Influence of Social Media on Grade 12 Students - Naga College Foundation PDF

Influence of Social Media Content on the Self-Perception of the Grade 12 Students of Naga College Foundation, Inc. A Research Paper Presented to The Faculty of Senior High School Department...

Influence of Social Media Content on the Self-Perception of the Grade 12 Students of Naga College Foundation, Inc. A Research Paper Presented to The Faculty of Senior High School Department Naga College Foundation Inc. Naga City In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements in Research Project in Daily Life 1 Abawag, Joelly Arnedo, Richelle Anne Belleza, Glaiza Mae Delos Santos, Mark Delvalle, Angelo Infante, Shane Gabriel Lavapie, Sophia Lettice Ruelo, Gian Francine Tinquico, Jamela Grade 12 - Alitheia Humanities and Social Science (HUMSS) 2024  ii CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM Introduction The evolution of technology has come a long way since it was first developed, from being simply used for communication to becoming a vessel for creativity and freedom of expression; Technology eventually grew to become an essential part of our lives especially now that we have long entered the contemporary digital age, where a whole generation were raised in a culture where the internet has become more accessible for everyone of all ages, especially among students today. According to Manning (2014), social media is defined as “new forms of media that involve interactive participation” whereas platforms like Instagram, Facebook, and Tiktok serve not only as outlets for connection and entertainment, but also as influential spaces where users are able to actively engage in online trends that we believe greatly contributes in the development of students’ personalities and self-identity. Social media is a well-known subject that everyone is familiar with. However, despite being a popular and expansive topic, it is surrounded by many layers and subtleties that are frequently overlooked. From its influence on public opinion to its role in shaping personal relationships, social media has earned the definition of a complex form of electronic communication where everyone is free to dwell in communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other  iii content (Merriam Webster Dictionary 2024). One of its most significant aspects is the impact on mental health, where studies included in our study have shown both positive and negative effects to social media users, especially students. According to Williams 2020, Generation Z learns best through modern teaching methods that incorporate technology, visual aids, and interactive activities, thus making the internet a convenient tool for assisting learners in their academic journey. Active use of social media can improve self-expression and connectivity, and can strengthen online social relationships and psychological well-being (Chuang,2021). Although social media has proven to be beneficial in a number of ways, excessive use can lead to many detrimental effects to the well-being of a user, such as developing traits commonly associated with internet addiction which include intense self-reliance, high levels of introversion, a strong desire for belongingness, low conscientiousness, a tendency toward instant gratification, and noticeable cognitive issues (Khan, 2018). According to Plachynda 2023, their study reveals that the use of social media platforms plays a significant role in shaping students’ self-image, as they provide opportunities for self-presentation and comparison with peers. The study found that social media platforms enable students to create an idealized version of themselves, which leads to having a twisted perception of reality.  iv Additionally, the constant exposure to modified standards and unrealistic narratives on social media can impact student’s self-esteem and mental well-being. It was shown that 95% of teenagers (young adolescents) have access to a smartphone and 45% say they are online almost everyday (Pew Research Center, 2022). This shows the relationship between students and social media and how content-consumption can influence them in various ways. As the Grade 12 students journey through the phase of adolescence, it is important to consider that adolescence is a significant period of human development, where growth can be greatly influenced by both individual and external factors (Population Reference Bureau, 2014) which gives social media consumption a major role to play in shaping the socialization 123 Given the limited research behind the role of content-consumption in social media influence, This study aims to fill in gaps regarding the impact of different types of content on user behavior and decision-making. By analyzing various social media platforms and the patterns of engagement they foster, we hope to uncover insights into how specific content categories—such as educational, entertainment, and news—affect users' perceptions, attitudes, and actions. Additionally, our research will explore the psychological areas including emotional responses and cognitive biases, to provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between content consumption and social influence within students.  v Statement of the Problem This research aims to investigate the Influence of Social Media content on the Self-Perception of Grade 12 students of Naga College Foundation Inc., S/Y 2023-2024 through the following questions: 1. What is the influence of social media on the Self-Perception of Grade 12 students at Naga College Foundation, Inc? 2. How does social media content affect the Self-Perception of Grade 12 students in terms of Development of mindset, Peer interaction, and Sensible decision-making? 3. How does social media influence student’s perceptions of their academic ability and achievements? Assumptions of the Study The study focuses on understanding the Influence of Social Media Content on the Self-Perception of the Grade 12 Students of Naga College Foundation, Inc. The following assumptions were made: 1. The researchers assume that the student participants would be honest in answering questions. 2. The researchers assume that studying about responsible content- consumption can help avoid bad influences by social media.  vi 3. The researchers assume that social media content has influenced the self- perception of the Grade 12 students. Significance of the Study The following beneficiaries will explore the relationship between social media content and the self-perception of Grade 12 students at Naga College Foundation. The study is conducted to benefit the following: Students. An enhanced awareness and comprehension of the influence of media content on the self-image of students can help them make better decisions and become a responsible social media user, ultimately promoting a healthier sense of self-worth. Parents and Guardians. By knowing the outcomes of this study, parents and guardians can guide and protect their children from the adverse effects of social media, and can be aware about how to become a responsible social media user themselves. Teachers and School Counselors. This Research will be able to help them understand external factors that affect the students' mindsets and self-image; and are therefore able to tailor their approaches in counselling,  vii mentorship, and even classroom interactions to help students at an emotional and psychological level. Future Researchers. This study can be an important material for future research and be able to build on the findings to explore further dimensions of social media’s influence, contributing to a broader understanding of its impact on the youth and for possible solutions. Scope and Delimitations This study aims to examine the Influence of Social media content on the self-perception of the Grade 12- Ethos, General Academic Strand of Senior high school of Naga College Foundation, Inc. during the 1st semester of academic year of 2024-2025. This study assesses the involvement of social media in the self-image, self-esteem, and overall self-perception of the students and their experience in the influence of social media inside and outside of the academic environment. The researchers created interview questions for the participants, which will be used for the data collection. Using a case study research design, the study shall focus on social media platforms including Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok to explore how media content influences the self- perception of the students. This study delimits its participants