Respiration Part 1 2024 PDF

Anatomy & Physiology of Respiration What is Respiration?  The exchange of gas between organism and its environment  We bring oxygen to the cells of the body to sustain life by breathing in (inspiration) and eliminate waste products by breathing out (expiration)  Gas exc...

Anatomy & Physiology of Respiration What is Respiration?  The exchange of gas between organism and its environment  We bring oxygen to the cells of the body to sustain life by breathing in (inspiration) and eliminate waste products by breathing out (expiration)  Gas exchange occurs within the alveoli, only after the gas has been drawn into the system Respiratory System Functions 1. Supplies the body with oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide 2. Filters the air we breathe in 3. Assists in producing sound 4. Contains receptors for smell 5. Rids the body of some excess water and heat 6. Helps regulate blood pH Process of Respiration  Process of bringing air into the lungs is muscular  Occurs due to the fact that all forces in nature seek balance and equilibrium  Boyle’s Law  Boyle’s Law forms the basis for movement of air into and out of the lungs Boyle’s Law  Given a gas of constant temperature, if you increase the volume of the chamber in which gas is contained, the pressure will decrease  If you decrease the volume, the air pressure will increase  ↑P↓V or ↓P↑V Boyle’s Law Video Support Structures of Respiration  While the lungs carry out gas exchange, the rib cage performs a protective function  Lungs are housed within the thorax  Entire thorax is suspended by the vertebral column (also the conduit for spinal cord) Vertebral Column  Has 5 divisions: ◦ Cervical (C1-C7) ◦ Thoracic (T1-T12) ◦ Lumbar (L1-L5) ◦ Sacral (S1-S5) ◦ Coccygeal (fused unit coccyx)  Vertebral column is composed of 33 segments of bone with a rich set of fossa and protuberances clearly designed for function. http://teachmeanatomy.info/wp-content/uploads/Overview-of-the- Different-Parts-of-the-Vertebral-Column-1.jpg Cervical Vertebrae https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/857/flashcards/542857/png/ cervicalvertebrae1328851156082.png Ribs and rib cage  12 pair of ribs ◦ 7 true ribs ◦ 3 false ribs ◦ 2 floating ribs  The cartilaginous attachment of the ribs to the sternum allows the ribs to rotate slightly during respiration, allowing the rib cage to elevate Ribs Sternum  3 components: ◦ Manubrium (attachment for clavicle & 1 st rib) ◦ Corpus (attachment for 5 more ribs) ◦ Xiphoid Process (anterior most attachment of diaphragm) https://upload.Sternum_composition.png Soft Tissues of the Thorax and Respiratory Passageway  Communication between the lungs and the environment is by means of the respiratory passageway, including: ◦ Oral and nasal cavities ◦ Larynx ◦ Trachea ◦ Bronchial Tubes Respiratory Mucosa  A layer of cells that secrete mucus  Found in nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx and trachea  Mucus can trap contaminants ◦ Cilia move mucus up towards mouth Upper Respiratory Tract http://image.slidesharecdn.com/respiratorysystemanatomy-150129011318- conversion-gate02/95/respiratory-system-anatomy-5-638.jpg Nose  Internal nares- opening to pharynx  External nares- opening to exterior  Nasal conchae - folds in the mucous membrane that increase air turbulence and ensures that most air contacts the mucous membranes Nose  Provides an airway for respiration  Moistens and warms entering air  Filters and cleans inspired air  Resonating chamber for speech  Detects odors in the air stream Pharynx  Common space used by both the respiratory and digestive systems  Commonly called “the throat”  Originates posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and extends inferiorly near the level of the bifurcation of the larynx and esophagus  Common pathway for both air and food Pharynx  Walls are lined by mucosa and contain skeletal muscles that are primarily used for swallowing  Flexible lateral walls are distensible in order to force swallowed food into the esophagus  Partitioned into three adjoining regions: ◦ Nasopharynx ◦ Oropharynx ◦ Laryngopharynx Lower respiratory tract  Conducting airways ◦ Trachea ◦ Bronchi ◦ up to terminal bronchioles  Respiratory portion of the respiratory system ◦ respiratory bronchioles ◦ alveolar ducts ◦ alveoli Lower Respiratory Tract Right and Left Bronchi Larynx  a.k.a.“Voice box”  Prevents swallowed materials from entering the lower respiratory tract  Conducts air into the lower respiratory tract  Produces sounds  Supported by a framework of nine pieces of cartilage (three individual pieces and three cartilage pairs) that are held in place by ligaments and muscles  Muscular walls aid in voice production and the swallowing reflex Sound production  Inferior ligaments are called the vocal folds - called true vocal cords because they produce sound when air passes between them  Superior ligaments are called the vestibular folds - called false vocal cords because they have no function in sound production, but protect the vocal folds  The tension, length, and position of the vocal folds determine the quality of the sound Sound production  Intermittent release of exhaled air through the vocal folds  Loudness – depends on the force with which air is exhaled through the cords  Pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses act as resonating chambers that add quality to the sound  Muscles of the face, tongue, and lips help with enunciation of words Trachea  A flexible tube also called “windpipe”  Lies anterior to the esophagus and inferior to the larynx  Anterior and lateral walls of the trachea supported by 15 to 20 C-shaped tracheal cartilages  Cartilage rings reinforce and provide rigidity to the tracheal wall to ensure that the trachea remains open at all times  Lined by cilia Trachea  At the level of the sternal angle, the trachea bifurcates into two smaller tubes, called the right and left primary bronchi  Each primary bronchus projects laterally toward each lung Bronchial tree  A highly branched system of air-conducting passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi  Progressively branch into narrower tubes as they diverge throughout the lungs before terminating in terminal bronchioles  The right primary bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertically oriented than the left primary bronchus  Foreign particles are more likely to lodge in the right primary bronchus Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts, and Alveoli  Lungs contain small air sacs called alveoli  They have a thin wall specialized to promote diffusion of gases between the alveolus and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries  Gas exchange can take place in the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts as well as in the alveoli  Each lung contains approximately 300 to 400 million alveoli  The spongy nature of the lung is due to the packing of millions of alveoli together Lower Respiratory Tract Gross Anatomy of the Lungs  Each lung has a conical shape. Its wide base rests upon the muscular diaphragm  Its top portion, called the apex, projects superiorly to a point that is slightly superior and posterior to the clavicle  Both lungs are bordered by the thoracic wall and supported by the rib cage Lungs Left lung  divided into 2 lobes by oblique fissure  smaller than the right lung  cardiac notch accommodates the heart Right Lung  divided into 3 lobes by oblique and horizontal fissure  located more superiorly in the body due to liver on right side Pleura and Pleural Cavities  The outer surface of each lung and the adjacent internal thoracic wall are lined by a serous membrane called pleura  The outer surface of each lung is tightly covered by the visceral pleura  The pleural linings, in conjunction with thoracic wall, provide the mechanism for air movement through muscular action Pleural cavities  The potential space between the serous membrane layers is a pleural cavity  The pleural membranes produce a thin, serous pleural fluid that circulates in the pleural cavity and acts as a lubricant, ensuring minimal friction during breathing  Pleural effusion – occurs when fluid that accumulates between the two pleural layers. This can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs  Pneumothorax-is an abnormal collection of air or gas in the pleural space that separates the lung from the chest wall; may interfere with normal breathing Reference  Seikel, J.A., Douglas, W.K., & Drumright, D.G. (2010). Anatomy and physiology for speech, language, and hearing. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.