Respiration Ling 2P90 Past Paper 2024 PDF

Review LING 2P90 2024 ___________________________________________________________________ Anatomy and Physiology Terms 1. Types of tissues: Tissues are groups of cells with similar structure and perform a function. a. Epithelial: Anywhere a boundary is set. Stratified Squamous....

Review LING 2P90 2024 ___________________________________________________________________ Anatomy and Physiology Terms 1. Types of tissues: Tissues are groups of cells with similar structure and perform a function. a. Epithelial: Anywhere a boundary is set. Stratified Squamous. Covers the body, forms glands, described by the number of cell layers and the shape of the cell. May have hair cells present. b. Connective: Support, protect, and bind. Boes, blood, fat. Made up of gels and fibres. c. Neural: Communication. Supporting cells, neurons, 12 pairs of nerves that go out of the brain. d. Muscle: Movement. Smooth, lines our organs. 2. What bones are part of the axial skeleton? 3. What are the features of anatomical position? - Upright, face forward, feet shoulder width apart, feet pointing forward, palms forward 4. Terms of movement and planes of body: A plane is a cut through the body or a part of the body. The cut is real or imagined. The cut is based on the body being in Anatomical Position. - Medial and Lateral: Ex. Nose is medial to the eyes. - Sagittal plane  - Superior and Inferior: Toward the head is Superior. Inferior away the head. (toward floor) - Transverse plane - Anterior and Posterior: Toward the front is anterior. Back or toward back is Posterior. - Coronal plane - Proximal and Distal: Near to trunk or near point of attachment. Elbow is distal to shoulder (farther away from trunk) 5. Movement terms: - Flexion - a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts - Extension - a movement that increases the angle between two body parts - Rotation - twisting movements - Abduction - two structures moving apart (vocal cords moving apart to breathe) - Adduction - two structures coming together (vocal cords coming together) - Pronation - to turn/rotation - Supination - face upwards (palm up) - Others? Review Lecture Objectives RESPIRATION: Week 2 and 3 1. Describe the respiratory passageway in sequence from superior to inferior. Upper Respiratory System: - Nasal Cavity: - Filters, warms, and humidifies air with cilia and mucosa. - Stops cold air from going down into the lungs - Includes the nasal conchae for turbulence and filtering - Nasal cavity is humid (helps bacteria stick to epithelial) - Epithelial tissue is lined with cilia (small hairs) - Function: filter out garbage you breathe in – dust, pollen, etc. - Cilia wave around to move the gunk – swallow or blow it out - Oral Cavity: - An alternate pathway for airflow, especially during heavy breathing. - Pharynx: - Muscular tube divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. - Connects nasal and oral cavities to the larynx. - Connects nose, mouth and throat - Plays a part in shaping how your voice sounds (resonance) - Starts behind the nasal cavity - Larynx (VoiceBox): - Connects the pharynx to the trachea - Houses vocal folds and protects the lower airway by preventing food entry Lower Respiratory System: - Trachea: - Windpipe supported by C-shaped cartilage rings - It extends from the larynx to the main bronchi - Muscular tube - Rings of cartilage - Divides into 2 bronchi (right and left bronchi) - Bronchi: - Division at T4 or T5 into: - Right Main Bronchus: Shorter, wider, and more vertical. - Left Main Bronchus: Longer and narrower. - Branching into secondary (lobar) and tertiary (segmental) bronchi - Bronchi terminate into alveoli - Bronchioles: made up of smooth muscle (more elastic) - Structure: ○ Small, tubular airways branching from the tertiary bronchi; diameter