to only the Grade 12-Ethos students within the age bracket of 16 to 18, as these  viii students are in a developmental stage. A time has been allotted for the individuals who agreed to be interviewed. During the interviews, open- ended or semi-structured questions were asked to encourage detailed responses. As the students spoke, the researchers took notes to capture their answers and will then transcribe the information that have been collected. For documentation purposes, the researcher had recorded the session using a recording device both during and after the interview, with the proper consent from the participants. The scope is narrowed down to only the most frequently used social media platforms mentioned above, less popular ones will not be considered. Excluded from the study are participants outside of Naga College Foundation Inc. This study may focus more on the self-esteem aspect of the influence. Definition of Terms The following key terms have been explained to better understand and clarify the concepts explored in this research on the influence of social media on the self-perception of Grade 12 students at Naga College Foundation, Inc. Self-perception. According to Merriam-Webster (2024), it means the perception of oneself. In this study, it refers to how social media was able to shape the user’s self-image, goals, and mindset.  ix Social media. According to Merriam-Webster (2024), it is a form of electronics (such as websites for social networking and microblogging) through which users create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content (such as video). In this study, this term refers to the understanding about different aspects of social media that help students to share information, communicate, look for more information, gain knowledge, and other content. On the other hand, it also helps the researchers to further investigate the impact of these platforms on students' self-concept. Mental Health. According to Merriam-Webster (2024) it is the condition of being sound mentally and emotionally that is characterized by the absence of mental illness and by adequate adjustment especially as reflected in feeling comfortable about oneself, positive feelings about others, and the ability to meet the demands of daily life. Also, the general condition of one's mental and emotional state. In this study, this term refers to one of the main aspects of a person that can possibly get influenced by social media content. Influence. According to Merriam-Webster (2024), it is the power or capacity of causing an effect in indirect or intangible ways. The act or power of producing an effect without apparent exertion of force or direct exercise  x of command and corrupt interference with authority for personal gain. In this study, this term refers to how social media might influence the students' thoughts, actions, and their view of themselves.  xi Notes adolescence. (2024). In Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://doi.org/10.7748www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/adolescence Arnett, J. J. (1995). Adolescents’ uses of media for self-socialization. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24(5), 519–533. https://doi.org/10.7748/bf01537054 Chen, M., & Xiao, X. (2022). The effect of social media on the development of students’ affective variables. In Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.7748/fpsyg.2022.1010766 cognitive. (2024). In Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://doi.org/10.7748/www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/cognitive consumption. (2024). In Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://doi.org/10.7748/www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/consumption content. (2024). In Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://doi.org/10.7748/www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/content Chuang, H.-M., & Liao, Y. (2021). Sustainability of the Benefits of Social Media on Socializing and Learning: An Empirical Case of Facebook. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.7748/www.mdpi.com/2071- 1050/13/12/6731 freedom of expression. (2024). In Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://doi.org/10.7748/www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/freedom%20of%20expression  xii Khan, N. T. (2018). Internet Addiction: A Global Psychological Addiction Disorder. The Journal of Medical Research, 4(4), 202–203. https://doi.org/10.31254/jmr.2018.4409 Manning, Jimmie. (2014). Definition and Classes of Social Media. https://doi.org/10.7748/www.researchgate.net/publication/290514612_De finition_and_Classes_of_Social_Media medium. (2024). In the Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://doi.org/10.7748/www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/medium Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Social media. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved September 26, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.7748/www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/social%20media Plachynda, T., Doviga, T., Zavitrenko, D., Snisarenko, I., & Pavlenko, O. (2024). The Power of social media: shaping and reshaping student image. Diversitas Journal. https://doi.org/10.7748www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b638a2979 a3d1571b4cf3f5df8cf447c404af1a7 self-perception. (2024). In the Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://doi.org/10.7748/www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/self- perception The Importance of Adolescence. (2024). PRB. https://doi.org/10.7748/www.prb.org/resources/the-importance-of- adolescence/ Williams, A. (2019). Twenge, J. M. (2017). iGen: Why Today’s Super- Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy-and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood and What That Means for the Rest of Us. New York, NY: Atria. ISBN: 978-1- 5011-5201-6 paperback. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 48(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/fcsr.12345  xiii CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE This chapter provides a review of related literature and studies that examine the current research on social media's influence on self-perception, the key findings of these studies, and exploring valuable interpretation of the topic issue. Furthermore, identified research gaps will be addressed to polish the information that can be valuable to this study. Influence of Social Media According to Tus (2021), their study explained that Social media has grown prevalent and nearly inevitable, which is changing the students' way of interacting, and socializing. it has become a fundamental aspect of their social and cultural framework. Consequently, students are dedicating a significant portion of their time to using social media, by using it to communicate with their classmates and friends. Through social media platforms (Facebook, Messenger, YouTube, etc.), students can improve their academic performance and efficiently find the right sources and information to solve their assignments. However, their studies have shown that students become more easily distracted from their tasks because of social media and texting, thus proving that not only is there a positive effect from social media use, but also a negative effect.  