Respiratory System Anatomy PDF

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (ANATOMY) RS MODULE / SESSION 1 Respiratory system classified according to structure and function. Functionally, the respiratory system consist of Conducting Zone: Respiratory Zone: Include nose, nasal cavity, pharynx Include Respiratory bron...

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (ANATOMY) RS MODULE / SESSION 1 Respiratory system classified according to structure and function. Functionally, the respiratory system consist of Conducting Zone: Respiratory Zone: Include nose, nasal cavity, pharynx Include Respiratory bronchiole, ,larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveolar ducts, alveolar sac and bronchioles and terminal alveoli and are the main site of gas bronchioles. exchange between air and blood. Their function is to filter , warm and moisten air and conduct it into the lung. CONDUCTING AND RESPIRATORY PORTIONS Conducting portion Transports air 1.Nasal cavity 2.Pharynx 3.Larynx 4.Trachea 5.Main bronchus 6.Lobar bronchus 7.Segmental bronchus 8.Terminal bronchioles CONDUCTING AND RESPIRATORY PORTIONS Respiratory portion Gas exchange Parts: 1. Respiratory Bronchioles 2. Alveolar ducts 3. Alveoli TRACHEA (Windpipe) Tracheal cartilage (resemble a horseshoe). Annular ligament. Fibromuscular membrane connect the tracheal Cartilages together called (membranous part of Trachea). TRACHEA (Windpipe) Starts at the lower end of the larynx (below cricoid cartilage) Extends through lower neck and upper mediastinum (C6-T4 vertebrae) Ends at the level of the sternal angle by bifurcating into right and left primary bronchi TRACHEA (Windpipe) Ends at the level of the sternal angle by bifurcating into right and left primary bronchi The angle between the right and left main bronchi is known as the carina, which is made by a cartilaginous hook from the last tracheal ring.  TRACHEA (Windpipe) 15to20 incomplete cartilaginous rings ensure that trachea remains open at all phases of respiration Posterior part is made by trachealis muscle. This part allows the expansion of esophagus during deglutition TRACHEA IMPORTANT RELATIONS In the neck Partially covered by sternocleidomastoid muscle Isthmus and lobes of thyroid gland Arch of the aorta (anterior to bifurcation Esophagus (posteriorly). PRIMARY BRONCHI Projects laterally toward the respective lung. Enter the hilus of each lung with the pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. Branches into several secondary (lobar) bronchi. PRIMARY BRONCHI PRIMARY BRONCHI CLINICAL ANATOMY Right primary bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertically oriented than the left primary bronchus. Foreign particles are more likely to lodge in the right primary bronchus. BRONCHIAL TREE Refers to the system of air-conducting passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi Progressively branch into narrower tubes as they diverge throughout the lungs before ending as terminal bronchioles. BRONCHIAL TREE WALL STRUCTURE With successive branching amount of cartilage decreases and amount of smooth muscle increases, this allows for variation in airway diameter. Epithelium gradually changes from ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium to simple cuboidal epithelium in terminal bronchioles. lungs The lungs are half conical spongy organs lying in the lateral aspects of the thoracic cage (on either side of the mediastinum) and enclosed within the pleural sacs. lungs Each lung has an apex, a base, 3 borders & 2 surfaces. Each lung is divided by fissure(s) into 2 or 3 lobes. Apex: is blunt. extends into the neck, an inch above the medial 1/3rd of the clavicle. is covered by cervical pleura and suprapleural membrane. lungs Base (Diaphragmatic surface) that: is semilunar and concave. is related to the dome of the diaphragm. is separated from the liver by the right dome of the diaphragm on the right side. is separated from the fundus of the stomach and spleen by left dome of diaphragm on the left side. lungs Three Borders: Anterior border is sharp and shorter than the posterior border. Posterior border is thick and rounded. Inferior border is semilunar in shape. *Anterior border of left side presents a concave CARDIAC NOTCH and the tongue shaped projection below the cardiac notch LINGULA lungs Three Surfaces: Costal surface is convex and is related to intercostal muscles & ribs. Medial surface is divided into two parts: Vertebral surface: Posterior 1/3rd of medial surface. Is related to vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs. lungs Mediastinal surface: Anterior 2/3rd of medial surface. It is related to the mediastinal structures. The hilum: of the lung is a depression in the mediastinal part through which the bronchi, vessels, and nerves that form the root of the lung enter and leave the lung. The fissures and lobes of right and left lungs. Right lung has usually: Two fissures – Oblique and transverse/horizontal. Three lobes – Superior, middle and inferior. Left lung has usually: One fissure – Oblique Two lobes – Superior and inferior Fissures: of the lung are lined by visceral pleura. They allow more expansion of the lung. Lung Fissures Oblique Fissures: Separates the superior or upper lobe from the lower lobes of both lungs. Horizontal Fissure: separates the right upper lobe from the right middle lobe. LEFT LUNG The left lung is subdivided into two lobes and thereby, into eight segments. left upper lobe apicoposterior segment anterior segment. superior lingular segment. inferior lingular segment. left lower lobe superior segment. anteromedial segment. lateral segment. posterior segment. RIGHT LUNG Divided into 3 lobes by oblique and horizontal fissure. Larger heavier but shorter than left. Anterior border is more straight. The right lung is subdivided into three lobes with 10 segments right upper lobe right lower lobe apical segment. superior segment. posterior segment. medial segment. anterior segment. anterior segment. lateral segment. right middle lobe. posterior segment. lateral segment. medial segment. PARTS OF PARIETAL PLEURA The pleura includes two thin layers of tissue that protect and cushion the lungs. The parietal pleura: covers the outer surface of the lungs, and extends into the interlobar fissures. The visceral pleura : covers the internal surface of the thoracic cavity , and can be subdivided according to the part of the body that it is contact with: Mediastinal pleura: Covers the lateral aspect of the mediastinum (the central component of the thoracic cavity, containing a number of organ). Cervical pleura : Lines the extension of the pleural cavity into the neck. Costal pleura : Covers the inner aspect of the ribs, costal cartilages, and intercostal muscles. Diaphragmatic pleura: Covers the thoracic (superior) surface of the diaphragm.  Pleura of the lungs The pleural cavity is a potential space between the parietal and visceral pleura. It contains a small volume of serous fluid called pleural fluid, is in the pleural space. The fluid lubricates the pleural space so that the two layers of pleural tissue can slide against each other.