance Feet parallel and flat on the floor Upper limbs at the sides of the body Palms face anteriorly (toward the front) Head is level Eyes look forward © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  30 1.5b Sections and Planes 1 “Slices” of body called sections or planes Section—actual cut or slice that exposes internal anatomy Plane—imaginary flat surface passing through body; 3 types Coronal (or frontal) plane Vertical plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts Transverse (or cross-sectional) plane Horizontal plane dividing the body into superior (top) © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education and inferior (bottom) parts  31 1.5b Sections and Planes 2 Plane (continued) Midsagittal (or median) plane Vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves Sagittal plane Parallel to midsagittal, but left or right of midsagittal; divides structure into unequal portions Oblique plane Passes through structure at an angle © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Anatomic Position and Body 32 Planes Figure 1.4 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education (a) ©McGraw-Hill Education/Joe DeGrandis; (b)  Sections from a Three- 33 Dimensional Structure Figure 1.5 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  34 1.5c Anatomic Directions In anatomic position, specific directional terms are used to describe relative positions Presented in opposing pairs E.g., anterior/posterior; dorsal/ventral; proximal/distal © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  35 Directional Terms in Anatomy Figure 1.6 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  36 1.5d Regional Anatomy Human body is partitioned into two main regions Axial region Head, neck, and trunk Forms the main vertical axis of the body Appendicular region Upper and lower limbs Several more regions within these two main ones © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  37 Regional Terms – Anterior View Figure 1.7a © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Regional Terms – Posterior 38 View Figure 1.7b © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.5e Body Cavities and 39 Membranes 1 Internal organs are housed within enclosed spaces or cavities Body cavities are named according to surrounding structures Body cavities are grouped into a Posterior aspect Ventral cavity © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.5e Body Cavities and 40 Membranes 2 Posterior aspect Completely encased in bone Physically and developmentally distinct from ventral cavities Subdivided into Cranial cavity (endocranium) is formed by bones of the cranium Houses the brain Vertebral canal is formed by the bones of the vertebral column Houses the spinal cord © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.5e Body Cavities and 41 Membranes 3 Ventral cavity Larger than posterior cavity Anteriorly placed in the body Does not completely encase organs in bone Partitioned into a Superior thoracic cavity Inferior abdominopelvic cavity © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.5e Body Cavities and 42 Membranes 4 Significant difference between posterior aspect and ventral cavity—subdivisions of ventral cavity are lined with serous membranes Two layers of serous membranes Parietal layer lines internal surface of body wall Visceral layer covers external surface of organs (viscera) Serous cavity—space between membranes Serous fluid Liquid secreted by cells in serous membrane Acts as lubricant © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  43 Body Cavities Figure 1.8 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.5e Body Cavities and 44 Membranes 5 Serous membranes arranged like fist in balloon Fist represents body organ Balloon represents serous membrane © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.5e Body Cavities and 45 Membranes 6 Spaces and structures within thoracic cavity: Mediastinum—median space in the thoracic cavity Contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart Pericardium—two-layered serous membrane Parietal pericardium Outer layer, which forms the sac around the heart © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education Visceral pericardium  1.5e Body Cavities and 46 Membranes 7 Pleura—two-layered serous membrane associated with lungs Parietal pleura Outer layer lines internal surface of thoracic wall Visceral pleura Inner layer covers external surface of lungs Pleural cavity Space between parietal and visceral layers © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education containing serous fluid  Serous Membranes in the 47 Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Body Cavities 1 Figure 1.9 b-c © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.5e Body Cavities and 48 Membranes 8 Spaces and structures within abdominopelvic cavity: Abdominal cavity Superior area Contains most of the digestive system organs, kidneys, and most of the ureters Pelvic cavity Inferior area, between hip bones Contains distal part of large intestine, remainder of ureters and urinary bladder, and © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education internal reproductive organs  1.5e Body Cavities and 49 Membranes 9 Abdominopelvic cavity (continued) Peritoneum—two-layered serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity Parietal peritoneum Outer layer, which lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity Visceral peritoneum Inner layer, which covers the external surface of most abdominal and pelvic organs Peritoneal cavity Potential space between parietal and visceral layers © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Serous Membranes in the 50 Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Body Cavities 2 Figure 1.9d © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.5f Abdominopelvic Regions 51 and Quadrants 1 Abdominopelvic cavity is partitioned into nine compartments Umbilical region Middle region, named for the umbilicus (navel) that lies in its center Epigastric region Superior to umbilical Figure Hypogastric region 1.10a © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.5f Abdominopelvic Regions 52 and Quadrants 2 Abdominopelvic cavity compartments (continued) Right and left hypochondriac regions Inferior to costal cartilages and lateral to epigastric Right and left lumbar regions Lateral to umbilical Figure Right and left iliac 1.10a © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.5f Abdominopelvic Regions 53 and Quadrants 3 Abdominopelvic cavity can also be divided into four compartments with transverse and midsagittal planes through the umbilicus Right and left upper quadrant Right and left lower quadrant Figure 1.10b © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Section 1.5 What did you 54 learn? 