xiv According to Lopez (2024), with the widespread use of Social media, brands try their best to be mindful of the way they are viewed online. This study highlights the influence of media personalities on Social Media Platforms, particularly on Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, and Twitter/X, demonstrating the powerful influence social media exerts on how users see and perceive various subjects. Based on their studies, popular social media platforms are capable of influencing the opinions and thoughts of users on certain trends. According to Velez and Pastrano (2024), social media reinforces traditional gender norms while enabling self-empowerment. Responding to social media varies based on the individual's values and beliefs, and its impact on women’s aspirations and self-esteem is highly complex. Their study emphasizes how societal and cultural factors shape women’s perceptions of beauty and femininity on social media. According to Cabral et al., (2016), having an account in Social Networking Sites (SNS) has now become a part of society. Social Networking is one of the most active web-based activities in the Philippines and a part of Filipino Cyberculture which is used in education, communication, and election campaign material. Students use SNSs, such as Facebook, to exchange ideas with others and ask about topics that have been discussed. Social media is not just used by individual persons, but can also be used by local Filipino organizations like Sangguniang Kabataan and  xv other Municipalities. Their study shows that SNS can be used to enhance the social, political, economic, cultural, and intellectual development of an individual. According to Deque et al., (2017), social media plays a vital role in adolescents, as it helps them to maintain connection, and social interaction with the people around them and to entertain themselves. With adolescents increasing their time on social media and improper usage of social media. It causes a parent-child relationship problem where the use of social media platforms is used for the wrong reasons, such as posting their issues on their social media accounts. This study suggests that parental guidance is necessary when allowing adolescents to have access to social media platforms. According to Yildiz and Çengel (2023), this study explores the level of social media among young adults in Turkey. They focus on 201 university students ranging in age from 18 to 30. The researcher uses the “social media addiction scale” to evaluate addiction and finds aspects like age, gender, and daily social media use seriously impact addiction levels. This study highlights the negative effects of too much social media use, such as psychological problems, sleep deprivation, and reduced social interaction, particularly in adolescents. The results show the high levels of addiction among university students.  xvi According to Pettapie (2024), this article focuses on how social media negatively affects teenagers, focusing on mental health, emotional and social, and academic performances, and effects during the COVID-19 pandemic. The article highlights that the use of social media contributes to problems like anxiety, depression, and sleep issues and reduces academic performance. Their study states that teenagers should learn to control how much time they spend on social media and use it in a healthy way. It also suggests more research is needed to find ways to protect them online while encouraging a balanced life between the internet and real-world activities. According to Kilinc (2023), this study explores the relationship between college students' use of social media and their engagement in their community through social and political activities. It was discovered that students who use social media less often are more active in volunteer work and social events. This study shows that having controlled social media use is related to a bigger chance of active participation in students. According to Ni Gaoa (2024), the study focused on understanding how social media use, particularly addiction and career networking, changed over the course of one year among college students with disabilities. The study highlights the importance of raising public awareness about social media addiction. It also suggests that guiding students to use social media for productive purposes, such as career networking could be beneficial.  xvii According to Aslan (2022), this research examines the relationships between social appearance anxiety, automatic thoughts, psychological well- being, and social media addiction in university students. The study was done in Turkey with 440 students. The researchers found that higher social appearance anxiety and automatic thoughts increased the likelihood of social media addiction, while better psychological well-being showed a weaker link to addiction. Engaging excessively with social media, feeling a constant urge to be online, experiencing uncontrollable impulses, and facing negative consequences in other aspects of life as a result are recognized as symptoms of social media addiction. This study emphasizes that healthy social media use is highly related to having a healthy mindset. One of the variables addressed in the current research is automatic thoughts. The researchers mentioned the use of The Cognitive Model. The cognitive model of psychology seeks to determine how an individual's thoughts and beliefs influence their feelings and behaviors. The cognitive model shows that psychological disorders arise from individuals' inaccurate and distorted interpretations. According to this model, individuals' perceptions, interpretations, and cognitive processes significantly influence their psychological responses; therefore, it is an important factor to consider when understanding how user’s fall into unhealthy social media use.  xviii According to Donawerth (2023), influence is the effect on one’s character posed by one’s character and/or behavior or can be the effect itself on a person. However, delving on the connotation in social media perspectives it is how the influencers that are observed in these social media platforms influence the people on how they go about with their daily lives. The Oxford English Dictionary defines influence as “the capacity to affect the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself.” Moreover, according to the same author, there is the so-called normative social influence where a person conforms to what is the perceived behaviors he or she sees to feel included in a particular group. Informational social influence or social proof, on the other hand, as one of the facets of social media influence, allows people to perceive these influencers as authority figures that have certain knowledge, thereby affecting their perception and causing social media content to shape their behavior or parts of their being. According to TechTarget (2023), their article talks about the role of popular influencers within social media and how they are capable of influencing users. Social media influencers can be categorized into: celebrity influencers, consumer influencers, micro influencers, and content creators. This study suggests that to determine one’s measure of social media influence, researchers should be able to analyze one’s social networks, that is to see through the relations that a person has in his usage of social media  xix accounts. The article defines social media influencers as a user that has established credibility in a certain industry or content type that has access to a wide audience. This article also addressed the effect of social media as a marketing term as it describes individuals' ability to other social media users. This influence can be beneficial in terms of businesses aiming to promote their products, brands, and ideas. Marketing Companies can strengthen this by building their own social media presence and collaborating with other influencers as those influencers figures can connect with more people and more potential customers. This article shows that businesses are able to get more user engagement by using popular social media platforms and creating influential content. According to Perry (2024), this article talks about recent social media statistics to see through the gap that necessitates to be explored in the chosen study of the researchers is high yielding to be examined. The Author states that 63% of the world’s population uses social media, and in the US alone, YouTube is the most popular application used by adults, and Facebook considerably has the greatest number of users over any social media platform. In addition, young adults are said to be more inclined to use Instagram, Snapchat, and TikTok which are possibly correlated to the population of the researchers’ study exploring the influence of social media on the students. It was also stated that the proportion of baby boomers following social media influencers has increased by 12% since 2021. Older  xx adults cite their primary reasons for using social media as staying connected with family and reading news articles. However, it is noteworthy that baby boomers are increasingly using social platforms to discover new products, follow influencers and celebrities, and watch sports. On the other hand, Teenagers primarily obtain their news from social media. A 2021 Gallup poll revealed that 45% of Americans aged 15 to 24 relied on social media—more than any other source—to stay informed about current events and news. In contrast, only 15% of this age group identified television as their main news source, while just 14% reported frequently checking online news websites. According to UCDavisHealth (2024), their article focuses on how social media negatively affects the mental health of its