Summary History Topic 1 and 2 - PDF

Summary History Topic 1 and 2 Her 1: Causes of the First World War: At the beginning of the 20th century there was a lot of tension between European countries. All countries wanted to be strong and feared the power of other countries. They formed two groups: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy for...

Summary History Topic 1 and 2 Her 1: Causes of the First World War: At the beginning of the 20th century there was a lot of tension between European countries. All countries wanted to be strong and feared the power of other countries. They formed two groups: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy formed the Triple Alliance; France, Russia and the United Kingdom formed the Triple Entente. This allowed a small conflict between countries to quickly turn into a major war. Phases of the war: The war began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, and due to alliances, more and more countries became involved. Soldiers spent years trapped in trenches without making much progress. In 1917, the United States joined the Allies, making them stronger. Germany was defeated and surrendered in 1918. Consequences of the Great War: The war had great consequences. Nearly ten million people died and millions were injured. The borders of several countries changed, and Europe was weakened. The war left deep marks on people and society. Russian Revolution (Previous situation, February Revolution and October Revolution of 1917) Previous situation of Russia: At the beginning of the 20th century, Tsar Nicholas II ruled Russia with all power, following no laws or parliament. The majority of the population lived in poverty, while a minority was rich. Russia had few industrial advances and depended on agriculture. Furthermore, the defeat in the war against Japan (1904-1905) increased discontent. Groups like the socialists wanted to end the monarchy and give more rights to the people. February Revolution of 1917: In February 1917, the lack of food, especially bread, caused protests in Petrograd on February 23. The strikes spread and many soldiers joined the people in the streets. Eventually, Tsar Nicholas II resigned and a provisional government was created. October Revolution of 1917: In October 1917, the Bolsheviks, a group led by Lenin and supported by the Soviets, organized an uprising. With the help of the Red Guard, they took control of Petrograd and occupied the Winter Palace, removing power from the provisional government. This marked the beginning of the communist regime in Russia. Art (New Avant-garde) Artistic avant-garde: Fauvism: Fauvism emerged in Paris in 1905, led by Henri Matisse and André Derain. They used bright and free colors, without attachment to reality, to express emotions. Examples of this style are The joy of living by Matisse and The dance from Derain. Cubism: Developed in Paris by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque around 1907, Cubism shows objects from several angles at once. Works like The ladies of Avignon by Picasso and The man with guitar by Braque represent this fragmentation and geometry.  Expressionism: Expressionism, born in Germany, used strong lines and intense colors to show deep emotions. The scream by Edvard Munch and Five women in the street by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner are examples that reflect the loneliness and anguish of modern life. Futurism: Futurism, inspired by speed and technology, was born in Italy with Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. Umberto Boccioni, with works such as The city rises and the sculpture Unique forms of continuity in space, transmitted movement and modern energy. HER 2: 1st American Prosperity - The American Dream ** During the First World War, America was the leading economic power, because it sold weapons and food to Europe. Agriculture and industry grew. Two currents appeared, Taylorism and Fordism (chain work). The 1920s were a period of economic prosperity because there were more and more jobs and people could buy more things, so they began to take out loans to buy houses, cars, etc. and to live beyond their means (consumerism) (they had more expenses than income). When the war ends, America, which had manufactured many weapons and other things, realizes that it can no longer sell them to any country and has leftovers because no one wants to buy them (overproduction), and has to start firing all the workers from work. of the factories because they no longer need people. As people had many loans that they could not pay, the banks went bankrupt (stock market crash), the country entered an economic crisis (1929, Black Thursday, Great Depression) 3rd The Stock Market Crash and Roosevelt's New Deal ** In 1929, the stock market crash on so-called "Black Thursday" unleashed the Great Depression, a global economic crisis. Banks went bankrupt, leading to mass unemployment and poverty. In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt became president, created the New Deal (social and economic programs to improve the economy), and the Social Security Act (access to doctors) 4th Italian Fascism ** In Italy there was a parliamentary democratic system (citizens vote and choose laws) due to this there was political instability, which is why there were many strikes or demonstrations. In 1922, there was a demonstration called the March on Rome. which ended with Mussolini coming to power (he became president) Mussolini was authoritarian (he commanded all powers, legislative, executive and judicial and did what he wanted and otherwise killed people) and nationalist (it means that the country (the State) is more important than the people) He created groups called Los Fasci di combattimento, which were like police or military groups that supported Mussolini. 5 and 6o German Nazism Nazism was led by Adolf Hitler, it was an extremely nationalist and racist ideology that promoted the superiority of the Aryan race. (They killed the Jews because they said they were not pure race). The SA (Sturmabteilung) and later the SS (Schutzstaffel) were paramilitary organizations that protected the Nazi Party and spread its ideas. Mein Kampf is the book written by Hitler, in which he sets out his ideas on racial hatred and territorial expansion, including the concept of Lebensraum (living space).  The purge refers to the elimination of those who thought otherwise (political opponents) within the Nazi Party, including the Night of the Long Knives in 1934. Gulag were forced labor camps in the Soviet Union. 7o Soviet Stalinism Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union and implemented a centralization of power, demanding loyalty from the nomenklatura (the ruling elite of the Communist Party). Under his regime, millions of people were repressed and sent to forced labor camps, such as the Gulag. Trotsky, one of the original leaders of the Soviet Revolution, was deposed by Stalin and later assassinated in Mexico. The CPSU (Communist Party of the Soviet Union) was the dominant political party in the USSR. Gosplan was the central economic planning authority of the Soviet government and kolchoz were collective farms that were forced to produce food. 8th Art Art during totalitarian regimes in Europe often reflected the ideologies of the governments. Art was seen as a tool to spread political ideas and maintain social control. In Nazi Germany, “degenerate art” was rejected and realistic and heroic art was promoted that glorified the supremacy of the Aryan race and the future of National Socialism. In the Soviet Union, the emphasis was on socialist realism, where art was expected to reflect the ideals of the communist revolution. Important Terms Combat Fasci: Fascist political and military groups in Italy. Nomenclature: The political elite of the Soviet Union, generally associated with the leadership of the Communist Party. Soviet Union: State farms in the Soviet Union. Kolkhoz: Collective farms in the Soviet Union. Stalin: Leader of the Soviet Union from the late 1920s until his death in 1953, known for his brutal authoritarian leadership. Trotsky: Russian revolutionary leader who helped establish communism in the Soviet Union, but was deposed and killed by Stalin. Gosplan: The central planning organization of the Soviet economy. Soviet Supremacy: The highest legislative body of the Soviet Union. CPSU: The Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Gulag: A system of forced labor camps in the Soviet Union for political prisoners. March on Rome: The march of Mussolini and the fascists in 1922 to seize power in Italy. Purge: Political purges in the Soviet Union and other totalitarian regimes. Habitat (Espacio Vital): The Nazi concept of territorial expansion. My fight: The book written by Adolf Hitler, where he describes his vision for Germany and the world. Antisemitism: Hatred and persecution of Jews, central to Nazi ideology. SA (Assault Department): The paramilitary organization of the Nazi Party that originally carried out violence in the streets and protected the party. SS (Protection Squadron): The Nazi protection force in charge of repression and carrying out the Holocaust.