9. What type of plane would separate the nose and mouth into superior and inferior structures? 10.Which directional term would be most appropriate in the sentence “The elbow is _____________ to the wrist”? 11.The term antebrachial refers to which body region? 12.Which body cavity is associated with the lungs, and what are the names of its serous membranes? 13.If a physician makes an incision into the © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.6 Homeostasis: Keeping 55 Internal Conditions Stable Learning Objectives 1 17.Define the components of a homeostatic system. 18.Be able to recognize each of the components in representative systems. 19.Define negative feedback. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.6 Homeostasis: Keeping 56 Internal Conditions Stable Learning Objectives 2 20.Explain how homeostatic mechanisms regulated by negative feedback detect and respond to environmental changes. 21.Define positive feedback. 22.Describe the actions of a positive feedback loop. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.6 Homeostasis: Keeping 57 Internal Conditions Stable Homeostasis—the ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal environment in response to changing internal or external conditions © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.6a Components of 58 Homeostatic Systems Three components of homeostatic systems: 1. Receptor detects changes in a variable Stimulus (e.g., change in temperature sensed by skin) 2. Control center interprets input from receptor and initiates changes through effector Nervous system can provide a quicker response E.g., regulation of blood pressure upon rising © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education Endocrine response is more sustained  Components of a Homeostatic59 Control Mechanism Figure 1.11 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.6b Homeostatic Systems 60 Regulated by Negative Feedback Negative feedback Controls most processes in the body Variable fluctuates within a normal range around a set point Resulting action is in the opposite direction of the stimulus Example: temperature regulation © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.6c Homeostatic Systems 61 Regulated by Positive Feedback Positive feedback Occurs much less frequently than negative feedback Stimulus reinforced to continue moving variable in same direction until a climactic event occurs, then body returns to homeostasis Examples: Breastfeeding Blood clotting Labor © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  62 Positive Feedback Figure 1.15 © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Section 1.6 What did you 63 learn? 14.List and describe the three components of a homeostatic system, and give examples of each in the human body. 15.On a cold day, what are some of the strategies the body uses to conserve heat? 16.What is the main difference between a homeostatic system regulated by negative feedback and one regulated by positive feedback? © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.7 Homeostasis, Health, and 64 Disease Learning Objectives 23.Explain the general relationship of maintaining homeostasis to health and disease. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.7 Homeostasis, Health, and 65 Disease 1 Summary of homeostatic system characteristics Dynamic Control center is generally nervous system or endocrine system 3 components: Receptor Control center Effector Regulated through negative feedback If systems fails, homeostatic imbalance or © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Clinical View: Establishing 66 Normal Ranges for Clinical Practice Normal ranges for homeostatic variables Body temperature 98.6°F Blood glucose 80–110 mg/dL Blood pressure 90–120/60–80 mm Hg Determined by sampling healthy individuals in a population Normal range is value for 95% of individuals sampled 5% of healthy population have values © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.7 Homeostasis, Health, and 67 Disease 2 Diabetes is an example of homeostatic imbalance Occurs when homeostatic mechanisms for regulating blood glucose are not functioning normally Blood glucose fluctuations and high glucose readings Treating patients involves finding a diagnosis, a specific cause of the homeostatic imbalance © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Clinical View: Clinicians’ Use 68 of Scientific Method Developing a diagnosis Follow scientific method Examine patient and gather data E.g., patient health history, complaints, current vital signs such as weight and blood pressure Initial hypothetical diagnosis Order tests Confirm, modify, or reject initial diagnosis Definitive diagnosis © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  1.7 Homeostasis, Health, and 69 Disease 3 Drugs may affect normal homeostatic control mechanisms (e.g., SSRIs) Patients with depression may have lower levels of serotonin in their brains SSRI drugs block reuptake of serotonin into nerve cells in brain, thus prolonging its effects; SSRIs help elevate mood of patients with depression Side effects of SSRIs due to Serotonin also used in nerve cells of digestive system Digestive system becomes more excitable due to © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education  Clinical View: Medical Imaging 70 Magnetic Radiography Computed Tomography Resonance (CT) Imaging (MRI) Digital Positron Sonograp Subtraction Emission hy Angiography Tomography (DSA) (PET) (Top left): ©Medical Body Scans/Science Source; (Top middle): ©SIU BioMed Com/Custom Medical Stock Photohandheld; (Top right): ©Alfred Pasieka/Science Source; (Bottom left): ©ATL/Science Source; (Bottom middle): ©ISM/Athenais/Medical Images; © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education (Bottom right): ©Hank  Section 1.7 What did you 71 learn? 17.What is an example of a disease process by which homeostasis is disrupted? © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education