users. The author suggests that there has been little knowledge of the potential negative effects of social media on the mental health of people, possibly people were more drawn to see its benefits than the harms possibly posed by the use of social media. Nevertheless, the Author does not deny the fact that these harms cannot be countered, some of which are to: set a time limit for using these social media apps; allotting specific time to use them; and eliminating those followers and/or friends who make you feel bad about oneself. Not listening to advice given by researchers about proper social media usage can affect the overall well-being of the people who use them, such as: anxiety, loneliness, and FOMO (fear of missing out). FOMO are issue prevalent in teens and young adults. This article emphasizes that social  xxi media is a permanent fixture that will keep evolving and becoming increasingly pervasive. It is advised that if a user finds themselves spending a significant amount of time on social media and experiencing feelings of sadness, dissatisfaction, frustration, or loneliness, it might be time to reassess their relationship with their online presence. According to Sivakumar et al., (2023), This article attempted to understand how social media works by considering its reputation as a personal motivation that influences how students share knowledge and learn. It aimed to complement and expand the knowledge of how students use social media for learning by introducing desirable behaviors that improve academic performance. The Author mentions that the transition to online learning in 2020 and 2021 gave platforms like Zoom and Google Meet a chance to flourish, eventually becoming go-to essential tools for communication and instruction for online classes. Self-Perception According to Balba and Caingocy (2020), this study talks about the level of self-concept and the level of self-awareness of college students in Bukidnon State University in the Philippines. The researchers suggest that individuals with high self-concept will likely have high life satisfaction, will be easily adjusted to life, and communicate their feelings more appropriately. Furthermore, it was shown that high levels of self-concept  xxii bring a feeling of self-fulfillment. Their study talks about self-concept as a multi-dimensional construct, which means that students hold several views about their physical, social, and other aspects of their life. The Researchers emphasize further on self-concept by defining similar self-constructs such as self-perception, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and self-awareness. The study indicates the importance of self-concept, especially among students, as this helps shape their self-identity and affects their academic performance. It was contended that the social perspective of self-concept is valuable in an individual's efforts and drive to succeed, which is an important mindset to take upon as a learner. According to Tocchet Jr. (2016), Self-perception is a complex view of the self that includes a person's attitudes, preferences, and actions and interprets these behaviors to have an image of the self. This study examines the self-perception of college students and how it is influenced by their academic experience. It investigates achievement, enjoyment, and extracurricular activities. The exploratory correlational study aims to identify key differences in self-perceptions across different areas of study and extracurricular activities. This research has also explored the general correlations between academic performance and self-perception. In one study on anxiety, a negative correlation was identified between anxiety levels and academic success, indicating that higher anxiety often correlates with lower self-perception among students. This study also indicated that  xxiii persistence and self-perception are strong predictors of academic achievement. Additionally, it was found that higher motivation in students is associated with improved self-perception and academic success. According to Sanchez (2019), this study focused on the correlation between the levels of self-esteem and uncertainty in initial interaction of freshman students from the University of the Philippines Diliman. The researchers explain that Freshman students, as they step inside the university, will have to face new people and begin to build a new relationship with them. The levels of self-esteem and uncertainty suggest that students may struggle to interact with one another, particularly during their initial encounters with classmates, as they typically experience a high degree of uncertainty. Thus, shows that lower levels of self-esteem can cause social anxiety, which affects how the students interact and perform in school. According to Magnaye (2020), this study evaluated Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM) students' self-perception of their academic, social, and emotional college preparedness. Results showed a college-prepared student, but some areas needed improvement. This study has found that core social-emotional skills have been identified as self- discovery, individual awareness, and social awareness. Deep self- knowledge involves recognizing one's personal and professional strengths, weaknesses, passions, and emotional patterns, which is valuable in improving academic performance and college preparation. The study found  xxiv potential added-values on students, improve their self-confidence and help develop their skills in communication and relationship with others. According to Paril and Dulla (2023), this study is to determine the self-regulation and self-efficacy of G12 Automotive Servicing students adt a public school in the province of Rizal, Philippines. This study defines self- regulation as the ability to plan, monitor, adjust, and reflect on one's goals. Self-efficacy, on the other hand, is the belief in one’s capability to organize and execute the actions necessary to navigate future situations effectively. Their study states that for senior high school students in the final stage of basic education, demonstrating mediocre or poor performance in a research class often reflects not only a deficiency in prerequisite academic skills or competencies but, more crucially, psychological shortcomings such as self- regulation and self-efficacy. Self-regulation is essential for effectively navigating the challenges that arise during the journey toward psychological maturity. Moreover, students' self-regulation and self-efficacy can be enhanced through various interventions that can be integrated into classroom teaching, whether in-person or through distance learning that can not only enhance their skills but also their self-esteem and psychological well-being. Examine how it affects user satisfaction and leads to societal engagement with societal identity, and the overall wellbeing. According to Portillo and Fernandez-Baena (2020), social self- perception plays a key role in shaping social adjustment. Accurate  xxv perception is linked to greater acceptance among peers, while inaccuracies in social perception can lead to difficulties in peer relationships, loneliness, and internalizing issues. Given the importance of schools for the development of interpersonal relations in adolescents, the researchers put attention on the relationship of peer relations and self-perceptions. The link between social perception and interpersonal relationships suggests that young people who feel accepted are more likely to explore their social and behavioral skills, allowing them to experience a sense of acceptance among their peers, which eventually affects their self-image. According to Nader-Grosbois (2014), this study talks about the value of self-perception, self-regulation and metacognition in adolescents with intellectual disability. It is studied for those with disabilities who are 11-16 years old. The findings indicate that self-perception directly influences self- regulation, suggesting that a child's psychological mindset can significantly affect their interactions with their environment. This connection underscores the importance of fostering positive self-perception and self- regulation strategies to enhance the social and cognitive development of adolescents with disabilities. By improving these areas, caregivers and educators can better support these individuals in navigating social situations and overcoming challenges. According to Dalal & Riya (2023), this study examined how 100 teenagers in the Sonipat District of Haryana, ages 13 to 18, see themselves  xxvi and how it affects their academic performance. This study explains that during the transition from childhood to maturity, a student experiences a lot of changes in their development. Furthermore, When students have a positive self-perception, it boosts confidence and improves academic performance. However, in contrast, students with a negative self- perception can experience depression, anxiety and lack of confidence that may affect academic performance. The results indicate that in order to improve academic achievement and general well-being, parents and teachers should concentrate on guidance engagement to help the students to create a more uplifting and positive self-perception. According to Luis (2022), this study shows the significant role of self- perception in Adolescents. The study suggests that adolescence is the key period where attitudes are molded and developed healthy beliefs. These values help the child to smoothly transition into adulthood. At such a stage, individuals are the most receptive to being guided and learning, thus it is the best time to instill habits and viewpoints that tend to support emotional, social, as well as physical well-being. Self-perception is crucial in gaining insight into how people think, act, and interact with one another. It refers to structured beliefs that people have about themselves. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the influence on physical, cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and social aspects at the time of adolescence, where self- perception is defined by personal views of the world and effects from  xxvii cultural values, societal expectations, and relationships. Positive self- concept equals to a higher satisfaction and happiness. Likewise, self-esteem is the view a person holds of his or her own worth and belief whether they are deserving of happiness. It includes self-respect and self-acceptance and acts as the protective factor in preventing negative outcomes such as anxiety, depression, and suicidal thoughts. According to Suan & Magallanes (2020), this study explores the importance of students feeling included in the teaching process. When students perceive themselves as part of this process, they are likely to experience increased motivation and confidence. Meeting this need can positively impact their overall well-being and self-esteem. Additionally, the study indicates that if students' desires for material things are unmet, their self-esteem may suffer. The study's findings indicated that students exhibited a strong sense of belonging, with peer support being the most significant factor and feelings of isolation the least. When analyzed by demographic factors, junior high school students demonstrated a high sense of belonging that affects their self-image. According to Nicandro & Villarica (2023), this study examined that student showed a high self-esteem level among the students, indicating satisfaction in public speaking and openness to criticism. They also said that when a person’s self-esteem is high, there is a tendency for his/her  xxviii adjustment to improve. It explains that, if the students have a high self- esteem, they improve their confidence in public speaking and openness to criticism. There was a positive correlation between self-esteem and social adjustment among the students, indicating that higher self-esteem often leads to better social adaptation. This suggests that students with strong self-esteem are more likely to engage positively with their peers, navigate social situations effectively, and build meaningful relationships. As self- esteem improves, students may also experience greater confidence in social interactions, enhancing their overall sense of belonging and well-being. This interplay highlights the importance of fostering self-esteem to support students' social development. According to TeamAsia Blog (2024), this study examined how social media has shifted from being a tool to interact to becoming a way of life for Filipinos, giving them the ability to share situations, capture moments, express opinions, and produce videos. It has evolved into an online town square that celebrates individual expression and clever humor in addition to creativity, goals, and a feeling of community. The researchers emphasized that social media platforms have become essential to this generation. While there are numerous benefits to using social media, such as access to educational resources, entertainment, and lifestyle content, its impact on the self-image of users is significant and complex. This study has shown how many users often compare themselves to the curated images and  xxix experiences shared by others, which can lead to unrealistic expectations and feelings of inadequacy. This comparison can affect self-esteem and overall self-worth, as users may feel pressure to conform to certain standards or lifestyles. According to Camella.ph (2023), social media’s rapid growth and influence on Filipinos have significantly transformed communication, self- expression, and culture. Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok have become vital tools for Filipinos to showcase their creativity and share their stories, allowing for greater visibility of diverse voices and experiences. This newfound avenue for self-expression has empowered many individuals to embrace their identities, celebrate their cultural heritage, and engage in social issues. The Researchers mention that as users share personal narratives, they foster a sense of community and belonging, which can enhance self-esteem and confidence. However, the impact of social media is not entirely positive. The constant exposure to curated lifestyles and idealized images can lead to comparisons that may undermine self-esteem. Filipinos, particularly the youth, may feel pressured to present a polished version of themselves, which can result in anxiety and self-doubt. According to Gonzaga (2023), this study examined that self-esteem and motivation significantly influence academic engagement, which in turn affects academic performance. Academic achievement is predicted by mental processes involvement, indicating that encouraging mental habits  xxx can assist students in organizing, tracking, and self-regulating their learning. Moreover, the study suggests that academic achievement is closely linked to the involvement of mental processes. This means that encouraging specific mental habits, such as goal setting, self-reflection, and effective time management can greatly assist students in organizing, tracking, and self-regulating their learning. According to Ozturk (2016), this study demonstrates that problematic internet use is significantly correlated with various personality traits and self-image factors, including depression, introversion, low self-confidence, shyness, and social anxiety. These traits can lead individuals to use the internet as a coping mechanism, often exacerbating their existing challenges rather than alleviating them. Their study shows that the concept of internet addiction is particularly relevant, as it highlights the way excessive online engagement can interfere with an individual's daily life, responsibilities, and relationships. Unlike occasional problematic use, internet addiction often manifests as a compulsive behavior that consumes significant time and mental energy, preventing individuals from engaging in real-world activities and forming healthy social connections. According to Matthew (2017), this study explores the correlation between academic self-perception and students' impressions of their own academic capabilities. It emphasizes that how students view themselves in relation to their academic skills can significantly influence their performance.  xxxi The Researcher suggests that when students have a positive self- perception, they are more likely to engage actively in their studies, set higher goals, and persevere through challenges. Moreover, negative self- perception can lead to decreased motivation, lower expectations, and a reluctance to participate in academic activities. This association highlights the importance of fostering a supportive learning environment that encourages positive self-image and satisfaction. According to Beresin (2022), this study delves into the behaviors of teenagers and how these behaviors influence their mindset. Adolescents often struggle with self-doubt and low self-esteem in various aspects of their lives, whether it be in academics, social interactions, or personal identity. While the expression of these feelings can differ from one individual to another, the prevalence of low self-esteem during the teenage years is a significant concern. Beresin highlights that this developmental stage is marked by intense social pressures, comparisons with peers, and the quest for identity, all of which can exacerbate feelings of inadequacy. Teenagers may internalize external criticisms or societal expectations, leading to a cycle of self-doubt that hinders their ability to engage fully in their lives. According to Hofer (2024), this study highlights the positive mediating effect of self-perceived competency, particularly in contexts of higher social mobility. This underscores the significance of environments that promote and support beneficial self-perceptions. When individuals  xxxii perceive themselves as competent, they are more likely to engage in behaviors that enhance their learning and development, which can be crucial in environments that offer upward mobility. The findings suggest that fostering positive self-perceptions can serve as a powerful tool in addressing educational inequalities. In contexts where social mobility is possible, interventions aimed specifically at enhancing self-perceived competency may prove especially effective. According to Tutor Chase (2024), This study leads individuals to determine their own social and personal worth based on how they stack up against others. This means that diverse beauty norms and styles can be overshadowed by dominant trends. Fashion and beauty trends serve as influential forces shaping individuals' self-perception. They establish societal standards for what is deemed attractive, stylish, or trendy. Findings show that when people embrace these trends, they often experience a boost in confidence and a sense of acceptance within society. However, this alignment can also create negative self-perceptions for those who feel unable to meet these standards, leading to feelings of inadequacy or exclusion. Synthesis of the state of the art The research studies on social media content showed the significance and the influential nature of media content. Data shows that a big percentage of smartphone owners, especially young adults, use social  xxxiii media and own SNS accounts as a means for entertainment, an academic or work tool, as a social instrument to find people of the same interest, or as an escape from stressful environments. Although social media can be used for one’s own benefit, the percentage of online users that consume social media content shows that there is a possibility for over-usage, where if a user fails to understand the influence of the content they consume, it can inevitably lead to mental issues such as depression, anxiety, self- isolation, and addiction. Moreover, data suggests that social media usage is capable of shaping the mindset and habits of its users, thus affecting the academic performance of students, peer interaction, and self-perception. Research studies about self-perception showed that it is the aspect that is most influenced within social media users, as it is interconnected with the drive for academic achievement, self-improvement, peer interaction, self- esteem, and self-efficacy. Data has shown that there is a correlation between people who have a lower level of self-esteem and difficulty in emotional regulation and decision making. Furthermore, the studies have shown that social media content is not only a relevant topic among young adults, but it also shows that effects of its usage, whether positive or negative, is capable of influencing its users. The studies shed light on the importance of user-awareness and creating a healthy relationship with social media content, emphasizing the need to  xxxiv have a good understanding of its influence, as well as the value of self- perception. Gaps Bridged by the Study This study tackles the research gaps by examining the self- perception of the Humanities and Social Science students in Naga College Foundation. Current research provides important insights into the influence of social media content on student self-concept, and some critical gaps remain. While most studies on social media tend to focus on its overall usage and what influence it creates on users, our research delves into how specific content types and contributing factors shape these effects. Although numerous studies discuss social media, there is limited information on the role of user behaviors, environmental, and academical factors in explaining the influential nature of social media content. Therefore, this study aims to analyze user habits and lifestyle that may impact how social media content affects self-perception. A thorough examination of how and why social media can be influential could yield valuable insights in how social media shapes students' self-perception, ultimately guiding educators, parents, and policymakers in fostering healthier social media engagement among teenagers. This study will provide helpful recommendations on how social media might be utilized positively to support teenagers in their self-  xxxv development. This will allow them to create programs and activities that promote responsible and positive use of social media among young people. Theoretical Framework This study was connected and supported by the following theories: Reasoned Action Theory, Self-Discrepancy Theory, Cultivation Theory, Gratification Theory. Theory of Reasoned Action by Fishbein and Asjen (1960), a person's action and behavior are determined by their desire to perform the said act, with this desire being stemmed from personal attitude towards the behavior and subjective norms. Subjective norms refer to the belief that an important persona or a majority will approve and support a certain cause or behavior, thus making TRA a sociological phenomenon where a person's views and behavior can be determined by social pressure and the need to comply with their views. This theory indicates that social media might create a strong influence on the beliefs and views of each individual, especially among those students who use the internet for their entertainment and academics. This study wants to test the theory and see how social media content develops their personality and mindset especially in their sense of self-worth.  xxxvi Self-Discrepancy Theory by Higgins (1987), this is a theory focused on the intentional ideality that the person desires. It is described as the theory that people compare themselves to their "ideal" self, and once they are not capable of reaching such standards, they begin to experience negative emotions. Not being able to match their idealized expectations can create emotional vulnerability such as dissatisfaction, insecurity, and discomfort. Social media is an influential space where people share ideas and concepts. With this theory, we will investigate how social media content can influence the factors of self-perception such as the built standard that one has made. With both theories so far, each emphasizing on the variables of the study, let us proceed to— Cultivation Theory by Gerner (1969), which is the substructure that shows the long-term effects of media over-consumption. Though this theory was mostly curated around media television, it also talks about the long- term effects of media in general (which includes new media). This theory suggests that social media content can be both damaging and empowering, with it having its own advantages and disadvantages.  xxxvii Whether the influence is positive or not, either way, it is capable of shaping the identity and the perception of social media users both short-term and long. Gratification Theory by Kats and Blumler (1974), This is the theory that brings all the other theories and concepts together into a tight knot. This is the Gratification theory, and this talks about why individuals actively seek for a specific media and content. This theory focuses on user-consumption, where people actively choose what media to consume to satisfy their needs and desires, may it be for academic purposes, entertainment, to know what's popular, or to kill time. With technology developing everyday, so does new content multiply in social media, which allows users to have unlimited content to choose from, where content creators and social media influencers get to offer their supply for the demand. This theory can help investigate the reasons why social media is capable of influencing users, especially students who use social media often.  xxxviii Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm of the Study  xxxix Conceptual Framework The participants represent the individuals involved in the study, which are the Grade 12 students of Naga College Foundation, Inc. Formulation of research question. Selection of Participants will be chosen carefully through the use of purposive sampling to ensure that their views reflect the scope of the study. The data collection includes gathering information from the participants. The framework suggests that the social media influences should be examined in the study. The final step involves drawing conclusions based on the data analysis. The influence of social media contents shows how social media affects the Grade 12 students. It also helps to visualize and analyze the influence of social media on individuals. Furthermore, it analyzes how users interact with different types of social media based on their motivation. This shows how it affects users’ satisfaction and leads societal engagement with societal identity, and the overall wellbeing.  xl Self-Perception of the Grade 12 Students of Naga College Foundation Inc. Self-Perception Affect Influence Data Gathering Data Analysis Data Interpretation Conclusion Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm of the Study  xli Notes Ablaza, K., Caparas, J., & Geronimo, R. (2024, October 7). Social Media in the Philippines: History, Use, Issues, & Trends. Spiralytics. Retrieved from https://www.spiralytics.com/blog/social-media-in-the- philippines/ A Correlational Study on Social Media Involvement and Parental Relationship among Students of Asia Pacific College. (2017). DLSU Research Congress 2017. https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp- content/uploads/pdf/conferences/research-congress- proceedings/2017/LLI/LLI-I-004.pdf Admin. (2024, September 20). What are the Social Media Trends in the Philippines? (2024) - TeamAsia. Retrieved from https://www.teamasia.com/social-media-trends-in-the-philippines Almario, C. J. A., Nicandro, D. Q., & Villarica, J. S. (2023). Freshmen Students Self-Esteem and Social Adjustment to College in Colegio de San Juan de Letran Calamba. Retrieved from https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=19623 Aslan, H. R., & Tolan, Ö. Ç. (n.d.). Social Appearance Anxiety, Automatic Thoughts, Psychological Well-Being and Social Media Addiction in University Students. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?q=social+media&ft=on&pg=4&id=EJ1331300&f bclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR0hF5rswk8gNy3Ow- WsxUmjxprDpysifUkIdWn6rGcUdN_aRiGu32cdN9I_aem_7Y1QCdFHyI rcrOF0d2V7-w Awareness and perception of senior high school students on home economics. (2023). Retrieved from https://tuklas.up.edu.ph/Record/UP- 1685675941131544669?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR0JnZEgfQ FjSAbGoOSz0Ce2451mpVGevgHVCIdVe_q- B0MF95XWRRfjNFk_aem_tnzpMA84F1DFY-lR-sGinQ Cabral, A. A. P., Gonda, J. V., Suayan, J. Q., Manalo, R. Jr. G., Mendoza, V. A. M., Escabel, E. B., & College of Criminal Justice, Lyceum of the Philippines University, Batangas City, Philippines. (2016). Effects of social media to academic performance. In the College of Criminology Research Journal: Vol. Vol. 7 (pp. 21–24).  xlii Camella, & Camella. (2023). Unpacking The Impact Of Social Media On Filipinos. Camella Homes. Retrieved from https://www.camella.com.ph/unpacking-the-impact-of-social-media- on-filipinos/ Cequena, M., Barrot, J., Gabinete, K., Barrios-Arnuco, A., & Bolanos, E. (2013). Investigating the Relationship between College Students’ Self-Perception and Actual Performance in Reading and in Writing. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2739066 Chen, M., & Xiao, X. (2022). The effect of social media on the development of students’ affective variables. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1010766 Contributor, T. (2023). social media influence. Customer Experience. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/jzejd56p Dalal, S., Riya, M. (2023). A study on Self-perception in relation to academic Achievement of Adolescents. Retrieved from https://www.ijfmr.com/research-paper.php?id=3151 Ellis, T., Krahn, C. C., Leslie, C., McGlenen, N., & Pettapie, B. J. (2024). Examining the Negative Impacts of Social Media on Adolescents: A Literature Review. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/5xav5k52 Examining the Relationship Between Self-esteem, Mattering, School Connectedness, and Wellness among middle school students on JSTOR. (2018). www.jstor.org. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/5f6b8ns5 Fernández-García, C., Maulana, R., Inda-Caro, M., Helms-Lorenz, M., & García-Pérez, O. (2019). Student Perceptions of Secondary Education Teaching Effectiveness: General Profile, the Role of Personal Factors, and Educational Level. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00533 From Micro to Mainstream: Predicting the Mentions of Top Local Brands by Mainstream Media Twitter Accounts. (2024). Retrieved from https://tuklas.up.edu.ph/Record/UP-1686042739784911453  xliii Gao, N., Eissenstat, S. J., & DeMasi, M. (n.d.). A One-Year Follow-Up Study of Changes in Social Media Addiction and Career Networking among College Students with Disabilities. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/mszdj78z How do global fashion and beauty trends influence individual self- perceptions? | TutorChase. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.tutorchase.com/answers/ib/psychology/how-do-global- fashion-and-beauty-trends-influence-individual-self-perceptions Howe, S. (2024). Social Media Statistics in the Philippines [Updated 2024]. Meltwater. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/mu9eavuc Institute of Industry and Academic Research Incorporated. (2024). Self- perception of ABM students towards their academic, social and emotional college preparedness - IIARI. IIARI. Retrieved from https://iiari.org/journal_article/v1_112/ Kilinc, E., Tarman, B., & Yussupova, S. (n.d.). The Association between College Students’ Participation Behavior and Social Media Use. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/4kbkjcpe Kloubert, T. (2015). 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Philippine Social Science Journal, 3(2), 87–88. Retrieved From https://doi.org/10.52006/main.v3i2.174 Nader-Grosbois, N. (2014). Self-perception, self-regulation and metacognition in adolescents with intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(6), 1334–1348. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.03.033 Perry, R. (2024, September 10). Top Social Media Statistics. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/mr9nmx9k Sebastian, C. (n.d.). Development of the self-concept during adolescence. Sciencedirect. Retrieved from Development of the self-concept during adolescence - ScienceDirect Self-Esteem and Identities on JSTOR. (2014). www.jstor.org. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/3jjj87c2 Sivakumar, A., Jayasingh, S., & Shaik, S. (2023). Social Media Influence on Students’ Knowledge Sharing and Learning: An Empirical Study. Education Sciences, 13(7), 745. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13070745 Social media’s impact on our mental health and tips to use it safely. (2024). cultivating-health. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/28addh6z The relationship of self-perception, personality and high school type with the level of problematic internet use in adolescents. (2016). Sciencedirect. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S07475632163 06434 Tocchet, M. J., Jr. (2016). Academic Experience and Self Perception Study. La Salle University Digital Commons. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/honors_projects/2/ Topic: Social media in the Philippines. (2024, March 28). Statista. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/txyvcbp7  xlv Tus, J. (2021). The Social Media Usage and Its Impact on the Filipino Learners’ Academic Performance Amidst the Online Education. Researchgate. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.16997119.v2 Valentine-French, M. L. a. S. (n.d.). Self-concept and Self-esteem in Adolescence | Lifespan Development. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/ymndre76 Velez, D. & Pastrano, L.. (2024). The influence of social media portrayal on the self-presentation of women in the digital eraLa influencia de la representación de las redes sociales en la autopresentación de las mujeres en la era digital. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385571174 What Does Influence on Social Media Mean? | Blog on Carro. (2023). Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/nxb2f2c Wojciszke, B. (2005). Morality and competence in person- and self- perception. European Review of Social Psychology, 16(1), 155–188. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280500229619 Yildiz, E. P., & Çengel, M. (2023). Examining the Social Media Addiction Levels of Young Adults: Turkey Example. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/mutk4wtc  xlvi CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter explicitly describes the methodology consisting of the method used, population and sampling, the procedure of investigation, data gathering, and notes. Moreover, this chapter explains how researchers conducted the study to produce authentic, legitimate data that meet their goals and objectives. This is to have credibility and yield reliable scientific effects because it offers a comprehensive plan that can help in keeping researchers on track, allowing for a straightforward, effective, and workable approach to reach the conclusion. Method Used Due to the need to explore the influence of social media, researchers chose the case study as our research design to understand the impact of social media on each student's own perspective. Case study explores complex phenomena within their real-life context, to look at a particularly interesting instance of a situation, or to dig deeper into something of interest identified in a wider-scale project (Lee and Saunders, 2017). The Grade 12- Ethos students’ experiences in self-perception and social media will be included in the data collection for this qualitative study.  xlvii Population and Sampling The target population for this study is the Grade 12 Ethos GAS (General Academic Strand) at Naga College Foundation, Inc. during the academic year of 2024-2025. There are 5 students in this group and the study will focus on Grade 12 GAS (General Academic Strand) students as the participants. The study uses purposive sampling, a non-probability sampling method that will be adopted in choosing participants. This sampling is used to select participants based on specific criteria that will be relevant to the research. As asserted by Nikolopoulou (2022), it is stated that purposive sampling is a non-probability method where participants are chosen intentionally based on the qualities needed for the study. This method, therefore, involves carefully choosing the participants who are most relevant to the researcher's goals. In this case, the study will focus on understanding the influence of social media on the students' perspectives in Grade 12 that are currently studying under the strand of GAS at Naga College Foundation, Inc. Purposive sampling is particularly appropriate for this research because it enables the researchers to choose participants who possess characteristics that are relevant to the research questions of the study. Using these criteria, Participants must be active social media users, aged between 16 and 18 years, and accessible and willing to contribute in the study. Besides that, through the use of purposive sampling, participants are better informed, and have firsthand experiences concerning social  xlviii media sites, hence exploring more questions about it and the effects it has on different aspects of their lives. Procedure of Investigation The senior high school Grade 12 students from Naga College Foundation, Inc. will be the target participants. The data and information needed will be gathered using a semi-structured interview as the main instrument to help the researchers receive clear and detailed answers from the participants for a more reliable conclusion of data. The researchers first developed open-ended interview questions regarding the influence of social media in the students' self-perception, specifically the students in Grade 12- Ethos and will be validated by experts. To be able to focus on participants who possess particular knowledge or characteristics, The study will be conducted using the purposive sampling method for researchers to gather more detailed qualitative data. With a duration of 30 minutes to 1 hour, the respondents are free to answer the interview questions according to their personal experience and knowledge. It is stated by Obsidian HR (2021) that interviews with this duration are the most common and most efficient since they can be scheduled for a shorter time. They’re also the most flexible of interviews — each interviewer can make them formal, informal, ask unique questions, and use a personal style. Next, the researchers will identify relevant data sources and case study as the research design to be able to  xlix cater to a more accurate and in-depth background. The collected data then will be analyzed by the use of narrative analysis to draw a detailed conclusion and formulate a reliable interpretation of the gathered data. Data Gathering Tools The researchers used an interview as their tool for data gathering. According to Christina Blash Anozie (2017), Interviews are some of the techniques for the collection of data about qualitative research studies. Unlike other methods, interviews have unique features that make them superior, as it requires personal commitment, time, and resource allocation, and more flexible with emerging technology. However, interviews also present challenges and ethical dilemmas, and researchers must address these issues separately. In this study, researchers will use a semi-structured interview together with open-ended questions to allow the respondents to give additional clarification and explanation needed. According to Saepudin Mashuri (2022), Semi-structured interviews in qualitative research highlights the effectiveness in obtaining in-depth information and flexibility. It highlights the potential for researchers to adapt the research questions throughout the study while maintaining their track. During the interview, the researchers will use an audio-recording device and will necessarily translate Filipino words used to English through the help of a professional.  l Data Analysis The data gathered will be examined to highlight important ideas and identify recurrent themes and trends connected to social media use and self-perception. First, the students will be interviewed by the researchers, who will then take notes of useful and necessary input and transcribe the collected information. Next, for a comprehensive yet in-depth examination of data, the researchers will then use a narrative analysis to evaluate the data by interpreting the core narratives to allow the researchers to understand the participants’ experience. According to Delve Ho (2020), Researchers use narrative analysis to understand how research participants construct story and narrative from their own experience; Which then allows the researchers to have a deeper understanding of the study at hand and help the researchers conduct a reliable conclusion of data. This data analysis type can identify trends, common themes, and patterns within text. Then, categorize, analyze, and find how they are relevant to each other (Hashim, 2023). Next, data gathered will then be interpreted, through identifying recurring themes and patterns, contextualizing findings, and afterwards, presenting insight of the data.  li Notes Adhabi, E. a. R., & Anozie, C. B. L. (2017). Literature review for the type of interview in qualitative research. International Journal of Education, 9(3), 86. https://doi.org/10.5296/ije.v9i3.11483 Hashim, H. (2023). What is Narrative Analysis? Types, Methods & Examples. Luminoso. https://luminoso.com/what-is-narrative- analysis/ Lee, B., & Saunders, M. (2017). Conducting Case Study Research for Business and Management Students. In University of Birmingham. SAGE Publications. https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/conducting- case-study-research-for-business-and-management-studen Limpaecher, A. (2023, May 18). What is Narrative Analysis in Qualitative Research? https://delvetool.com/blog/narrativeanalysis Mashuri, S. (2022) semi-structured interview: A methodological reflection on the development of a qualitative research instrument in educational studies. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358893176_Semi- structured_Interview_A_ Obsidian HR. (2021, September 29). Pros & Cons of 6 Different Types of Interviews. Obsidian HR. https://www.obsidianhr.com/pros-cons-of- 6-different-types-of-interviews/ Voxco. (2022, June 3). Purposive sampling and everything you need to know - Voxco. https://tinyurl.com/5n77ntnd